King cake

Northern French style galette des rois.

Southern French style gâteau des rois

In northern France, Quebec, and Belgium it is called galette des rois in French or koningentaart in Flemish. In most of France it is a puff pastry filled with frangipane.

A paper crown is included with purchased cakes to crown the "king" (or queen) who finds the fève. To ensure a random distribution of the pieces, the youngest person to place themselves under the table and name the recipient of each piece as they are cut.[5]

A 2014 survey reported that 85 per cent of French people celebrated the Epiphany with the cake,[6] with nine per cent of the population enjoying more than five sittings. Sixty-eight per cent confessed to rigging the cake so that children found the fève.[7]

The German and Swiss Dreikönigskuchen 'Three king cake' are shaped like wreathes or rounds, and uses an almond as the fève.[8]

Bolo-rei, (lit. 'king cake') is a traditional Portuguese cake eaten from the beginning of December until Epiphany.[9]

The recipe is derived from the French galette des rois which found its way to Portugal during the 1800s when Confeitaria Nacional[10] opened as the Portuguese monarchy's official bakery in 1829.[11]

The cake is round with a large hole in the centre,[12] resembling a crown covered with crystallized and dried fruit.

It is baked from a soft, white dough, with raisins, various nuts and crystallized fruit. Also included is the dried faba bean, and tradition dictates that whoever finds the fava has to pay for the cake next year.[13]

A Spanish "roscón de reyes" with cream

The roscón de reyes is celebrated in Spain and other Hispanic countries, such as Mexico. Recipes vary from country to country and between cultures but tend to be similar. It generally has an oval shape due to the need to make cakes large enough for large groups. For decoration, figs, quinces, cherries, or dried and candied fruits are often, but not exclusively, used.[14]

The tradition of placing a bean, candy or figurine of the Child Jesus inside the cake is followed. The figurine of the baby Jesus hidden in the bread represents the flight of the Holy Family, fleeing from Herod the Great's Massacre of the Innocents. Whoever finds the baby Jesus figurine is blessed and must take the figurine to the nearest church on Candlemas Day[15] or host a party that day.[16]

Traditional American king cake baby

In the Southeastern region, particularly Louisiana and the Mississippi Gulf Coast, king cake is associated with Mardi Gras and is served during Carnival[4] and year round.[17] It may have been introduced by Basque settlers in 1718,[18] or by the French in 1870.[19]

It comes in a number of styles. The most simple, said to be the most traditional, is a ring of twisted cinnamon roll-style dough. It may be topped with icing or sugar, which may be colored to show the traditional Mardi Gras colors of purple for justice, green for faith, and gold for power.[4]

Cakes may also be filled with cream cheese, praline, cinnamon, or strawberry. The "Zulu King Cake" has chocolate icing with a coconut filling.[20]

Traditionally, a small porcelain baby,[21] symbolizing Jesus, is hidden in the king cake and is a way for residents of New Orleans to celebrate their Christian faith.[22] The baby symbolizes luck and prosperity to whoever finds it. That person is also responsible for purchasing next year's cake[23] or hosting the next Mardi Gras party.[20][24] Bakers have recently been placing the baby outside of the cake to avoid liability for any choking hazard.[25]

In 2009 the New Orleans Pelicans introduced the King Cake Baby as a seasonal mascot.[26]

The Twelfth Cake, Twelfth-night cake, or Twelfth-tide cake[27][8] was once popular in the United Kingdom on Twelfth Night. It was frequently baked with a bean hidden in one side and a pea hidden in the other; the man/lord finding the bean became King for the night, while the woman/lady finding the pea became the Queen[28] - also known as the Lord or Lady of Misrule.[29] Earlier, in the time of Shakespeare, there was only a Lord of Misrule, chosen by the hidden bean, reflected in Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night.[30]

Samuel Pepys recorded a party in London on Epiphany night 1659/1660, and described the role the cake played in the choosing of a "King" and "Queen" for the occasion: "...to my cousin Stradwick, where, after a good supper, there being there my father, mothers, brothers, and sister, my cousin Scott and his wife, Mr. Drawwater and his wife, and her brother, Mr. Stradwick, we had a brave cake brought us, and in the choosing, Pall was Queen and Mr. Stradwick was King. After that my wife and I bid adieu and came home, it being still a great frost."[31]

Although still occasionally found in the United Kingdom, as the Industrial Revolution curtailed the celebration of the 12 days of Christmas during the Victorian era,[32] the cake declined in popularity to be replaced by the Christmas cake. 18th century actor Robert Baddeley's will bequeathed £3 per annum to serve wine, punch and a Twelfth Night cake to the performers of the Drury Lane Theatre in the green room each Twelfth Night; the ceremony of the "Baddeley Cake" has remained a regular event, missed only 13 times in over 200 years, during wartimes or theatre closures.[33]