List of German inventions and discoveries

German inventions and discoveries are ideas, objects, processes or techniques invented, innovated or discovered, partially or entirely, in Germany or abroad by a person from Germany (that is, someone born in Germany – including to non-German parents – or born abroad with at least one German parent and who had the majority of their education or career in Germany). Often, things discovered for the first time are also called inventions and in many cases, there is no clear line between the two.

German-born Albert Einstein, world-famous physicist
"What the world is today, good and bad, it owes to Gutenberg. Everything can be traced to this source, but we are bound to bring him homage, … for the bad that his colossal invention has brought about is overshadowed a thousand times by the good with which mankind has been favored."

American writer Mark Twain (1835−1910)[1]

Germany has been the home of many famous inventors, discoverers and engineers, including Carl von Linde, who developed the modern refrigerator;[2] Paul Nipkow, who laid the foundation of the television with his Nipkow disk;[3] Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer (Z3) and the first commercial digital computer (Z4).[4][5] Such German inventors, engineers and industrialists as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin,[6] Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology. Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket at Peenemünde and later on was a prominent member of NASA and developed the Saturn V Moon rocket. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.[7]

Albert Einstein introduced the special relativity and general relativity theories for light and gravity in 1905 and 1915 respectively. Along with Max Planck, he was instrumental in the introduction of quantum mechanics, in which Werner Heisenberg and Max Born later made major contributions.[8] Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays.[9] Otto Hahn was a pioneer in the fields of radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission, while Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch were founders of microbiology.

The movable-type printing press was invented by German blacksmith Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century. In 1997, Time Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention as the most important of the second millennium.[10] In 1998, the A&E Network ranked Gutenberg as the most influential person of the second millennium on their "Biographies of the Millennium" countdown.[10]

The following is a list of inventions, innovations or discoveries known or generally recognised to be German.

Anatomy

Pepsin in complex with pepstatin
Comparison of a normal aged brain (left) and the brain of a person with Alzheimer's (right)

Animals

Hagenbeck with his lions

Archaeology

The Berlin Archaeopteryx specimen (A. siemensii)

Arts

The Bauhaus emblem

Astronomy

Illustration of Kepler's second law

Biology, genetics and memory

Three types of cell division
Overview of the citric acid cycle

Chemistry

Illustration of a sugar beet. Achard's findings were the start of the modern sugar industry.
Döbereiner's lamp, often hailed as the first lighter
The Haber process is fundamental in creating fertiliser
The bottom half of a glass Petri dish
GSI's linear particle accelerator UNILAC, where hassium was discovered

Clothing, cosmetics and fashion

A pair of jeans

Computing

Konrad Zuse is regarded as the inventor of the (modern) computer

Construction, architecture and shops

Werner von Siemens invented the first electric elevator
Electric chainsaw

Cuisine

Gummy bears were first created by Haribo
Hamburger with French fries and a beer
A glass of Bitburger, a German-style Pilsner. The Pilsner was invented by Bavarian Josef Groll.

Education, language and printing

Recreated Gutenberg press

Entertainment, electronics and media

The Nipkow disk laid the foundation for the television
A SMS shown on a mobile phone

Geography, geology and mining

Map of Pangaea

Household and office appliance

Justus von Liebig invented the modern mirror
Food and drinks into a refrigerator

Mathematics

Calculus equations written on a chalkboard
Illustration the intersection of two sets (set theory)

Medicine and drugs

Friedrich Sertürner was the first to isolate morphine
Lines of cocaine prepared for insufflation
A pair of contact lenses
Aspirin was invented by Bayer
Advertisement for Bayer Heroin
The first human EEG recording obtained by Hans Berger in 1924

Military and (chemical) weapons

German flamethrowers during World War I (1917)
Replica of the V-2 rocket

Musical instruments

Physics and scientific instruments

Heinrich Hertz laid the foundation of modern telecommunications with his discoveries
The first "medical" X-ray, by Wilhelm Röntgen (1895)
Max Planck is considered the father of the quantum theory
Sculpture of Einstein's 1905 E = mc2 formula at the 2006 Walk of Ideas, Berlin
Electron microscope constructed by Ernst Ruska in 1933; two years after his first prototype
Induced nuclear fission reaction

Sociology, philosophy and politics

Karl Marx (left) and Friedrich Engels (right)
Otto von Bismarck created the first modern welfare state worldwide

Religion, ethics and festivities

Sport

A handball game in progress
The first Olympic torch relay finished in Berlin (1936)

Tourism and recreation

Toys and games

A replica Steiff model of the 55PB

Transportation

Original Laufmaschine of 1817; the first bicycle
Otto Lilienthal testing one of his gliders (1895)
The Daimler Motor-Lastwagen was the world's first truck

See also

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