Bumbu (seasoning)

Bumbu is the Indonesian word for a blend of spices and it commonly appears in the names of spice mixtures, sauces and seasoning pastes.[1] The official Indonesian language dictionary describes bumbu as "various types of herbs and plants that have a pleasant aroma and flavour — such as ginger, turmeric, galangal, nutmeg and pepper — used to enhance the flavour of the food."[2]

Multiple spices are traditionally stone ground to create a bumbu.
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It is a characteristic of Indonesian cuisine and its regional variants such as Balinese, Javanese, Sundanese, Padang, Batak and Manado cuisines. It is used with various meats, seafood and vegetables in stews, soups, barbecue, sotos, gulai, and also as an addition to Indonesian-style instant noodles.

Indonesians have developed original gastronomic themes with lemongrass and galangal, cardamom and chilies, tamarind and turmeric.[3]

Unlike Indian cooking tradition that favours dried spice powder mix, Indonesian cuisine is more akin to Thai, which favours the use of fresh ingredients. Traditionally, this mixture of spices and other aromatic ingredients is freshly ground into a moist paste using a mortar and pestle.[4]

The spice mixture is commonly made by slicing, chopping, grinding, beating, bruising, or sometimes dryroasting the spices, using traditional cooking tools such as stone mortar and pestle, or a modern blender or food processor. The bumbu mixture is usually stir-fried in hot cooking oil first to release its aroma, prior to adding the main ingredient (usually meats, poultry, or fish).

Function
Indonesian dishes such as Balinese nasi campur are rich with bumbu (herbs, spices, and seasoning)

The main function of bumbu is to add flavour and aroma, but prior to the invention of refrigeration technology, spices were used as preservatives. Garlic, shallots, ginger and galangal have antimicrobial properties and serve as natural organic preservatives.[5]

Spices
Various Indonesian spices
Various Indonesian spices sold in traditional marketplace

Known throughout the world as the "Spice Islands", the Indonesian islands of Maluku contributed to the introduction of its native spices to world cuisine. Spices such as pala (nutmeg/mace), cengkih (clove), daun pandan (Pandan leaves), keluak (Pangium edule) and lengkuas (galangal) are native to Indonesia. It is likely that lada hitam (black pepper), kunyit (turmeric), serai (lemongrass), daun kari (curry leaf), bawang merah (shallot), kayu manis (cinnamon), kemiri (candlenut), ketumbar (coriander), jahe (ginger) and asam jawa (tamarind) were introduced from India or mainland Southeast Asia, while daun bawang (scallions) and bawang putih (garlic) were introduced from China. Those spices from mainland Asia were introduced early, in ancient times, thus they became integral ingredients in Indonesian cuisine. While the New World spices such as chili pepper and tomato were introduced by Portuguese and Spanish traders during the age of exploration in the 16th century. List of spices used in bumbu are:[6][7][8]

Seasonings
Bottled sambal (hot chili sauce)

Indonesian cuisine also recognize various types of sauces, condiments and seasonings, some are basic seasonings, some are indigenously developed, while another was influenced by Indian, Chinese and European sauces, such as:

Recently there are some additional foreign sauces and seasonings that has been included into Indonesian kitchen and sometimes used as condiment, such as:

Basic bumbu
Some of basic ingredients of Indonesian bumbu
Bumbu paste are usually stir fried in coconut oil to release its aroma

In Indonesian cuisine there are many variations of bumbu spice mixtures, varying based on individual recipes and regional cuisine traditions. For example, Balinese cuisine includes basa genep bumbu, while Minang cuisine includes pemasak bumbu. However, there are four generic basic bumbu generally recognized in broader Indonesian cuisine and identified by color. These generally consist of a mixture of spices stir-fried in coconut oil, which can be used fresh or stored under refrigeration for later use.

  1. Bumbu dasar putih (basic white bumbu) consists of ground shallot, garlic, galangal, candlenut and coriander.[9] It is generally used in Indonesian dishes with a whitish color, such as opor ayam, sayur lodeh, various soto, and is sometimes complemented by the addition of Indonesian bay leaf, lemon leaf, and lemongrass. It can also used to cook rawon, semur, mie goreng, various stir fried vegetables, tofu and tempeh dishes.
  2. Bumbu dasar merah (basic red bumbu) consists of ground red chili pepper, shallot, garlic, tomato, roasted shrimp paste, coconut sugar, and salt.[10] It can be used for various Indonesian dishes that have reddish color such as various stir-fried vegetables, nasi goreng, and sambal goreng hati, with the addition daun salam (Indonesian bay leaf), bruised lemongrass and galangal.
  3. Bumbu dasar kuning (basic yellow bumbu) consists of ground shallot, garlic, sauteed candlenut, roasted turmeric, coriander, ginger, galangal, and black pepper.[11] It is used in various Indonesian dishes that have a yellowish color, such as various soto, pepes, mie goreng and ayam goreng. Sometimes a pickled acar version can be used to top ikan bakar or ikan goreng.
  4. Bumbu dasar jingga/oranye (basic orange-colored bumbu) consists of ground red chili pepper, shallot, garlic, caraway, anise, coriander, candlenut, turmeric, ginger, galangal, and black pepper. It is used in various orange-colored Indonesian dishes, such as gulai, Indonesian curry, kalio and rendang.[12]

See also

References
  1. Susheela Raghavan (2006). Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings, Second Edition. CRC Press. p. 113. ISBN 9781420004366.
  2. "Bumbu". KBBI.
  3. "Indonesia: Spices". Global Gourmet. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  4. Sri Owen (2014). Sri Owen's Indonesian Food. Pavilion Books. ISBN 9781909815476.
  5. Winiati Pudji Rahayu, Aktivitas Antimikroba Bumbu Masakan Tradisional Hasil Olahan Industri Terhadap Bakteri Patogen Perusak
  6. "Herbs and Spices, The most important part of Indonesian cooking". Discover Java and Bali. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  7. "Bumbu". Spices of India.
  8. "Telor Bumbu Bali".
  9. "Bumbu Dasar Putih" (in Indonesian). Sajian Sedap. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  10. "Bumbu Dasar Merah" (in Indonesian). Resep Kita. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  11. "Bumbu Dasar Kuning" (in Indonesian). Sajian Sedap. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  12. "Bumbu Dasar ala Chef Rudi Choirudin - Cocok untuk Ramadhan" (in Indonesian). Resepista. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
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