Coeur d'Alene, Idaho

Sherman Avenue ca. 1908

The Coeur d'Alene people called themselves Schitsu'umsh in Coeur d'Alene, one of the Salishan languages, meaning "those who are found here"[8][9] or "the found ones."[10] These Native Americans lived along the rivers and lakes of the region, in a territory of 4,000,000 acres (16,000 km²) extending from eastern Washington to Montana; these tribes primarily located their villages and camps near food gathering or processing sites.[8][9] The camps featured conical lodges constructed from poles and mats sewn from tule or animal hides.[8] The Coeur d'Alene people were hunter-gatherers who practiced subsistence hunting of wild game and fishing during the salmon runs, and then foraging for berries and other edibles along the shores of the region's numerous lakes and rivers.[8][9] The introduction of the horse circa 1760 made hunting and transportation more efficient.[8][9]

The area was extensively explored by fur trader David Thompson of the North West Company starting in 1809, when he established the Kullyspell House trading post on Lake Pend Orielle.[10]^[a] Thompson, who usually used native names to describe the places and people he came across, ascribed the name of "Pointed Hearts" to one of the tribes he traded with and "Pointed Heart Lake" for the lake they lived near.[10] Since Thompson traveled with French-speaking Iroquois guides and scouts, it has been speculated that they may have been the first to refer to the tribe as the Coeur d'Alene.[8][9] As French was the spoken language of the Canadian fur traders, it is likely that "pointed heart" has its origins in the French transliteration of Cœur or "heart", d’ or "in the middle of" and Alêne or "awl", meaning the tribal traders had hearts as sharp as the tip of an awl - or that they were sharp businessmen.[10][9]

The Oregon boundary dispute (or Oregon question) arose as a result of competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest of North America in the first half of the 19th century. The British had trading ties extending from Canada and had started settlements in present-day British Columbia and at Fort Astoria on the Pacific coast near the mouth of the Columbia River. The Oregon Treaty of 1846 ended the disputed joint occupation of the area in present-day Idaho when Britain ceded all rights to land south of the 49th parallel to the United States.[11] In another territorial dispute, the U.S. government through Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens began to negotiate treaties that would begin to move the various tribes of the region onto reservation lands.[12] These talks sparked armed hostilities between the native Coeur d'Alene, Spokane and Palouse and the settler populations that resulted in an initial victory for the tribes at the Battle of Steptoe Butte but were followed up with George Wright's campaign that subdued the natives.[12] The Coeur d'Alene Reservation is located in Benewah and Kootenai counties south of Coeur d'Alene in communities focused around Worley and Plummer.[13]

With the discovery of gold in the western United States and the establishment of Idaho Territory in 1863, there was an increase in settlers to the region.[14] When General William Tecumseh Sherman was commander of the U.S. Army during the Indian Wars and following the defeat of General George Armstrong Custer at the Battle of Little Big Horn, he erected several forts in the west.[14] During a tour of the Inland Northwest on his way to Fort Walla Walla on the Mullan Road, he was impressed by the scenery of the area and ordered a fort constructed on the lake in 1877 and gave it the name Fort Coeur d'Alene.[14] The fort which gave the city its name was established in 1878 and the name of the fort was later changed to Fort Sherman to honor the general.[14]

Sternwheeler Amelia Wheaton on Lake Coeur d'Alene, ca. 1885

Miners and prospectors came to the region after gold and silver deposits were found in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains and the Northern Pacific Railroad came to the village in 1883.[15] The village became the location where ore from the mining district was ferried and transferred to the rail lines from steamboats that traveled down from the Coeur d'Alene River from the Cataldo Mission.[16] The township was officially incorporated by petition on August 22, 1887.[17] In the 1890s, two significant miners' uprisings took place in the Coeur d'Alene Mining District, where the workers struggled with high risk and low pay. In 1892, the union's discovery of a labor spy in their midst, in the person of Charlie Siringo, a sometime cowboy and Pinkerton agent, resulted in a labor strike that developed into a shooting war between miners and the company in Burke Canyon. When the mine owners planned to reduce wages of some workers to offset increased operating costs, the miners declared a strike against the reduction of wages and the increase in work hours and demanded a "living wage"[18] be paid to every man working underground – the common laborer as well as the skilled in a stand for industrial unionism.[19] To restore order to the state of rebellion in Shoshone County, Governor N. B. Willey declared martial law and sent federal troops to arrest and detain the union miners, but not before dozens of casualties including six deaths and the destruction of the Frisco Mill.[19] Six hundred miners were put into "bullpens" without any hearings or formal charges.[20] Labor disputes between some company mines and the union continued into the next decade. A similar labor confrontation in 1899 took place after the union was launching an organizing drive of the few mines not yet fully unionized,[21] where miners working in the Bunker Hill and Sullivan mines were receiving fifty cents to a dollar less per day than other miners.[22] With no success in the effort, on April 29, 250 union members seized a train in Burke at gunpoint, according to the engineer, Levi "Al" Hutton.[23] At each stop through Burke Canyon, more miners climbed aboard what was dubbed the "Dynamite Express" toward the site of the $250,000 Bunker Hill mine near Wardner; the miners then carried 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) of dynamite into the mill and completely destroyed it.[24] The crowd also burned down the company office, the boarding house, and the home of the mine manager. Like in the 1892 strike, martial law was declared by Governor Frank Steunenberg and wholesale arrests and mass incarcerations were done to bring back order.[19] Harry Orchard, who owned a share of the Hercules Mine at one point and played a significant role in the Colorado Labor Wars, returned to Idaho to assassinate former governor Steunenberg in 1905.[25] The bombing assassination led to a nationally publicized trial in Boise.[19]

After a U.S. Geological Survey done in the 1890s, it became widely known that there were large quantities of white pine, a highly prized softwood, in the Coeur d'Alene Mountains.[26] The lumber industry from the eastern US began to inventory the timberlands, acquire land, and invest in facilities across much of northern Idaho.[26] This was welcome relief to the town of Coeur d'Alene, which had been reeling from the Panic of 1893, a flood in 1894, and the closure of Fort Sherman.[26]^[b] The city experienced significant growth from the timber boom and the development of the railroads, steamboats, and tourism that accompanied it; Coeur d'Alene incorporated as a city on September 4, 1906, and by 1908 it had become the county seat.[27] From 1900 to 1915, there were hundreds of homes constructed across seventy newly platted additions.[28] With the advent of the automobile and the internal combustion engine, trucks and chainsaws, the felling and transporting of trees became more productive and efficient and lumber production reached its height in the late 1910s and 1920s; in 1925 there were seven lumber mills operating in the area and they were producing 500 million board feet of lumber.[29]

After the 1929 stock market crash and during the Great Depression, the lumber industry demand began to wane and by the mid-1930s about half the woodworkers in North Idaho were laid off and the surviving mills were producing only 160 million board feet of lumber per year.[30] Although it was a tough time, accomplishments during the Depression years included the establishment of Coeur d'Alene Junior College (North Idaho College) in 1933, the construction of Northwest Boulevard through the Works Progress Administration program in 1937, and the building of the popular Playfair Pier amusement park on the lake in the early 1940s.[31] The Playfair Pier opened on July 4, 1942 (and existed until 1974) in City Park and included a variety of rides and attractions such as a miniature roller coaster, a Ferris wheel, a carousel, and some of the usual carnival games.[32] Coeur d'Alene benefited from its proximity to the Farragut Naval Training Station, established in 1942 on the south end of Lake Pend Oreille, which employed 22,000 people and needed 98 million board feet of lumber to build 650 buildings.[33]

The Roosevelt School
was built in 1905 and became
The Roosevelt Inn in 1994

Due to the scenic lake, tourism has always been a factor in the local economy. In the early 1900s, it had become popular in Spokane to travel and picnic in the park, shop in town, and take steamboat cruises on the lake and up the Saint Joe River.[26] Coeur d'Alene had also received national publicity in magazines, where it had been called a "wonderland" and "the Lucerne of America."[34] However, tourism began to become a mainstay of the economy with the completion of highway infrastructure projects in the 1950s and 1960s, and the Coeur d'Alene Chamber of Commerce began to promote the city as a tourist destination as well.[35] As tourism increased, there was more demand for lodging facilities, convention space, restaurants, and cultural activities. By 1976, the city had over 30 motels with about 1,500 rooms.[36] On June 14, 1958, the city hosted the first Diamond Cup Hydroplane race, which was one of the largest events in its history and garnered national publicity and media coverage.[37] The event was attended by 30,000 people, and it was considered a success by the Diamond Cup organizers. The race was held at Lake Coeur d’Alene for the next eight years; it was discontinued due to persistent difficulties in raising funds for the event.[37]

After decades of heavy reliance on logging, in the 1980s, the city featured a more balanced economy with manufacturing, retail, and service sectors.[38] Tourism has taken on even more prominence and has become one of the main drivers of the local economy since the start of the 1980s, when there was new investment into recreational tourism in the area. In 1982, a $2 million Wild Waters aquatic theme park was built, and in the spring of 1986 there was the opening of the $60 million, 18-story Coeur d'alene Resort.[39] The waterfront resort featured a well-manicured frontage and a publicly accessible floating boardwalk that gave visitors the impression of a park-like environment and attracted the attention of publications nationwide.[39][40] The actions of the Aryan Nations, a white supremacist group founded by Richard Butler in 1974, also attracted media attention.[41] Butler's acolytes, many of whom were transplants like him, were linked to several robberies, murders, and three bombings, including the bombing of a Spokesman-Review office.[42][41] In 1986, Coeur d'Alene was presented the Raoul Wallenberg Award for its stand in peacefully countering the message of the white supremacists that moved into the area.[43][41] Coeur d'Alene also won the All-America City Award in 1990.[44] The Aryan Nations went bankrupt and ceased operations in 2000 when the Southern Poverty Law Center filed a lawsuit after the assault of a Native American woman. The lawsuit resulted in a $6.3 million judgment and the closure of their Hayden compound.[41]

In the 1990s, the Coeur d'Alene area starting experiencing substantial population growth; many of these initial transplants came from California, citing earthquakes, crime, and overcrowding as reasons for their move.[42] This northward migration coincided with watershed events such as the 1992 Los Angeles riots and the 1994 Northridge earthquake.[45] The surrounding area got increased tourist attention when Silverwood Theme Park, which opened in 1988 on an airstrip with an authentic steam train and carnival rides, installed the Corkscrew roller coaster in 1990 that it purchased from Knott's Berry Farm.[46][47] Additional rides such as the Timber Terror and Tremors roller coasters in the 1990s and the 20-acre (0.081 km²) Boulder Beach water park in 2003 made Silverwood into a regional theme park, which attracts visitors primarily from the Spokane, Tri-Cities, and Seattle areas of Washington as well as some from the Canadian provinces of British Columbia and Alberta.[46] In 2014, McEuen Park on the downtown waterfront reopened to the public after undergoing a major $20 million renovation that transformed it from a park with baseball diamonds into a multi-use park with a variety of athletic facilities, a playground, and a dog park.[48] The state of Idaho is the fastest-growing state in the country. According to Census Bureau data in 2018, the city and county were among the fastest growing metropolitan areas in the nation with a net migration of about 3,200 residents from 2015 to 2016.[49] The newest transplants are still mainly from other western states and are moving for economic as well as political reasons, seeking a lower cost of living, more affordable housing, an outdoor lifestyle, and a place that is more conservative.[49]

Spokane River drainage basin

Coeur d'Alene is located at 47°41′34″N 116°46′48″W (47.692845, −116.779910),[50] at an elevation of 2,180 ft (660 m) above sea level. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 16.08 square miles (41.65 km²), of which, 15.57 square miles (40.33 km²) is land and 0.51 square miles (1.32 km²) is water.[51]

Coeur d'Alene is 30 miles (48 km) east of downtown Spokane, Washington, and 259 miles (415 km) east of Seattle.[52] The city is part of the Spokane–Coeur d'Alene combined statistical area and the Inland Northwest region, consisting of eastern Washington, northern Idaho, northwestern Montana, and northeastern Oregon.[53]

The city is located on the north shore of Lake Coeur d'Alene, near the outlet of the Spokane River, and is in the Northern Rockies ecoregion.[54][55] Lake Coeur d'Alene is a natural dam-controlled lake that is 25 miles (40 km) long and 1 mile (1.6 km) to 3 miles (4.8 km) wide and fed by the Coeur d'Alene and Saint Joe rivers.[56] Although the Post Falls Dam on the Spokane River near Post Falls controls the lake levels, the lake is usually kept at natural levels from January to June.[57] To the immediate southeast is Fernan Lake and to the northeast of the city is Hayden Lake and even further northeast in northern Kootenai County is Lake Pend Orielle, which is among the largest and deepest natural lakes in the western United States with a surface area of 85,960 acres (347.9 km²) and maximum depth of 1,152 feet (351 m).[54][58] These lakes, like others in the Spokane Valley and Rathdrum Prairie, were formed by the Missoula Floods, which ended 12,000 to 15,000 years ago.[59] The Coeur d'Alene Mountains of the Bitterroot Range rise to the east of the city to a maximum elevation of 7,352 feet (2,241 m) at Cherry Peak.[60]

The wooded lands east of the city have been designated for protection and management as the Coeur d'Alene National Forest. The city is surrounded by lakes and forests that support a variety of wildlife. The large lakes in the Idaho panhandle attract birds on the Pacific Flyway, and bird watching is popular on Lake Coeur d'Alene, especially from November to February when bald eagles come annually to feed on the spawning kokanee.[61][62] The Cougar Bay Nature Preserve on the northeast portion of Lake Coeur d'Alene is the closest and most accessible nature preserve for wildlife viewing, as it is located a few minutes from downtown Coeur d'Alene.[63]

Environmental concerns have come as a result of upstream hardrock mining and smelting operations in the Silver Valley. The Coeur d'Alene Basin, including Lake Coeur d'Alene, is polluted with heavy metals such as lead and was designated a superfund site in 1983 that spans 1,500 square miles (3,884.98 km²) and 166 miles (267 km) of the Coeur d'Alene River.[64] The majority of the lake bed is covered in a layer of contaminated sediment and local health officials at the Panhandle Health District advise the lake's visitors to wash anything that has come into contact with potentially lead-laced soil or dust in the Coeur d'Alene River basin.[65]

Climate

Lake Coeur d'Alene
from Tubbs Hill

Coeur d'Alene has, depending on the definition, a dry-summer continental climate (Köppen Dsb) or a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), characterized by a cold, moist climate in winter, and very warm, dry conditions in summer.[66][67] The daily mean temperature ranges from 29.8 °F (−1.2 °C) in December to 69.0 °F (20.6 °C) in July and August.[68] Temperatures exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on 13 days per year, only occasionally reaching 100 °F (38 °C), and there may be several nights below 10 °F (−12 °C).[68] The average first and last freeze of the season are October 12 and May 3, respectively. The city straddles the border between USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 6B and 7A.[69] The Spokane–Coeur d'Alene area has many microclimates that can have different weather patterns and observations than the nearby official reporting stations used by the National Weather Service due to the diversity of the topography and other factors. For instance, northern Idaho experiences more precipitation than eastern Washington from weather systems originating from the Pacific Ocean because it is on the windward side of the Rocky Mountains. Coeur d'Alene can have noticeably milder nights and cooler days due to the moderating effect on the climate of large bodies of water such as Lake Coeur d'Alene.[70]

Climate data for Coeur d'Alene, Idaho (1981–2010 normals)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	60 (16)	62 (17)	73 (23)	94 (34)	98 (37)	104 (40)	108 (42)	109 (43)	102 (39)	88 (31)	71 (22)	60 (16)	109 (43)
Average high °F (°C)	35.5 (1.9)	40.2 (4.6)	49.0 (9.4)	56.4 (13.6)	65.2 (18.4)	72.3 (22.4)	81.5 (27.5)	82.5 (28.1)	72.6 (22.6)	58.0 (14.4)	44.0 (6.7)	34.3 (1.3)	57.6 (14.2)
Daily mean °F (°C)	30.5 (−0.8)	33.5 (0.8)	40.2 (4.6)	46.6 (8.1)	54.4 (12.4)	61.6 (16.4)	68.9 (20.5)	69 (21)	60.1 (15.6)	48.2 (9.0)	37.9 (3.3)	29.8 (−1.2)	48.4 (9.1)
Average low °F (°C)	25.4 (−3.7)	26.7 (−2.9)	31.4 (−0.3)	36.7 (2.6)	43.6 (6.4)	50.9 (10.5)	56.3 (13.5)	55.5 (13.1)	47.6 (8.7)	38.4 (3.6)	31.7 (−0.2)	25.2 (−3.8)	39.1 (3.9)
Record low °F (°C)	−30 (−34)	−29 (−34)	−13 (−25)	5 (−15)	21 (−6)	28 (−2)	36 (2)	32 (0)	17 (−8)	2 (−17)	−13 (−25)	−26 (−32)	−30 (−34)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.18 (81)	2.13 (54)	2.34 (59)	1.88 (48)	2.16 (55)	1.98 (50)	0.94 (24)	0.87 (22)	1.01 (26)	1.95 (50)	3.72 (94)	3.52 (89)	25.68 (652)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	10.4 (26)	4.2 (11)	1.9 (4.8)	0.3 (0.76)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	3.9 (9.9)	11.7 (30)	32.4 (82.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	13.4	10.6	11.6	10.3	11.9	9.4	4.6	4.5	6.3	10.8	15.2	12.8	121.3
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	4.8	2.7	1.1	0.2	0	0	0	0	0	0.1	2.0	5.4	16.2
Source: NOAA (extremes 1895–present) [68]

Cityscape

Panorama of Coeur d'Alene from Cougar Bay.

Neighborhoods

See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Kootenai County, Idaho

The Clark House built in 1912 by F. Lewis Clark south of Hayden Lake

As Coeur d'Alene has grown from a fort town, different neighborhoods and suburbs have grown around it.[71] The downtown city center of Coeur d'Alene is in the southeast of the urban area as the presence of Hayden Lake and Lake Fernan and the Coeur d'Alene mountains inhibit development to the east and Lake Coeur d'Alene and the Spokane River limit development to the south and southwest. Historic additions from the early 1900s were added close to the city center a few blocks from downtown, such as on East Sherman Avenue, East Lakeshore Drive near Sanders Beach, and near present-day City Park.[72] Today, the city has many neighborhoods, the largest being Coeur d'Alene city center, Post Falls and Hayden. The Coeur d'Alene city center has several parks and attractions and as a community gathering place, it has heavy foot traffic on fair weather summer weekends. The largest building in the city, the 216-foot (66 m) Coeur d'Alene Resort Lake Tower, is in the city center. The downtown area is of increasing interest to higher density multifamily apartment and condominium-type developments to cope with the growth in housing demand and due to a lack of space and concerns about urban sprawl.[73][74] Investment in residential and retail development has been intensive along the Interstate 90 corridor and has made Post Falls near the Washington state line become Kootenai County's second largest city. Due to its central location between Spokane and Coeur d'Alene, the city is host to a growing list of retail stores such as Walmart and Cabela's, and is considered a bedroom community of Spokane. The historic Post Falls Dam and surrounding Falls Park on the Spokane River is a local landmark. Hayden is the third largest city in the Coeur d'Alene metropolitan area, and it is known for the eponymous Hayden Lake that was once the historic center of the community. The shores of the lake are filled with summer cabins and large mansions. The historic Hayden Lake Country Club, which lies at the center of the Hayden Lake community, was built in 1907 along with a rail connection with the Spokane and Inland Empire Railroad that same year which brought in many tourists to the resort and Honeysuckle Beach.[75] With the rising use of the automobile, the center of town shifted away from the lake and railroad and reoriented toward Government Way.[76]

Parks and recreation

North Idaho Centennial Trail

The natural environment is among the chief attractions in the Coeur d'Alene area. The biggest natural attractions and parks include Tubbs Hill, City Park and Beach, and McEuen Park, all near downtown. Tubbs Hill is a 120-acre (49 ha) park that is bordered by downtown Coeur d'Alene and McEuen Park to the north and the by Lake Coeur d'Alene on the south, east, and west sides.[77] The park features a somewhat rugged 2.2-mile (3.5 km) interpretive trail that offers views of the lake and the city.[78] People often cliff jump into the lake from outcroppings in the park. City Park occupies 17 acres (6.9 ha) in total along the lake shore near downtown and features 16 acres (6.5 ha) of beach with a tree lined promenade, beach volleyball courts, basketball courts, public drinking, restroom, and shower facilities, picnic tables, and a large picnic shelter for events, and a Fort Sherman themed playground for children.[78][79] McEuen Park, which reopened in 2014 after a remodel, is a 22.5-acre (9.1 ha) park just north of Tubbs Hill that has a large playground, children's climbing rock, splash pad, two tennis/pickle ball courts, four basketball courts, and an off leash dog park.[78] It also features a large pavilion and grassy amphitheater with concessions and restrooms for hosting large events as well as a boat launch and mooring facilities.[48][80] Other recreation facilities include the Kroc Center, located near Ramsey Park just north of the Village at Riverstone, a multi-use venue with pool facilities and a fitness and recreation center.[81]

A variety of trails have been developed in the region. Among these is the 3.3-mile (5.3 km) Mineral Ridge National Recreation Trail, often used for backcountry hiking and sightseeing around Beauty Bay on Lake Coeur d'Alene.[82] The North Idaho Centennial Trail and Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes also attract attention from runners and cyclists. The North Idaho Centennial Trail is a continuation of the 60-mile (97 km) Spokane River Centennial Trail that runs between the Nine Mile Recreation Area in Washington and Higgins Point on the north shore of Lake Coeur d'Alene.[83][84] The Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes is a 73-mile (117 km) rail trail that runs between Plummer, Idaho and Mullan and passes near Heyburn State Park, Harrison, and Cataldo Mission State Park along the way.[85][84] Heyburn State Park is the oldest park in the Pacific Northwest and is a camping and recreation area in southern Kootenai County on the west side of Lake Coeur d'Alene.[86] The Cataldo Mission is a former mission established by the Jesuits and is a national historic landmark that is the site of the oldest building in the state of Idaho.[87] Another rail trail in the region and near the terminus of the Trail of the Coeur d'Alenes is the Route of the Hiawatha, which is a 46-mile (74 km) trail that runs through railroad trestles and tunnels between Idaho and Montana.[88][84]

To the northeast of the city is Farragut State Park on the grounds of the former Farragut Naval Training Station at the edge of Lake Pend Orielle[89] and in the Selkirk Mountains near the Montana border is a natural area called Scotchman Peak, where wild mountain goats can be seen near the summit.[90]

Kootenai County Courthouse

The community operates on a mayor–council government, where the mayor and the six councilors are each elected to four-year terms and the mayor leads the city council meetings on the first and third Tuesday of each month at Coeur d'Alene City Hall.[91][92] Steve Widmyer began a term as mayor on January 2, 2018.[93] The city is also the county seat of Kootenai County, Idaho.[94]

At the state level, The City of Coeur d'Alene is within Idaho Legislative District 2 and Idaho Legislative District 4 for the Idaho House of Representatives and Idaho Senate. At the federal level, Idaho is in Idaho's 1st congressional district and represented by Russ Fulcher in the United States House of Representatives and Mike Crapo and James Risch in the United States Senate.[95][96]

Coeur d'Alene, like the state of Idaho as a whole, is known for its conservative politics.[97] The city and Kootenai County vote reliably conservative, and races at the federal and state level are often noncompetitive; local county and city partisan races are sometimes even uncontested.[98] The changing demographics of the county and region have altered the political landscape of the community and can be viewed as part of a nationwide ideological polarization trend.[45] North Idaho had once been made up of largely progressive districts populated by a significant proportion of union laborers that worked the mines in the Silver Valley; these districts moderated, particularly in the 1980s, after mine and mill closures and union busting, and they had more competitive elections until the late 20th century.[45][98][99][100] Coeur d'Alene is among a small group of cities in the United States that has elected a socialist mayor; they elected John T. Wood, a Socialist Party of America member, to office in 1911 on a campaign platform of clean water, better health and sanitation standards, and anti-corruption.[101] Since the high-growth period beginning in the 1990s, continuing outmigration of conservatives from the west coast states has made elections in the two-party system less competitive over time as the newer residents see the city as a place that represents their social and political values, which are sometimes more conservative than the city as a whole.[98][100] Many of the new migrants to the state of Idaho came from California, which accounted for over half the net in-migration between 1992 and 2000 and three of the top four counties that had out-migration to Kootenai County were from the birthplace of modern American conservatism in southern California–San Diego, Los Angeles, and Orange.[45]

In 2019, the United States Census Bureau estimated the city's population at 52,414.[113] Coeur d'Alene and its Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), which consists of Kootenai County, have been combined by the Census Bureau into the Spokane–Coeur d'Alene Combined Statistical Area (CSA) where it is the third-largest polity after Spokane and its largest suburb, Spokane Valley.[114] The population of the CSA was 721,928 in 2017.[115] The principal cities in the CSA are separated by suburbs that largely follow the path of Spokane Valley and Rathdrum Prairie. The City of Coeur d'Alene has opted not to voluntarily merge with the Spokane MSA and to remain a distinct metropolitan area.[116] According to Office of Management and Budget (OMB) guidelines, the two MSAs will automatically be combined by the OMB when the employment interchange exceeds 25 percent; in 2011, 18 percent of residents commuted between Spokane and Kootenai counties for work.[116]

St. Thomas Catholic Church

According to the 2010 Metro Area Membership Report of the Association of Religion Data Archives, the denominational affiliations of the Coeur d'Alene MSA (Kootenai County) are 60,657 Evangelical Protestant, 3,064 Mainline Protestant, 7,597 Catholic, 162 Orthodox, 8,492 Other, and 58,522 Unclaimed.[117] Idaho is part of a region called the Unchurched Belt, a region in the Northwestern United States that has historically low rates of religious participation. The evangelical Christian community has been growing with the overall population and there have been instances of whole congregations moving to the area from out of state.[45] The evangelical Christian Real Life Ministries church located in Post Falls was the 13th fastest growing church in the nation in 2007.[118]

A great deal of the influx of new residents are retirees seeking lower cost of living and traffic; the number of residents aged 65 years and older doubled from 2001 to 2019 according to the Idaho Department of Labor.[119]

Tourism is important to the local economy

Historically, the economy of Coeur d'Alene was built and based on mining and logging and the Coeur d'Alene Mining District has been one of the world's most productive mining districts.[120] However, after mining and logging diminished in importance in the 1940s, tourism has come to be the main influence in the local economy ever since. The city has become a major tourist attraction, being at the heart of north Idaho's Lake Country where people partake in water sports and activities such as wake boarding, paddleboarding, sailing, parasailing, jet skiing, kayaking, fishing and other lake recreation.[121] In addition to the natural attractions and parks, the Coeur d'Alene area has two major resorts on the lake, the Coeur d'Alene Resort and the WorldMark Arrow Point resort directly across the lake in Harrison near the community of Eddyville as well as the Coeur d'Alene Casino in Worley, and the Pacific Northwest's largest theme park in the Silverwood Theme Park in Athol.[122][123][124] There are three major ski resorts within a short driving distance, Silver Mountain Resort in Kellogg, Lookout Pass Ski and Recreation Area at Lookout Pass near Mullan, and Schweitzer Mountain Ski Resort in Sandpoint.[125] Tourism and hospitality related jobs employed over 10,000 people in north Idaho in 2010.[126]

Timber Terror and Aftershock at Silverwood Theme Park

Coeur d'Alene is the healthcare, educational, media, manufacturing, retail and recreation center for north Idaho. Coeur d'Alene's retail has expanded greatly in recent years with the opening of new stores and entertainment venues; the Silver Lake Mall, which is the largest in North Idaho, was opened in 1989.[127] Coeur d'Alene's Village at Riverstone development along Northwest Boulevard houses a park, amphitheater, 14-theater Regal Cinemas, a Hampton Inn, condominiums, restaurants, and local retailers.[128]

Companies that have their head offices in Coeur d'Alene include mining company and owner of the Lucky Friday mine in Mullan, Hecla Mining and the U.S. operations of Canada-based restaurant Pita Pit.[129][130] A knife manufacturer, Buck Knives, is the most recognizable brand name in the area, where they relocated the head office and factory from San Diego to the Coeur d'Alene suburb of Post Falls in 2005.[131] Construction company and roller coaster manufacturer, Rocky Mountain Construction is based in Hayden.[132] In 2017, the Coeur d'Alene metropolitan area had a gross metropolitan product of $5.93 billion.[133] The Coeur d'Alene metropolitan area has a workforce of 80,000 people and an unemployment rate of 6.8% (as of June 2020); the largest sectors for non-farm employment are trade, transportation, and utilities, government, and education and health services as well as leisure and hospitality.[134]

The average commute to work is 18.5 minutes.[135] Commuting across the state line into Washington is not uncommon. A concern for the city is that the rising minimum wage and salary differential between Washington and Idaho will cause local personnel shortages.[136] In 2011, the Idaho state median hourly wage was $14.51 according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.[137]

Coeur d'Alene Resort's
floating green (14th hole)

Coeur d'Alene has become a destination for golf enthusiasts.[160][161] The city is home to five golf courses and there are another eight more within 20 miles (32 km).[162] Coeur d'Alene Resort Golf Course is considered one of the best resort courses in the United States.[163] Its 14th hole features the world's only movable floating green.[164][165] There is also the Circling Raven Golf Club at the Coeur d'Alene Casino resort, which has received praise[166] as well as several other private courses nearby, such the Tom Fazio-designed Gozzer Ranch.[167][168] The Coeur d'Alene Public Golf Club is likely one of the most played courses in the area.

Coeur d'Alene hosts some sporting events, and the event that receives the most attention is most likely the Ironman Coeur d'Alene. The Ironman Triathlon alternates between full- and half-distance Ironman events on a rotating basis from year to year.[169] The course takes athletes takes athletes through a 2.4-mile (3.9 km) double-loop swim in Lake Coeur d'Alene before transitioning to a 112-mile (180 km) double-loop bike course that is routed along the lake and then through the countryside, ending in a 26.2-mile (42.2 km) multiple-loop run through McEuen Park to a finish in downtown on Sherman Ave.[170] Other less intense and rigorous athletic events in town include the 15–108 mi (24–174 km) Coeur d'Fondo bike race[171] and the Coeur d'Alene Crossing, a 2.4-mile swimming challenge where participants attempt to cross the lake.[172] The Coeur d'Alene marathon is held annually at the end of May on the North Idaho Centennial Trail.[173]

In high school team sports, there is an annual rivalry game between the Coeur d'Alene High School Vikings and Lake City High School Timberwolves called the "Fight for the Fish".[174] The schools are the only two high schools in the city and both compete in Idaho's Inland Empire League (5A).

Coeur d'Alene Public Library

Library services for the city of Coeur d'Alene are provided by two public libraries, the Coeur d'alene Public Library in downtown and the Lake City Public Library near Lake City High School.[175][176] The Community Library Network maintains seven libraries in the wider communities in Kootenai and Shoshone counties, including branches in Post Falls, Hayden, Rathdrum, Spirit Lake, Athol, and Harrison.[177] Public library services in the area trace their roots to the Coeur d'Alene Women's Club in October 1904 and its operations and funding responsibilities were taken over by the city in May 1909.[178]

The Coeur d'Alene School District serves around 11,000 students in 18 schools, including two traditional high schools, an alternative high school, three middle schools, eleven elementary schools, and a dropout retrieval school.[179] The first high school in the city, Coeur d'Alene High School, had its first building to house the students completed in 1904[180] and a second public high school, Lake City High School, was opened in 1994. District students who qualify are also eligible for dual enrollment with North Idaho College and the University of Idaho. The district also has magnet schools that focus on specific curricula, such as the Sorensen Magnet School of the Arts and Humanities and Ramsey Magnet School of Science elementary schools and the Fernan STEM Academy, offering a STEM focus.[181][179] The district is the sixth-largest in the state and second-largest employer in Kootenai County.[182] Coeur d'Alene also has a charter school, the Coeur d'Alene Charter Academy.[183] Private and parochial schools augment the public school system, such as the Roman Catholic Holy Family Catholic School and the Seventh Day Adventist Lake City Academy.[184]

Postsecondary education is fulfilled by North Idaho College, a public community college founded in 1933 as the Coeur d'Alene Junior College in downtown Coeur d'Alene on the former site of Fort Sherman.[185] The college has an enrollment of over 5,000 students and has outreach branches in Kellogg, Sandpoint, and Bonners Ferry.[186] The University of Idaho has a Coeur d'Alene presence and has a research park in the area.[187]

Coeur d'Alene has one sister city, which is the Canadian city of Cranbrook, British Columbia.[220]

^[a] Lewis and Clark noted the likely first contact between the Coeur d'Alene people and European Americans in a trade encounter at a Nez Perce camp on their expedition in 1805; along with trade goods, the trappers unwittingly brought diseases that decimated the native population by about 80 percent.[8]
^[b] The U.S. government decided to close Fort Sherman and build Fort George Wright in Spokane in part due to the persistent flooding of the banks on Lake Coeur d'Alene.[221]
^[c] The popularity and convenience of the automobile and better road infrastructure led to the decline in other modes of transportation.[222] Some steamboats were deliberately set ablaze for 4th of July celebrations in the late 1930s.[223]

• State of Idaho (1903). An Illustrated History of North Idaho: Embracing Nez Perces, Idaho, Latah, Kootenai and Shoshone Counties (DJVU). California Digital Library collections, University of California Libraries. Spokane, WA: Western Historical Publishing Company. ASIN B009N4P7RU. OCLC 7975082.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Cœur d'Alêne.

• Coeur d'Alene travel guide from Wikivoyage
• City of Coeur d'Alene Official Website
• Coeur d'Alene Convention & Visitor Bureau
• Kootenai County Indicators
• "Coeur d'Alene, Idaho". C-SPAN Cities Tour. December 2013.