List of countries by public sector size
This is a list of countries by public sector, calculated as the number of public sector employees as a percentage of the total workforce. Information is based mainly on data from the OECD[1][2][3] and the ILO.[4] If a source has figures for more than one year, only the most recent figure is used (with notes for exceptional circumstances).
In the former Eastern Bloc countries, the public sector in 1989 accounted for between 70% to over 90% of total employment.[5] In China a full 100% of employees were employed in the public sector by 1978, the year the Chinese economic reform was launched, after which the rates dropped to 56.4% in 1995 and 32.8% in 2003.[6]
In OECD countries, the average public sector employment rate was 21.3% in 2013.[1]
List
| Country | OECD (%)[1][2][3] | ILO (%)[4][7][8][9] | Other estimates (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
 Albania | 14.4 (2019) | ||
 Argentina | 16.9 (2019) | ||
 Armenia | 21.8 (2013) | 17.6 (World Bank publication, 2009)[10] | |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia | 20.4 (2012) | 18.0 (2012) | |
 Austria | 15.2 (2014) | 15.1 (2014) | |
 Azerbaijan | 76.6 (2019) | 21.7 (World Bank publication, 2009)[10] | |
 Bahamas | 33.7 (2009) | ||
 Bangladesh | 8.0 (2010) | ||
 Bahrain | 8.4*[lower-alpha 1] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2010)[11] | ||
 Barbados | 22.3 (2013) | ||
 Belarus | 50.6 (2013) | 72.0 (World Bank publication, 2010),[5] 40.1 (BelStat, 2017)[12] | |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Belgium | 21.5 (2013) | 21.1 (2019) | |
 Bermuda | 10.3 (2010) | ||
 Bhutan | 17.8 (2012) | ||
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 26.9 (2019) | ||
 Botswana | 21.7 (2019) | ||
 Brazil | 12.1 (2013) | 12.3 (2019) | |
 Bulgaria | 21.1 (2019) | ||
 Cameroon | 9.8 (2014) | ||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada | 22.4 (2013) | 20.2 (2019) | |
 Chile | 14.0 (2013) | 12.4 (2019) | |
 China | 70.0 (2012) | 63% (2019, Chinese government) [13][14] 29.3 (2004)[6] 50 (2011, Business Insider)[15] | |
 Colombia | 10.0 (2013) | 3.7 (2019) | |
 Costa Rica | 13.9 (2019) | ||
 Croatia | 30.1 (2019) | ||
 Czech Republic | 18.0 (2013) | 15.4 (2015) | |
 Cuba | 77.0 (2010) | ||
 Denmark | 32.9 (2011) | 29.6 (2019) | |
 Dominican Republic | 13.6 (2019) | ||
 Ecuador | 7.7 (2019) | ||
 Egypt | 26.3 (2013) | ||
 El Salvador | 7.6 (2019) | ||
 Estonia | 22.0 (2013) | 23.8 (2019) | |
 Ethiopia | 29.5 (2012) | ||
 Finland | 27.0 (2013) | 26.1 (2019) | |
 France | 28.0 (2013) | 20.5 (2019) | |
 Georgia | 17.7 (2019) | 21.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[10] | |
 Ghana | 11.0 (2013) | ||
 Germany | 15.3 (2012) | 12.9 (2013) | |
 Greece | 14.6 (2012) | 21.3 (2019) | |
 Guatemala | 11.5 (2014) | ||
 Guinea | 8.0 (2012) | ||
 Haiti | 9.0 (2012) | ||
 Hong Kong | 7.5 (2012) | ||
 Hungary | 24.8 (2012) | 24.8 (2012) | |
 India | 3.80 (2014) | 4.7*[lower-alpha 2] (2002)[16] 3.80 (World Bank Data and Reserve Bank of India Data, 2012)[17][18] | |
 Indonesia | 9.5 (2019) | ||
 Iran | 18.3 (2008) | ||
 Ireland | 19.5 (2014) | 17.9 (2014) | |
 Israel | 20.7 (2007) | 18.5 (2014) | |
 Italy | 18.3 (2013) | 16.0 (2013) | |
 Japan | 12.9 (2014) | 7.7 (2019) | |
 Jordan | 24.3 (2019) | ||
 Kazakhstan | 23.3 (2012) | 20.8 (World Bank publication, 2009)[10] | |
 Kuwait | 44.6 (2008) | 18.5*[lower-alpha 1] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[11] | |
 Kyrgyzstan | 15.1 (World Bank publication, 2009)[10] | ||
 Latvia | 31.2 (2013) | 29.5 (2019) | |
 Liechtenstein | 7.1 (2015) | ||
 Lithuania | 26.9 (2019) | 24.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5] | |
 Luxembourg | 22.1 (2011) | ||
 Macau | 6.5 (2014) | ||
 Madagascar | 11.0 (2012) | ||
 Malaysia | 15.1 (2019) | ||
 Mali | 8.4 (2010) | ||
 Mexico | 13.8 (2013) | 11.5 (2019) | |
 Moldova | 36.0 (2014) | 41.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5] | |
 Mongolia | 25.0 (2019) | ||
 Morocco | 12.1 (2012) | ||
 North Macedonia | 23.1 (2019) | ||
 New Zealand | 13.4 (2011) | 11.5 (2011) | |
 Nigeria | 8.6 (2019) | ||
 Netherlands | 17.3 (2013) | 19.9 (2019) | |
 Norway | 35.6 (2013) | 32.4 (2019) | |
| OECD | 21.3*[lower-alpha 3] (2013) | ||
 Oman | 14.0*[lower-alpha 1] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[11] | ||
 Panama | 19.9 (2019) | ||
 Paraguay | 10.1 (2019) | ||
 Peru | 8.4 (2019) | ||
 Philippines | 9.1 (2019) | ||
 Poland | 25.2 (2013) | 23.6 (2019) | 16.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5] |
 Portugal | 18.4 (2014) | 14.7 (2014) | |
 Qatar | 16.1 (2010) | 12.1*[lower-alpha 1] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2009)[11] | |
 Romania | 16.0 (2019) | 15.3 (INS, 2015)[19] | |
 Russia | 40.6 (2011) | ||
 Rwanda | 7.0 (2019) | ||
 San Marino | 16.7 (2019) | ||
 Saudi Arabia | 35.3 | 35.3*[lower-alpha 1] (Baldwin-Edwards, 2008)[11] | |
 Senegal | 8.7 (2011) | ||
 Serbia | 25.1 (2019) | ||
 Seychelles | 41.6 (2019) | ||
 Singapore | 32.0 (2014) | ||
 Slovakia | 18.2 (2013) | 26.9 (2019) | |
 Slovenia | 20.9 (2012) | 20.9 (2012) | |
 South Africa | 17.4 (2013) | 16.9 (2014) | |
 South Korea | 11.6 (2013) | 10.3 (2014) | |
 Spain | 17.9 (2014) | 16.3 (2019) | |
 Sri Lanka | 15.1 (2012) | ||
 Sweden | 29.9 (2013) | 29.2 (2019) | |
 Switzerland | 18.0 (2014) | 13.8 (2014) | |
 Tajikistan | 33.0 (World Bank publication, 2010)[5] | ||
 Tanzania | 7.5 (2013) | ||
 Thailand | 9.3 (2019) | ||
 Turkey | 15.9 (2011) | 13.3 (2014) | |
 Ukraine | 26.7 (2012) | 26.5 (2013) | |
 United Kingdom | 21.5 (2013) | 21.5 (2013) | |
 United States | 17.6 [not included in dataset] (2013) | 13.3 (2019) | 19.2 (Mercatus publication, 2013)[20] |
 Uruguay | 14.9 (2019) | ||
 Uzbekistan | 18.2 (2019) | ||
 Venezuela | 29.0 (2014) | ||
 Vietnam | 9.5 (2019) | ||
 Zambia | 9.7 (2013) | ||
 Zimbabwe | 12.1 (2019) | ||
- GCC estimates by Baldwin-Edwards are state employment as a proportion of total employment. The employment of nationals is primarily in the state sector, with migrant workers dominating the private sector.
- India's public sector still accounted for 69% of the country's organised workforce.
- OECD average for 2013 does not include Australia, Czech Republic, Germany, South Korea, Ireland and Portugal.
References
- OECD (2015). "Employment in the public sector". Government at a Glance 2015. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/g2224992d2-en. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
- OECD (2013). "Employment in general government and public corporations". Government at a Glance 2013. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- OECD (2011). "Employment in General Government and Public Corporations". Government at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publishing.
- "Share of employment in the public sector by sex (%)". International Labour Organization. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
- Omar S. Arias, Carolina Sánchez-Páramo, María E. Dávalos, Indhira Santos, Erwin R. Tiongson, Carola Gruen, Natasha de Andrade Falcão, Gady Saiovici, Cesar A. Cancho (2014). Back to Work: Growing with Jobs in Europe and Central Asia. World Bank Publications. pp. 86, 101. ISBN 9780821399118.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- Zeng, Jin (2013). State-Led Privatization in China: The Politics of Economic Reform. Routledge. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9781134464890.
- https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/wcnav_defaultSelection;ILOSTATCOOKIE=AiC8lHvbyZkHSgKV8NmHD-Fk-RhVvHD4BESHNWbkUH7-Bk1VALDb!1669746576?_afrLoop=1092739279134119&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26_afrLoop%3D1092739279134119%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D17m2i1zor1_4
- https://www.ilo.org/ilostat/faces/oracle/webcenter/portalapp/pagehierarchy/Page27.jspx?subject=EMP&indicator=PSE_TPSE_GOV_NB&datasetCode=A&collectionCode=YI&_afrLoop=1093627555138474&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3Findicator%3DPSE_TPSE_GOV_NB%26_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26subject%3DEMP%26_afrLoop%3D1093627555138474%26datasetCode%3DA%26collectionCode%3DYI%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D17m2i1zor1_142
- https://www.ilo.org/shinyapps/bulkexplorer48/?lang=en&segment=indicator&id=EMP_TEMP_SEX_INS_NB_A
- Indermit S. Gill, Ivailo Izvorski, Willem van Eeghen, Donato De Rosa (2014). Diversified Development: Making the Most of Natural Resources in Eurasia. World Bank Publications. p. 164. ISBN 9781464801204.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- Baldwin-Edwards, Martin (2011). "Labour immigration and labour markets in the GCC countries: national patterns and trends". Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States. London: The London School of Economics and Political Science. 15: 15.
- National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus, "Численность занятого населения по формам собственности"
- http://www.xf.gov.cn/zxzx/gjj/202001/t20200123_2016545.shtml
- http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/sjjd/202001/t20200117_1723470.html
- "CHART OF THE DAY: Guess Which Country Has The Highest Percentage Of Workers Employed By The Government". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
- Kumar, Rajiv (2008). India and the Global Economy. Academic Foundation. p. 246. ISBN 9788171886616.
- https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?contextual=default&end=2012&locations=IN&most_recent_value_desc=false&start=1990
- https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=15804
- "84 pct of Romania's employed population work in the private sector, says INS". Business Review. 30 April 2015.
- "Government-Financed Employment and the Real Private Sector in the 50 States". Mercatus Center. 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2018-10-24.
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