Megalopolis

A megalopolis (/ˌmɛɡəˈlɒpəlɪs/), sometimes called a megapolis; also megaregion, city cluster or supercity,[1] is typically defined as a group of two or more roughly adjacent metropolitan areas, which may be somewhat separated or may merge into a continuous urban region. The megalopolis concept became highly influential as it introduced a new, larger scale in thinking about urban patterns and urban growth.[2]

"Supercity" redirects here. For other uses, see Super City.
For other uses, see Megalopolis (disambiguation).
Population tables and
ekistics of world cities

Etymology

The term was coined by Patrick Geddes in his 1915 book Cities in Evolution,[3][4] and used by Oswald Spengler in his 1918 book The Decline of the West, and Lewis Mumford in his 1938 book The Culture of Cities, which described it as the first stage in urban overdevelopment and social decline. Later, it was used by Jean Gottmann in his landmark 1961 study, Megalopolis: The Urbanized Northeastern Seaboard of the United States, to describe what is now commonly known as the Northeast megalopolis a.k.a. BosWash.[5][6][7] The term has been interpreted as meaning "supercity".[1] In 1994 the magazine National Geographic (Vol 186, No.1 July 1994) featured a "Double Map Supplement: Megalopolis" of Boston to Washington Circa 1830 and on the flip-side a contemporary (1994) map of the same region to coincide with the 33 page feature article "Breaking New Ground: Boston" by William S. Ellis Photographs Joel Sartore. The contemporary 1994 map cites the term Megalopolis being first used in 1961 to refer to the BosWash region.

Definitions
Northeast megalopolis (United States) (top) and Taiheiyō Belt (Japan) (bottom).

Megalopolis is often spelled Megapolis. Both are derived from μέγας (mégas) in Ancient Greek meaning 'great' and πόλις (pólis) meaning 'city', therefore literally a 'great city' (compare "megacity"). Because in Greek, πόλις is feminine, the etymologically correct term is megalopolis. Literally, megalopolis in Greek means a city of exaggerated size where the prefix megalo- represents a quantity of exaggerated size.[8] The Ancient Greek city of Megalopolis was formed by the Arcadian League by bringing together smaller communities.

A megalopolis, also known as a megaregion, is a clustered network of cities. Gottmann defined its population as 25 million.[9] Doxiadis defined a small megalopolis a similar cluster with a population of about 10 million.[10][11][12] America 2050,[13] a program of the Regional Plan Association, lists 11 megaregions in the United States and Canada.[10] Megaregions of the United States were explored in a July 2005 report by Robert E. Lang and Dawn Dhavale of the Metropolitan Institute at Virginia Tech.[14] A later 2007 article by Lang and Nelson uses 20 megapolitan areas grouped into 10 megaregions.[15] The concept is based on the original Megalopolis model.[12]

Modern interlinked ground transportation corridors, such as rail and highway, often aid in the development of megalopolises. Using these commuter passageways to travel throughout the megalopolis is informally called megaloping. This term was coined by Davide Gadren and Stefan Berteau.[16]

In Brazil, the term megarregião has a legal meaning, different from the English word megaregion: Mesoregions of Brazil (mesorregião) and Microregions of Brazil (microrregião).

In China, the official term corresponding to the meaning of "megalopolis" is 城市群 (chéngshì qún), which literally means "city cluster". In Standard for basic terminology of urban planning (GB/T 50280—98) issued in 1998, 城市群 is defined as "An area in which cities are relatively densely distributed in a certain region" but wrongly translated as "agglomeration". In addition, there used to be no clear distinction between "megalopolis" and "metropolitan area" (都市圈) in Chinese context until National Development and Reform Commission issued Guidelines on the Cultivation and Development of Modern Metropolitan Areas on 19 February 2019 and clarified the definition of a metropolitan area.

Africa

North America

Transnational
Megalopolis name Population
in millions
2011		 Population
in millions
2025 (projected)		 Population
percent growth 2011 - 2025 (projected)		 Major cities
Cascadia8.48.85.0%

 Canada: Abbotsford, Vancouver (BC), Victoria
 United States: Eugene, Portland (OR), Salem, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Tri-Cities, Vancouver (WA)

Great Lakes55.560.79.4%

 Canada: Hamilton, London, Montreal, Niagara Falls, Oshawa, Ottawa, Quebec City, Toronto, Vaughan, Windsor
 United States: Akron, Ann Arbor, Buffalo, Canton, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Des Moines, Detroit, Duluth, Erie, Flint, Fort Wayne, Green Bay, Grand Rapids, Indianapolis, Kalamazoo, Kansas City, Lansing, Louisville, Madison, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Omaha, Pittsburgh, Quad Cities, Rochester (NY), Rochester (MN), Rockford, Traverse City, Saginaw, St. Louis, Saint Paul, Sandusky, South Bend, Toledo, Youngstown

Southern California24.42918.9%

 Mexico: Tijuana
 United States: Anaheim, Bakersfield, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Los Angeles, Oceanside, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego

Canada
Quebec City in Quebec City–Windsor Corridor
Calgary in Calgary–Edmonton Corridor
Megalopolis name Population
in millions
2011		 Population
in millions
2025 (projected)		 Population
percent growth 2011 - 2025 (projected)		 Major cities Related articles
Quebec City–Windsor Corridor18.42114.1%Hamilton, Kingston, Kitchener, London, Mississauga, Montreal, Oshawa, Ottawa, Peterborough, Quebec City, Toronto, Trois-Rivières, Vaughan, WindsorSouthern Ontario
Calgary–Edmonton Corridor2.7448.1%Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer, St. Albert, AirdrieCalgary Region, Edmonton Capital Region, Central Alberta

Mexico
Mexico City megalopolis
Megalopolis name Population
in millions		 Major cities Related articles
Mexico City megalopolis28Mexico City, Puebla, Cuernavaca, Toluca, Pachuca, Tula, Tlaxcala, Cuautla, TulancingoMexico City megalopolis
Bajío11León, Querétaro, Aguascalientes, Celaya, Irapuato, San Juan del Río, SalamancaBajío
Monterrey-Saltillo-Monclova megalopolis5.3Monterrey, Saltillo, Monclova
Guadalajara-Puerto Vallarta-Ocotlán megalopolis5Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta, Ocotlán
Veracruz-Xalapa-Córdoba megalopolis1.8Veracruz, Xalapa, Córdoba
San Luis Potosí-Rioverde-Ciudad Fernández megalopolis1.2San Luis Potosí, Rioverde, Ciudad Fernández
Matamoros-Nuevo Laredo megalopolis0.87Matamoros, Nuevo Laredo
Acayucan-Coatzacoalcos-Minatitlán megalopolis0.81Acayucan, Coatzacoalcos, Minatitlán

Note: Tijuana, Mexico is part of the Southern California megalopolis.

United States
Further information: Megaregions of the United States
Midtown Manhattan facing toward Lower Manhattan, New York City, in the Northeast megalopolis
Downtown Dallas, the largest metro of the Texas Triangle
Aerial view of Seattle with Lake Union in the foreground, part of Cascadia

Constituent urban areas of each megalopolis are based on reckoning by a single American organization, the Regional Plan Association (RPA). The RPA definition of the Great Lakes Megalopolis includes some Canadian metropolitan areas with the United States including some but not all major urban centres in the Windsor-Quebec City Corridor. Note that one city, Houston, is listed in two different Megalopolis regions as defined by the RPA, (the Gulf Coast and Texas Triangle).[10][21]

Megalopolis name Population
in millions
2010		 Percent of U.S. Population (2010) Population
in millions
2025 (projected)		 Population
percent growth 2010 - 2025 (projected)		 Major cities
Arizona Sun Corridor[22][23] 5.6 2% 7.8 39.3% Mesa, Phoenix, Tucson, Prescott, Scottsdale
Northern California 14 5% 16.4 17.1% Fresno, Modesto, Oakland, San Francisco, San Jose, Stockton, Berkeley, Cupertino, Fremont, Reno, Sacramento, Santa Rosa
Southern California 24.4 8% 29 18.9% Los Angeles, San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Bernardino, Riverside, Bakersfield, Las Vegas, Long Beach, Tijuana
Cascadia 12.4 3% 13.5 8.2% Abbotsford, Boise, Eugene, Portland (OR), Salem, Seattle, Tacoma, Spokane, Tri-Cities, Vancouver (BC), Vancouver (WA), Victoria
Florida 17.3 6% 21.5 24.3% Jacksonville, Fort Lauderdale, Miami, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Sarasota, Fort Myers, Orlando, Gainesville, Palm Bay, Pensacola
Front Range 5.5 2% 6.9 26% Albuquerque, Cheyenne, Colorado Springs, Denver, Pueblo, Salt Lake City, Santa Fe
Great Lakes 59.1 18% 65.7 10% Buffalo, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Detroit, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Louisville, Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Montreal, Ottawa, Pittsburgh, Rochester, St. Louis, Toronto
Gulf Coast 13.4 4% 16.3 21.6% Baton Rouge, Corpus Christi, Houston, McAllen, Brownsville, Mobile, Gulfport, Biloxi, New Orleans, Pensacola
Northeast 52.3 17% 58.4 11.7% Allentown-Bethlehem, Atlantic City, Baltimore, Boston, Edison, Harrisburg, Hazleton, Knowledge Corridor (Springfield and Hartford), Manchester (NH), Nashua, New Haven, New York, Newark, Norfolk, Ocean City, Philadelphia, Portland (ME), Pottsville, Providence, Richmond, Scranton/Wilkes-Barre, Trenton, Virginia Beach, Washington, Waterbury, Wilmington, Worcester
Piedmont Atlantic 17.6 6% 21.7 23.3% Atlanta, Charlotte, Research Triangle, Raleigh, Durham, Chapel Hill, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Greenville, Huntsville, Nashville, Chattanooga, Knoxville, Memphis, Birmingham, Montgomery, Clarksville, Murfreesboro, Tuscaloosa
Texas Triangle 19.7 6% 24.8 25.9% Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio

South America

Argentina
Satellite image of Greater Buenos Aires at night. Urban sprawl created a vast conurbation of 12,801,365 inhabitants including the City of Buenos Aires, a third of the total population of Argentina.
Megalopolis Name Population
in
2013		 Major cities Other cities
Greater Buenos Aires13,641,973Buenos Aires; Merlo, Moreno; Quilmes; Florencio Varela, La MatanzaLanús; Lomas de Zamora, San Martin; and Avellaneda

Brazil
Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo Megalopolis
Expanded Metropolitan Complex of São Paulo, Brazil
Megalopolis Name Population
in
2015[24]		 Major cities Other cities
Rio de Janeiro–São Paulo Megalopolis+51,500,000São Paulo Macrometropolis and Greater Rio de JaneiroSantos, Campinas, São José dos Campos, Sorocaba, Jundiaí, Piracicaba, Mogi Guaçu, Bragança Paulista, Volta Redonda, Barra Mansa, Pouso Alegre, Varginha and Juiz de Fora
São Paulo Macrometropolis+34,500,000São Paulo, Campinas, São José dos Campos, Sorocaba, Jundiaí, Piracicaba, SantosGuarulhos, Osasco, ABC Region, Mogi das Cruzes, Americana, Limeira, Rio Claro, Bragança Paulista, Itu, Itapetininga São Vicente, Guarujá, Taubaté and Pindamonhangaba
Greater Rio de Janeiro+13,000,000 Rio de Janeiro and São GonçaloNova Iguaçu, Duque de Caxias, Niterói, Belford Roxo and São João de Meriti
Greater Belo Horizonte+5,800,000Belo Horizonte and ContagemBetim, Nova Lima and Sete Lagoas
Greater Porto Alegre+4,200,000Porto Alegre and CanoasSão Leopoldo, Novo Hamburgo and Gravataí
Recife metropolitan area+3,900,000Recife and Jaboatão dos GuararapesOlinda, Paulista, Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Camaragibe, Igarassu, São Lourenço da Mata, Abreu e Lima, Ipojuca, Moreno, Itapissuma, Ilha de Itamaracá, Araçoiaba and Goiana
Salvador metropolitan area+3,900,000Salvador and CamaçariSão Francisco do Conde, Lauro de Freitas, Simões Filho, Candeias, Dias d'Ávila, Mata de São João, Pojuca, São Sebastião do Passé, Vera Cruz, Madre de Deus and Itaparica
Greater Curitiba + 3,500,000 Curitiba and São José dos Pinhais Araucária, Colombo, Fazenda Rio Grande, Lapa and Pinhais

Colombia

The following megaregions in Colombia are expected to have nearly 93% (55 Million people) of its population by 2030, up from the current 72% . There are currently 4 major megaregions in Colombia.

Megalopolis name Population in 2015 Population in 2030 (projected) Major cities
Bogota National Capital Metropolis17,000,00026,500,000Bogotá, Soacha, Facatativá, Chía, Tunja, Fusagasugá, Zipaquirá, Madrid, Funza, Cajicá, Ubaté, Sibaté, Guaduas, Villa de Leyva and Tocancipá
Pacific Belt9,000,00014,000,000Medellín, Cali, Bello, Pereira, Manizales, Armenia, Itagüí, Yumbo, and Palmira
Northeast Atlantic Region6,000,00010,500,000Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Ciénaga, Malambo, Baranoa and Turbaco
Santander Belt3,000,0005,200,000Bucaramanga, Cúcuta, Ocaña, and Pamplona

Other sources[25] show that another megaregion may be considered:

Megalopolis name Population in 2015 Population in 2030 (projected) Major cities
Golden Triangle29,500,00041,000,000Bogotá, Soacha, Medellín, Cali, Bello, Manizales, Armenia

Peru
Megalopolis name Population
in
2013		 Major cities Other cities
Lima-Callao Megalopolis10,523,796Lima and Callao–

Venezuela
Megalopolis name Population
in
2013		 Major cities Other cities
Caracas-Valencia Megalopolis+9,000,000Caracas, Valencia, and MaracayCagua, Maiquetía, and Guatire

East Asia

China
Further information: Megalopolises in China
Yangtze River Delta
Jingjinji Metropolitan Region is the central part of Bohai Economic Rim

In July 2012, the Economist Intelligence Unit brought out a report entitled; Supersized cities: China’s 13 megalopolises, which pinpoints the 13 emerging megalopolises in China, and highlights the demographic and income trends that are shaping their development.

Japan
Taiheiyō Belt

Japan is made up of overlapping megapolises. The Taiheiyō Belt megapolis itself includes both the Greater Tokyo Area and Keihanshin megapoles.

South Korea

Taiwan
Skyline of Taipei, capital city of Taiwan in 2016.

South Asia
Dhaka, Bangladesh; part of the emerging chain of cities in the Bengal region

India

Bangladesh

Southeast Asia
Rank Megalopolis Name Country Population
in millions		 Major cities
1 Java  Indonesia 145[41] Jakarta, Serang, Tangerang, South Tangerang, Bekasi, Depok, Bogor, Sukabumi, Cimahi, Bandung, Tasikmalaya, Cirebon, Tegal, Pekalongan, Semarang, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Madiun, Kediri, Mojokerto, Surabaya, Batu, Malang, Pasuruan, Probolinggo
2 Mega Manila  Philippines 40+ Manila, Calamba, Angeles, Baguio, Batangas, Dagupan, Olongapo, Bacoor
3 Central Thailand
(inc. Eastern Economic Corridor)		  Thailand 25+ Bangkok, Ayuthaya, Pattaya
4 Southeast Economic Zone  Vietnam 16+ Đồng Nai, Bình Dương, Ho Chi Minh City, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu Province, Long An, Tiền Giang


Indonesia

Java island (population 145,013,573) - At over 1,100 people per km² in 2014, it is also one of the most densely populated parts of the world, on par with Bangladesh. Every region of the island has numerous volcanoes, leaving people to share the remaining flatter land. Because of this, many coasts are heavily populated and cities ring around the valleys surrounding volcanic peaks.

The population growth rate more than doubled in economically depressed Central Java in the latest 2010–2015 period vs 2000–2010, indicative of migration or other issues; there were significant volcanic eruptions during the earlier period. Approximately 45% of the population of Indonesia is ethnically Javanese, while Sundanese make a large portion of Java's population as well.


Jakarta metropolitan area is made up of several regencies and cities:

total area 7,062.47 km2 and population 33,430,285 in 2015[43]


Surabaya metropolitan area or Greater Surabaya

total area 5,925.84 km2 and population 9,570,870 in 2015[44] and having population about 10,500,000 in 2020 estimates


Bandung metropolitan area or Greater Bandung

total area 3,411.35 km2 and population 8,357,393 in 2015[45] and having population about 10,000,000 in 2020 estimates

Philippines
Mega Manila

Mega Manila area 50,525.48 km2 is made up of 4 Regions:

(Regional Centers) San Fernando-Manila-Calamba-Calapan

Total Population of Mega Manila as of 2015: (40,624,035)[46]


Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam

West Asia

Iran
  • Greater Tehran: A region located in Iranian Tehran and Alborz Province in central Northern Iran with its influence expanding in Qom Province, Qazvin Province and Mazandaran Province, home for at least 15 million people, it is one of the most populous urban areas in the Greater Middle East and the surrounding regions. Tehran was a small village 200 years ago when it was first chosen as the Capital city and it has been growing at a very fast rate.

Turkey

Europe
The Blue Banana, the Golden Banana and the Green Banana.

Transnational (Europe)
Rank Megalopolis Name Population in millions Countries & Respective Cities
1 Blue Banana 110–130[52]  United Kingdom: Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield, Birmingham, London
 Belgium: Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Charleroi, Liège
 Netherlands: Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht), Eindhoven
 Luxembourg: Luxembourg
 Germany: Rhine-Ruhr, Frankfurt am Main, Munich, Stuttgart, Nuremberg
 France: Strasbourg, Lille
  Switzerland: Zürich, Basel
 Italy: Turin, Milan, Venice
2 Golden Banana 40–45[53]  Italy: Turin, Genoa
 France: Lyon, Nice, Toulon, Marseille, Nîmes, Montpellier, Narbonne, Perpignan, Toulouse
 Monaco: Monaco
 Andorra: Andorra
 Spain: Girona, Barcelona, Tarragona, Valencia
3 STRING 12.8[54]  Germany: Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Flensburg
 Denmark: Copenhagen, Roskilde, Helsingør
 Sweden: Malmö, Landskrona, Helsingborg, Halmstad, Varberg, Borås, Gothenburg, Uddevalla
 Norway: Askim, Moss, Fredrikstad, Oslo, Sandvika
4 Green Banana 12  Poland: Warsaw, Kraków, Katowice
 Slovakia: Bratislava
 Czech Republic: Praha, Brno
 Hungary: Budapest, Pécs
 Croatia: Zagreb
 Italy: Trieste
 Slovenia: Ljubljana
5 Atlantic Axis 10[55][56]  Portugal: Setúbal, Lisbon, Santarém, Leiria, Coimbra, Viseu, Aveiro, Porto, Braga, Viana do Castelo
 Spain: Vigo, Ourense, Pontevedra, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña
6 Gulf of Finland 8  Russia: Gatchina, St.Petersburg, Vyborg
 Finland: Kotka, Kouvola, Espoo, Helsinki
 Estonia: Tallinn, Narva, Tartu

Oceania

Australia
Megalopolis Name Population
in millions		 Major cities
Greater Southeast Megalopolis[57]15.68[58]

New Zealand

See talk section for discussion on long-term projections for North Island and far long-term South Island.

Fiction

Metropolis

Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang. Written by Thea von Harbou in collaboration with Lang,[59][60] it stars Gustav Fröhlich, Alfred Abel, Rudolf Klein-Rogge and Brigitte Helm. Erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A.G. (Ufa). The silent film is regarded as a pioneering science-fiction movie, being among the first feature-length movies of that genre.[61] Filming took place over 17 months in 1925–26 at a cost of over five million Reichsmarks.[62]

Judge Dredd

In Judge Dredd (1977), Mega-City One is a huge fictional megalopolis-size city-state covering much of what is now the Eastern United States and some of Canada in the Judge Dredd comic book series and its spinoff series. The exact geography of the city depends on which writer and artist has done which story, but from its first appearance it has been associated with New York City's urban sprawl; originally it was presented as a future New York, which was retconned as the centre of a "Mega-City One" in the very next story.[63] The Architects' Journal placed it at No. 1 in their list of "comic book cities".[64]

Blade Runner

Blade Runner is a 1982 neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. It is a loose adaptation of Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? (1968). The film is set in a dystopian future Los Angeles of 2019, in which synthetic humans known as replicants are bio-engineered by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off-world colonies. When a fugitive group of replicants led by Roy Batty (Hauer) escapes back to Earth, burnt-out cop Rick Deckard (Ford) reluctantly agrees to hunt them down.

Sprawl trilogy

In William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, "the Sprawl" is a colloquial name for the "Boston-Atlanta Metropolitan Axis" (BAMA), an urban sprawl environment on a massive scale, and a fictional extension of the real Northeast megalopolis. The Sprawl is a visualization of a future where virtually the entire East Coast of the United States, from Boston to Atlanta, has melded into a single mass of urban sprawl.[65] It has been enclosed in several geodesic domes and merged into one megacity. The city has become a separate world with its own climate, no real night/day cycle, and an artificial sky that is always grey.

See also

References
  1. Fielder, W.; Feeney, Georgiana (1976). Inquiring about Cities: Student text. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 193, 299. ISBN 9780030897849. Retrieved 2018-06-25.
  2. Caves, R. W. (2004). Encyclopedia of the City. Routledge. p. 456. ISBN 9780415252256.
  3. Geddes, Patrick (1915). Cities in Evolution. London: Williams & Norgate – via Internet Archive.
  4. "MEGALOPOLIS". Environmental Cloud Atlas. Syracuse University School of Architecture. Patrick Geddes coined this term in the early twentieth century that described the regional city's counter-action through the process of conurbation...
  5. Gottmann, Jean (1954). L'Amerique. Paris: Hachette.
  6. Gottmann, Jean (1957). "Megalopolis, or the urbanization of the Northeastern Seaboard". Economic Geography. 33 (3): 189–200. doi:10.2307/142307. JSTOR 142307.
  7. Gottmann, Jean (1961). Megalopolis. The Urbanized Northeastern seaboard of the United States. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund.
  8. "Definition of the prefix megalo-". The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2000.
  9. Gottmann, Jean (1989). Since Megalopolis. The Urban Writings of Jean Gottmann. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 163.
  10. Taylor, Matt. "Megaregions". America 2050. Archived from the original on 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  11. "Who's Your City?: What Is a Megaregion?". 19 March 2008. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  12. "Cities: Capital for the New Megalopolis". Time. 4 November 1966. Archived from the original on 27 August 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2010.
  13. "About Us". America 2050. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  14. "Beyond Megalopolis: Exploring America's New "Megapolitan" Geography" (PDF). July 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-27.
  15. "America 2040: The Rise of the Megapolitans" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2014.
  16. Tremble, Sam (30 May 2007). "Fumbling Toward Portland". Philadelphia City Paper. Archived from the original on 7 July 2009.
  17. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-10-07. Retrieved 2007-01-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  18. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2006-09-24. Retrieved 2007-01-01.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. "Welcome to the official South African government online site! | South African Government". Info.gov.za. Archived from the original on 2012-05-14. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  20. "Cabinet Secretary names team to modernize Nairobi city transport :: Kenya - The Standard". Standardmedia.co.ke. 2015-02-23. Archived from the original on 2015-07-13. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  21. Regional Plan Association (2008). America 2050: An Infrastructure Vision for 21st Century America. New York: Regional Plan Association.
  22. "Megapolitan: Arizona's Sun Corridor". Morrison Institute for Public Policy. May 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-06-15. Retrieved 2008-06-03.
  23. Catherine Reagor (2006-04-09). "When Phoenix, Tucson Merge". The Arizona Republic. Retrieved 2016-05-31.
  24. 46 - Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Brazil, 2015, Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 28 August 2015, archived from the original on 19 December 2016, retrieved 28 August 2016
  25. Ordóñez Burbano, Luis A. (2007). Universidad del Valle 60 años 1945-2005: Atando cabos en clave de memoria. Cali, Valle del Cauca, Colombia: Universidad del Valle. p. 58. OCLC 645219600
  26. John Vidal. "UN report: World's biggest cities merging into 'mega-regions' | World news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2017-05-08. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  27. "关于长江三角洲构建世界第六大城市群的思考". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  28. Vidal, John (2010-03-22). "UN report: World's biggest cities merging into 'mega-regions'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2016-09-09.
  29. "Foreign investment shows trend of "moving northward"". china-embassy.org. 2004-05-14. Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-01-09.
  30. "地域活性化戦略（案）資料" (PDF) (in Japanese). Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  31. "2015 Population Census". Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Archived from the original on August 25, 2016. Retrieved August 13, 2016.
  32. United Nations (March 12, 2017). "The World's Cities in 2016" (PDF). United Nations
  33. Japan Statistics Bureau - "2010 Census", retrieved August 23, 2015
  34. A government publication states that on 1 November 2010, the population of "Seoul Metropolitan Area" stood at 23,616 thousand, which is the sum of the figures given for Gyeonggi-do (11,270 thousand), Seoul (9,708 thousand) and Incheon (2,638 thousand), apparently including the periphery.
    Source: "Preliminary Results of the 2010 Population and Housing Census" Archived 2012-01-31 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Statistics Korea. 21 January 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  35. Issues in Global Environment—Climate and Climate Change: 2013 Edition. May 2013. ISBN 9781490109657.
  36. Kumar, Ashok (2013), "Delhi: Growing Problems of a Growing Megalopolis", in Misra, R. P. (ed.), Urbanisation in South Asia, Foundation Books, pp. 109–141, doi:10.1017/9789382993087.005, ISBN 9789382993087, retrieved 2019-08-21
  37. "Mumbai set to become next Megalopolis". The Times of India. 2001-09-03. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  38. Kumar, K. Ram (2011-04-26). "A megalopolis with unlimited potential". @businessline. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  39. "Golden Triangle zone a litmus test for parties in Maharashtra polls". The Economic Times. 2014-09-30. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  40. Furumai, Hiroaki; Kurisu, Futoshi; Katayama, Hiroyuki; Satoh, Hiroyasu; Ohgaki, S.; Thanh, N. C. (Mar 2013). Southeast Asian Water Environment 2. ISBN 9781843391241.
  41. "Java - Google Arts & Culture". Google Cultural Institute. Retrieved 2018-02-07.
  42. (Cugenang, Pacet, Sukaresmi and Cipanas districts)
  43. "PU-net". perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id.
  44. "PU-net". perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id.
  45. "PU-net". perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id.
  46. "Google". Archived from the original on 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2017-04-06.
  47. "Population and Population Structure - Latest Data".
  48. https://knoema.com/atlas/Malaysia/Johor/Population
  49. "Batam · Population".
  50. "广西北部湾经济区概况". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  51. "Chinese Cities on Beibu Gulf Increase Cooperation". Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  52. Ina Schmidt. "The European Blue Banana". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  53. Pedrazzini, Luisa; Akiyama, Renata Satiko (2011). From Territorial Cohesion to the New Regionalized Europe. ISBN 9788838760341. Retrieved 5 October 2014.
  54. "About | STRING". STRING. Retrieved 2020-05-24.
  55. Lois-González, Rubén C. (7 October 2004). "A Model of Spanish-portuguese Urban Growth: the Atlantic Axis". Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. p. 7(287). Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  56. "EIXO ATLANTICO DO NOROESTE PENINSULAR".
  57. http://soac.fbe.unsw.edu.au/2011/papers/SOAC2011_0030_final(1).pdf
  58. 3218.0 - Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2014-15, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 30 March 2016, archived from the original on 5 October 2016, retrieved 3 October 2016
  59. Magid 2006, p. 129.
  60. Grant 2003, p. 14.
  61. "Metropolis (1927)" Science Fiction Film History. Retrieved 15 May 2013. Quote: "Although the first science fiction film is generally agreed to be Georges Méliès' A Trip To The Moon (1902), Metropolis (1926) is the first feature length outing of the genre."
  62. Hahn, Ronald M. and Jansen, Volker (1998) Die 100 besten Kultfilme [The 100 best cult movies] Munich: Heyne Filmbibliothek. p.396. ISBN 3-453-86073-X (German)
  63. 2000 AD No. 2 and 3
  64. Top 10 comic book cities: #1 Mega City One, Architects' Journal, July 8, 2009
  65. Markoff, John (November 25, 1990). "Ideas & Trends; Art Invents A Jarring New World From Technology". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-07-30.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.