Women in the United States House of Representatives

Women have served in the United States House of Representatives since the 1917 entrance of Jeannette Rankin from Montana, a member of the Republican Party. 345 women have served as U.S. Representatives and seven more women have sat as non-voting delegates. As of January 3, 2021, there are 118 women in the U.S. House of Representatives (not counting four female non-voting delegates), making women 27.2% of the total of U.S. Representatives.[1] Of the 352 women who have served in the House, 231 have been Democrats (including four from U.S. territories or the District of Columbia) and 121 have been Republicans (including three from U.S. territories, including pre-statehood Hawaii). One woman has served in the highest office of the House, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi from California, a member of the Democratic Party.

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Women have been elected to the House of Representatives from 46 of the 50 states. The states that have not elected a woman to the House of Representatives are Alaska, Mississippi, North Dakota, and Vermont—though Alaska, Mississippi, and North Dakota have elected women to the United States Senate. Women have also been sent to Congress from 5 of the 6 territories of the United States; the only territory that has not sent a woman to the House of Representatives is the Northern Mariana Islands. California has elected more women to Congress than any other state, with 44 U.S. Representatives elected since 1923. To date, no woman who has served in the House has ever previously been a senator, been elected to represent more than one state in non-consecutive elections, switched parties, or served as a third-party member in her career, though one was reelected as an Independent.

Firsts
Sometimes called the "Lady of the House", Jeannette Rankin entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1917 as the first woman in Congress.
Nancy Pelosi, 52nd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (2007–2011, 2019–), the only woman to hold the position.

Jeannette Rankin entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1917 as the first woman in either chamber of Congress.[2]

Florence Prag Kahn entered the House of Representatives in 1925 as the first Jewish and thus non-Christian woman in either chamber of Congress.[3]

Clare Boothe Luce, who converted to the Catholic Church in 1946 before retiring from Congress, served as the first female Catholic member in either chamber.[4]

Chase G. Woodhouse, born in British Columbia to American parents, entered the House in 1945 to become the first woman born outside the United States elected to either chamber. As of 2021, she has been the only woman elected to Congress whose birth country is Canada.

U.S. Representative Vera Buchanan died in 1955, making her the first woman in either chamber to die in office.[5]

Patsy Mink, an Asian American, entered the House of Representatives in 1965 as the first woman of color in either chamber of Congress.[6][7]

In 1969, U.S. Representative Charlotte Reid became the first woman to wear pants in the U.S. House of Representatives or Senate.[8]

Shirley Chisholm entered the House of Representatives in 1969 as the first African-American woman in either chamber of Congress.[9]

In 1973, U.S. Representative Yvonne Brathwaite Burke became the first member of either the House of Representatives or Senate to give birth while in office, and she was the first person to be granted maternity leave by the Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, with the birth of her daughter Autumn.[10][11]

The gym of the House of Representatives (with the exception of its swimming pool) first opened to women in 1985, the gym having previously been male-only. The swimming pool opened to women in 2009, the pool having previously been male-only.[12]

Barbara Vucanovich entered the House of Representatives in 1983 as the first Hispanic woman or Latina in either chamber of Congress.

In late 1990, Hawaii became the first state with a House delegation of all women of color, Patsy Mink and Pat Saiki.

Jo Ann Emerson re-entered the House of Representatives in 1997 as the first and, so far, only woman (re)elected as neither a Democrat nor a Republican from any state to either chamber of Congress.[13] Initially, she was specially elected as a Republican late in the 104th Congress following the death of her husband. However, due to Missouri law, Emerson was unable to run as a Republican in the regular election, so she temporarily left her party to run as an Independent and was reelected a full term in the 1996 election. Emerson was sworn in to her first full term as an Independent in the 105th Congress and rejoined the Republicans a few days later.

Tammy Baldwin entered the House of Representatives in 1999 as the first openly gay woman in either chamber of Congress.[14][15]

Nancy Pelosi became the first female House Minority Whip in 2002.[16] She went on to become the first and only to date female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives in 2007.[17]

Also in 2007, Mazie Hirono entered the House of Representatives as the first female Buddhist in either chamber of Congress.

In 2011, the House of Representatives got its first women's bathroom near the chamber (Room H-211 of the U.S. Capitol).[18]

Tulsi Gabbard entered the House of Representatives in 2013 as the first Hindu person in either chamber of Congress.[19][20]

Also in 2013, Kyrsten Sinema entered the House of Representatives as the first openly bisexual woman in either chamber of Congress.[21]

In the 2018 general elections, there was a wave of firsts elected to the United States House of Representatives for the 116th Congress. A record-breaking 103 women were elected or re-elected into the United States House of Representatives, causing many to call it the "Year of the Woman".[22] Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib became the first Muslim women ever elected to either house of Congress, with Tlaib the first Palestinian-American woman elected to Congress and Omar the first Somali American of either sex to be elected. Angie Craig became the first lesbian mother to be elected. Sharice Davids and Deb Haaland became the first Native American women elected to the federal House of Representatives. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez also became the youngest woman ever elected.[23]

In 2020, Republican Stephanie Bice was elected to become the first Iranian American and first woman of Iranian parentage in Congress,[24] and her fellow Republican, Yvette Herrell, was also elected as the GOP's first Native woman in Congress.[25] Additional Republicans Michelle Steel and Young Kim, and Democrat Marilyn Strickland were the first Korean American women elected.[26] Strickland is also the first Afro-Asian woman elected to the House of Representatives.[27]

List of states represented by women
State Current reps. Previous reps. Total First female rep. Years with female reps.
Alabama123Elizabeth B. Andrews1972–1973, 2011–present
Alaska000
Arizona257Isabella Greenway1933–1937, 1993–1995, 2007–present
Arkansas044Pearl Oldfield1929–1933, 1961–1963, 1993–1997
California192544Mae Nolan1923–1937, 1945–1951, 1973–1979, 1981–present
Colorado235Pat Schroeder1973–present
Connecticut268Claire Boothe Luce1943–1947, 1949–1951, 1971–1975, 1982–present
Delaware101Lisa Blunt Rochester2015–present
Florida71320Ruth Owen1929–1933, 1989–present
Georgia459Florence Gibbs1940–1941, 1946–1947, 1955–1963, 1993–2007, 2017–present
Hawaii066Elizabeth P. Farrington[lower-alpha 1]1954–1957, 1965–1977, 1987–2002, 2007–2021
Idaho022Gracie Pfost1953–1963, 1995–2001
Illinois51318Winnifred Huck1922–1923, 1929–1931, 1939–1947, 1951–1971, 1973–1997, 1999–present
Indiana268Virginia E. Jenckes1933–1939, 1949–1959, 1982–1985, 1989–1995, 1997–2007, 2013–present
Iowa314Cindy Axne & Abby Finkenauer2019–present
Kansas156Kathryn O'Loughlin McCarthy1933–1935, 1975–1979, 1985–1997, 2007–present
Kentucky022Katherine G. Langley1927–1931, 1997–2007
Louisiana022Lindy Boggs1973–1991
Maine123Margaret Chase Smith1940–1949, 1979–1995, 2009–present
Maryland088Katharine Byron1941–1943, 1973–2003, 2008–2017
Massachusetts347Edith Rogers1925–1960, 1967–1983, 2007–present
Michigan6713Ruth Thompson1951–1974, 1995–present
Minnesota426Coya Knutson1955–1959, 2001–present
Mississippi000
Missouri257Leonor Sullivan1953–1977, 1991–present
Montana011Jeannette Rankin1917–1919, 1941–1943
Nebraska011Virginia D. Smith1975–1991
Nevada235Barbara Vucanovich1983–1997, 1999–present
New Hampshire112Carol Shea-Porter2007–2011, 2013–present
New Jersey257Mary Norton1925–1951, 1957–1973, 1975–2003, 2015–present
New Mexico246Georgia Lusk1947–1949, 1998–2009, 2013–present
New York82129Ruth Pratt1929–1945, 1947–1983, 1987–present
North Carolina448Eliza Pratt1946–1947, 1992–present
North Dakota000
Ohio2810Frances P. Bolton1940–1969, 1977–present
Oklahoma134Alice Robertson1921–1923, 2007–2011, 2019–present
Oregon134Nan Honeyman1937–1939, 1955–1974, 1993–2009, 2012–present
Pennsylvania4610Veronica Boland1942–1943, 1951–1963, 1993–1995, 2001–2015, 2018–present
Rhode Island011Claudine Schneider1981–1991
South Carolina156Elizabeth Gasque1938–1941, 1944–1945, 1962–1963, 1987–1993, 2021–present
South Dakota022Stephanie Herseth Sandlin2004–2019
Tennessee167Willa Eslick1932–1933, 1961–1965, 1975–1995, 2003–2019, 2021–present
Texas7310Lera Thomas1966–1967, 1973–1979, 1993–present
Utah044Reva Bosone1949–1953, 1993–1997, 2015–2019
Vermont000
Virginia347Leslie L. Byrne1993–1995, 2001–2009, 2015–present
Washington6511Catherine May1959–1974, 1989–present
West Virginia123Elizabeth Kee1951–1965, 2001–2015, 2019–present
Wisconsin112Tammy Baldwin1999–present
Wyoming123Barbara Cubin1995–present

Widow's succession

Mae Ella Nolan was the first woman elected to her husband's seat in Congress, which is sometimes known as the widow's succession. In the early years of women in Congress, the seat was held only until the next election, and the women retired after that single Congress. She thereby became a placeholder, merely finishing out her late husband's elected term. As the years progressed, however, more and more of these widow successors sought re-election. These women began to win their own elections.

38 widows have won their husbands' seats in the House, and eight have won their husbands' seats in the Senate. The only current example is Representative Doris Matsui of California. The most successful example is Margaret Chase Smith of Maine, who served a total of 32 years in both houses and became the first woman elected to both the House and the Senate. She began the end of McCarthyism with a famous speech, "The Declaration of Conscience", became the first major-party female presidential candidate and the first woman to receive votes at a national nominating convention, and was the first (and highest ranking to date) woman to enter the Republican Party Senate leadership (in the third-highest post of Chairwoman of the Senate Republican Conference). The third woman elected to Congress, Winnifred Huck, was similarly elected to her father's seat.

Number of women

Number of women in the United States House of Representatives and Senate by Congress
Women U.S. Representatives of the 113th Congress
A gradient map showing the current numbers of each gender in the US House of Representatives by state. (Last updated: January 10, 2021)
  Only male representatives
  Even male/female split
  Only female representatives
The number of women who sought and won election to Congress in each election cycle from 1974 to 2018.[28] [29]

Number of women in the United States Congress (1917–2023):[30][31]

Congress Years in Congress %
65th1917–191910.2%
66th1919–192100%
67th1921–192340.7%
68th1923–192510.2%
69th1925–192730.6%
70th1927–192950.9%
71st1929–193191.7%
72nd1931–193381.5%
73rd1933–193581.5%
74th1935–193781.5%
75th1937–193991.7%
76th1939–194191.7%
77th1941–1943101.9%
78th1943–194591.7%
79th1945–1947112.1%
80th1947–194981.5%
81st1949–1951101.9%
82nd1951–1953112.1%
83rd1953–1955152.8%
84th1955–1957183.4%
85th1957–1959163.0%
86th1959–1961193.5%
87th1961–1963203.7%
88th1963–1965142.6%
89th1965–1967132.4%
90th1967–1969122.2%
91st1969–1971112.1%
92nd1971–1973152.8%
93rd1973–1975163.0%
94th1975–1977193.6%
95th1977–1979203.7%
96th1979–1981173.2%
97th1981–1983234.3%
98th1983–1985244.5%
99th1985–1987254.7%
100th1987–1989264.9%
101st1989–1991315.8%
102nd1991–1993336.2%
103rd1993–19955510.3%
104th1995–19975911.0%
105th1997–19996612.3%
106th1999–20016712.5%
107th2001–20037514.0%
108th2003–20057714.4%
109th2005–20078515.9%
110th2007–20099417.6%
111th2009–20119617.9%
112th2011–20139617.9%
113th2013–201510419.2%
114th2015–201710920.1%
115th2017–201911621.4%
116th2019–202113124.2%
117th2021–202314426.9%

Number of women in the United States House of Representatives by party

Notes: "% of party" is taken from voting members at the beginning of the Congress, while numbers and "% of women" include all female House members of the given Congress

Congress Years Women total Republican % of women % of party Democratic % of women % of party
65th1917–191911100%0.5%00.0%0.0%
66th1919–1921000.0%0.0%00.0%0.0%
67th1921–192333100%0.3%00.0%0.0%
68th1923–192511100%0.4%00.0%0.0%
69th1925–19273266.7%0.4%133.3%0.5%
70th1927–19295360.0%1.3%240.0%0.5%
71st1929–19319555.6%1.9%444.4%1.8%
72nd1931–19337342.9%1.4%457.1%1.4%
73rd1933–19357342.9%1.7%457.1%1.0%
74th1935–19376233.3%1.9%466.7%1.2%
75th1937–19396116.7%1.1%583.3%1.2%
76th1939–19418450.0%1.2%450.0%0.8%
77th1941–19439555.6%3.1%444.4%0.7%
78th1943–19458675.0%2.9%225.0%0.5%
79th1945–194711545.5%2.6%654.5%1.7%
80th1947–19497571.4%2.0%228.6%1.1%
81st1949–19519444.4%2.3%555.6%1.5%
82nd1951–195310660.0%3.0%440.0%0.9%
83rd1953–195512758.3%2.7%541.7%2.3%
84th1955–195717741.2%3.0%1058.8%3.4%
85th1957–195915640.0%3.0%960.0%3.8%
86th1959–196117847.1%5.2%952.9%2.8%
87th1961–196318738.9%3.5%1161.1%3.4%
88th1963–196512650.0%2.8%650.0%2.3%
89th1965–196711436.4%2.9%763.6%2.0%
90th1967–196911545.5%2.7%654.5%2.4%
91st1969–197110440.0%2.1%660.0%2.5%
92nd1971–197313323.1%1.1%1076.9%3.5%
93rd1973–197516212.5%1.0%1487.5%5.0%
94th1975–197719526.3%2.8%1473.7%4.8%
95th1977–197918527.8%3.5%1372.2%4.5%
96th1979–198116531.3%3.2%1168.8%4.0%
97th1981–1983211047.6%4.7%1152.4%3.7%
98th1983–198522940.9%5.5%1359.1%4.4%
99th1985–1987231147.8%6.0%1252.2%4.3%
100th1987–1989231147.8%6.0%1252.2%4.3%
101st1989–1991291344.8%6.0%1655.2%5.6%
102nd1991–199330930.0%5.5%2170.0%7.0%
103rd1993–1995481225.0%6.8%3675.0%13.6%
104th1995–1997501836.0%7.4%3264.0%14.7%
105th1997–1999561730.4%7.5%3969.6%18.8%
106th1999–2001581729.3%7.6%4170.7%18.5%
107th2001–2003621829.0%8.1%4471.0%19.0%
108th2003–2005632133.3%9.2%4266.7%18.5%
109th2005–2007712535.2%9.9%4664.8%20.9%
110th2007–2009782126.9%9.9%5773.1%20.2%
111th2009–2011791721.5%9.6%6278.5%21.5%
112th2011–2013792430.4%9.9%5569.6%23.8%
113th2013–2015822024.4%8.2%6275.6%29.0%
114th2015–2017882326.2%8.9%6573.8%33.0%
115th2017–2019892525.3%8.7%6474.7%32.0%
116th2019–20211011312.9%6.5%8887.1%37.4%
117th2021–20231182924.6%13.7%8975.4%40.1%

Percentage of women by party and year


Showing the data tabulated below as a graph

List of female members

This is a complete list of women who have served as U.S. Representatives or delegates of the United States House of Representatives. Members are grouped by the apportionment period during which such member commenced serving. This list includes women who served in the past and who continue to serve in the present.

Female members whose service began between 1917 and 1932
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Jeannette Rankin
(1880–1973)
[lower-alpha 2]		 Republican Montana at-large March 4, 1917 March 4, 1919 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 1918 United States Senate election in Montana
Montana's 1st January 3, 1941 January 3, 1943 Retired
Alice Robertson
(1854–1931)
[lower-alpha 3]		 Republican Oklahoma's 2nd March 4, 1921 March 4, 1923 Lost reelection
Winnifred Huck
(1882–1936)
[lower-alpha 4]		 Republican Illinois at-large November 7, 1922 March 4, 1923 Lost renomination
Mae Nolan
(1886–1973)
[lower-alpha 5]		 Republican California's 5th January 23, 1923 March 4, 1925 Retired
Florence Kahn
(1866–1948)
[lower-alpha 6]		 Republican California's 4th March 4, 1925 January 3, 1937 Lost reelection
Mary Norton
(1875–1959)
[lower-alpha 7]		 Democratic New Jersey's 12th & 13th March 4, 1925 January 3, 1951 Retired
Edith Rogers
(1881–1960)
[lower-alpha 8]		 Republican Massachusetts's 5th June 30, 1925 September 10, 1960 Died in office
Katherine G. Langley
(1888–1948)
[lower-alpha 9]		 Republican Kentucky's 7th March 4, 1927 March 4, 1931 Retired
Pearl Oldfield
(1876–1962)
[lower-alpha 10]		 Democratic Arkansas's 2nd January 9, 1929 March 4, 1931 Retired
Ruth McCormick
(1880–1944)
[lower-alpha 11]		 Republican Illinois at-large March 4, 1929 March 4, 1931 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1930 United States Senate election in Illinois
Ruth Owen
(1885–1954)
[lower-alpha 12]		 Democratic Florida's 4th March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 Lost renomination[lower-alpha 13]
Ruth Pratt
(1877–1965)		 Republican New York's 17th March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 Lost reelection
Effiegene Wingo
(1883–1962)
[lower-alpha 14]		 Democratic Arkansas's 4th November 4, 1930 March 4, 1933 Retired
Willa Eslick
(1878–1961)
[lower-alpha 15]		 Democratic Tennessee's 7th August 14, 1932 March 4, 1933 Not eligible for reelection having not qualified for nomination

Female members whose service began between 1933 and 1942
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Virginia E. Jenckes
(1877–1975)		 Democratic Indiana's 6th March 4, 1933 January 3, 1939 Lost reelection
Kathryn O'Loughlin-McCarthy
(1894–1952)		 Democratic Kansas's 6th March 4, 1933 January 3, 1935 Lost reelection
Isabella Greenway
(1886–1953)		 Democratic Arizona at-large October 2, 1933 January 3, 1937 Retired
Marian W. Clarke
(1880–1953)
[lower-alpha 16]		 Republican New York's 34th December 28, 1933 January 3, 1935 Retired
Caroline O'Day
(1869–1943)		 Democratic New York at-large January 3, 1935 January 3, 1943 Retired
Nan Honeyman
(1881–1970)		 Democratic Oregon's 3rd January 3, 1937 January 3, 1939 Lost reelection
Elizabeth Gasque
(1886–1989)
[lower-alpha 17]		 Democratic South Carolina's 6th September 13, 1938 January 3, 1939 Retired
Jessie Sumner
(1898–1994)		 Republican Illinois's 18th January 3, 1939 January 3, 1947 Retired
Clara G. McMillan
(1894–1976)
[lower-alpha 18]		 Democratic South Carolina's 1st November 7, 1939 January 3, 1941 Retired
Frances P. Bolton
(1885–1977)
[lower-alpha 19]		 Republican Ohio's 22nd February 27, 1940 January 3, 1969 Lost reelection
Margaret Chase Smith
(1897–1995)
[lower-alpha 20]		 Republican Maine's 2nd June 3, 1940 January 3, 1949 Retired to run successfully for the 1948 United States Senate election in Maine, thus becoming the first woman elected to the United States Senate in a general election without previously being appointed, elected in a special election, or succeeding her husband
Florence Gibbs
(1890–1964)
[lower-alpha 21]		 Democratic Georgia's 8th October 1, 1940 January 3, 1941 Retired
Katharine Byron
(1903–1976)
[lower-alpha 22]		 Democratic Maryland's 6th May 27, 1941 January 3, 1943 Retired
Veronica Boland
(1899–1982)
[lower-alpha 23]		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 11th November 3, 1942 January 3, 1943 Retired

Female members whose service began between 1943 and 1952
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Clare Boothe Luce
(1903–1987)
[lower-alpha 24]		 Republican Connecticut's 4th January 3, 1943 January 3, 1947 Retired[lower-alpha 25]
Winifred C. Stanley
(1909–1996)		 Republican New York at-large January 3, 1943 January 3, 1945 Retired
Willa L. Fulmer
(1884–1968)
[lower-alpha 26]		 Democratic South Carolina's 2nd November 7, 1944 January 3, 1945 Retired
Emily Douglas
(1899–1994)		 Democratic Illinois at-large January 3, 1945 January 3, 1947 Lost reelection
Helen Gahagan-Douglas
(1900–1980)		 Democratic California's 14th January 3, 1945 January 3, 1951 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1950 United States Senate election in California
Chase G. Woodhouse
(1890–1984)
[lower-alpha 27]		 Democratic Connecticut's 2nd January 3, 1945 January 3, 1947 Lost reelection
January 3, 1949 January 3, 1951 Lost reelection
Helen Mankin
(1896–1956)		 Democratic Georgia's 5th February 12, 1946 January 3, 1947 Lost renomination
Eliza Pratt
(1902–1981)		 Democratic North Carolina's 8th May 25, 1946 January 3, 1947 Retired
Georgia Lusk
(1893–1971)		 Democratic New Mexico at-large January 3, 1947 January 3, 1949 Lost renomination
Katharine St. George
(1894–1983)		 Republican New York's 29th, 28th, & 27th January 3, 1947 January 3, 1965 Lost reelection
Reva Bosone
(1895–1983)		 Democratic Utah's 2nd January 3, 1949 January 3, 1953 Lost reelection
Cecil M. Harden
(1894–1984)		 Republican Indiana's 6th January 3, 1949 January 3, 1959 Lost reelection
Edna F. Kelly
(1906–1997)		 Democratic New York's 10th & 12th November 8, 1949 January 3, 1969 Lost renomination
Marguerite S. Church
(1892–1990)
[lower-alpha 28]		 Republican Illinois's 13th January 3, 1951 January 3, 1963 Retired
Ruth Thompson
(1887–1970)		 Republican Michigan's 9th January 3, 1951 January 3, 1957 Lost renomination
Elizabeth Kee
(1895–1975)
[lower-alpha 29]		 Democratic West Virginia's 5th July 17, 1951 January 3, 1965 Retired
Vera Buchanan
(1902–1955)
[lower-alpha 30]		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 33rd & 30th July 24, 1951 October 26, 1955 Died in office

Female members whose service began between 1953 and 1962
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Gracie Pfost
(1906–1965)		 Democratic Idaho's 1st January 3, 1953 January 3, 1963 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1962 United States Senate election in Idaho
Leonor Sullivan
(1902–1988)		 Democratic Missouri's 3rd January 3, 1953 January 3, 1977 Retired
Elizabeth P. Farrington
(1898–1984)
[lower-alpha 31]		 Republican Hawaii's at-large July 31, 1954 January 3, 1957 Lost reelection
Iris Blitch
(1912–1993)
[lower-alpha 32]		 Democratic Georgia's 8th January 3, 1955 January 3, 1963 Retired
Edith Green
(1910–1987)		 Democratic Oregon's 3rd January 3, 1955 December 31, 1974 Retired
Martha Griffiths
(1912–2003)		 Democratic Michigan's 17th January 3, 1955 December 31, 1974 Retired[lower-alpha 33]
Coya Knutson
(1912–1996)		 Democratic (DFL) Minnesota's 9th January 3, 1955 January 3, 1959 Lost reelection
Kathryn E. Granahan
(1894–1979)
[lower-alpha 34]		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 2nd November 6, 1956 January 3, 1963 Retired[lower-alpha 35]
Florence P. Dwyer
(1902–1976)		 Republican New Jersey's 6th & 12th January 3, 1957 January 3, 1973 Retired
Catherine May
(1914–2004)		 Republican Washington's 4th January 3, 1959 January 3, 1971 Lost reelection
Edna O. Simpson
(1891–1984)
[lower-alpha 36]		 Republican Illinois's 20th January 3, 1959 January 3, 1961 Retired
Jessica M. Weis
(1901–1963)		 Republican New York's 38th January 3, 1959 January 3, 1963 Retired
Julia Hansen
(1907–1988)		 Democratic Washington's 3rd November 8, 1960 December 31, 1974 Retired
Catherine Norrell
(1901–1981)
[lower-alpha 37]		 Democratic Arkansas's 6th April 19, 1961 January 3, 1963 Retired
Louise Reece
(1898–1970)
[lower-alpha 38]		 Republican Tennessee's 1st May 16, 1961 January 3, 1963 Retired
Corinne Riley
(1893–1979)
[lower-alpha 39]		 Democratic South Carolina's 2nd April 10, 1962 January 3, 1963 Retired

Female members whose service began between 1963 and 1972
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Charlotte Reid
(1913–2007)
[lower-alpha 40]		 Republican Illinois's 15th January 3, 1963 October 7, 1971 Resigned to become a member of the Federal Communications Commission
Irene Baker
(1901–1994)
[lower-alpha 41]		 Republican Tennessee's 2nd January 7, 1964 January 3, 1965 Retired
Patsy Mink
(1927–2002)
[lower-alpha 42]		 Democratic Hawaii's at-large & 2nd January 3, 1965 January 3, 1977 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 1976 United States Senate election in Hawaii[lower-alpha 43]
Hawaii's 2nd September 22, 1990 September 28, 2002 Died in office
Lera Thomas
(1900–1993)
[lower-alpha 44]		 Democratic Texas's 8th March 26, 1966 January 3, 1967 Retired
Margaret Heckler
(1931–2018)		 Republican Massachusetts's 10th January 3, 1967 January 3, 1983 Lost reelection[lower-alpha 45]
Shirley Chisholm
(1924–2005)
[lower-alpha 46]		 Democratic New York's 12th January 3, 1969 January 3, 1983 Retired
Bella Abzug
(1920–1998)		 Democratic New York's 19th & 20th January 3, 1971 January 3, 1977 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 1976 United States Senate election in New York
Ella T. Grasso
(1919–1981)
[lower-alpha 47]		 Democratic Connecticut's 6th January 3, 1971 January 3, 1975 Retired to run successfully for Governor of Connecticut
Louise Day Hicks
(1916–2003)		 Democratic Massachusetts's 9th January 3, 1971 January 3, 1973 Lost reelection
Elizabeth B. Andrews
(1911–2002)		 Democratic Alabama's 3rd April 4, 1972 January 3, 1973 Retired[lower-alpha 48]

Female members whose service began between 1973 and 1982
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Yvonne Burke
(born 1932)		 Democratic California's 37th & 28th January 3, 1973 January 3, 1979 Retired to run unsuccessfully for Attorney General of California
Marjorie Holt
(1920–2018)		 Republican Maryland's 4th January 3, 1973 January 3, 1987 Retired
Elizabeth Holtzman
(born 1941)		 Democratic New York's 16th January 3, 1973 January 3, 1981 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1980 United States Senate election in New York
Barbara Jordan
(1936–1996)		 Democratic Texas's 18th January 3, 1973 January 3, 1979 Retired
Pat Schroeder
(born 1940)		 Democratic Colorado's 1st January 3, 1973 January 3, 1997 Retired
Lindy Boggs
(1916–2013)
[lower-alpha 49]		 Democratic Louisiana's 2nd March 20, 1973 January 3, 1991 Retired[lower-alpha 50]
Cardiss Collins
(1931–2013)
[lower-alpha 51]		 Democratic Illinois's 7th June 5, 1973 January 3, 1997 Retired
Millicent Fenwick
(1910–1992)
[lower-alpha 52]		 Republican New Jersey's 5th January 3, 1975 January 3, 1983 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1982 United States Senate election in New Jersey[lower-alpha 53]
Martha Keys
(born 1930)		 Democratic Kansas's 2nd January 3, 1975 January 3, 1979 Lost reelection
Marilyn Lloyd
(1929–2018)
[lower-alpha 54]		 Democratic Tennessee's 3rd January 3, 1975 January 3, 1995 Retired
Virginia D. Smith
(1911–2006)		 Republican Nebraska's 3rd January 3, 1975 January 3, 1991 Retired
Gladys Spellman
(1918–1988)		 Democratic Maryland's 5th January 3, 1975 February 24, 1981 After suffering a debilitating heart attack and slipping into a comatose state, her seat was declared vacant by the House
Helen Stevenson-Meyner
(1929–1997)		 Democratic New Jersey's 13th January 3, 1975 January 3, 1979 Lost reelection
Shirley Pettis
(1924–2016)
[lower-alpha 55]		 Republican California's 37th April 29, 1975 January 3, 1979 Retired
Barbara Mikulski
(born 1936)		 Democratic Maryland's 3rd January 3, 1977 January 3, 1987 Retired to run successfully for the 1986 United States Senate election in Maryland
Mary Oakar
(born 1940)
[lower-alpha 56]		 Democratic Ohio's 20th January 3, 1977 January 3, 1993 Lost reelection
Beverly Byron
(born 1932)
[lower-alpha 57]		 Democratic Maryland's 6th January 3, 1979 January 3, 1993 Lost renomination
Geraldine Ferraro
(1935–2011)		 Democratic New York's 9th January 3, 1979 January 3, 1985 Retired to run unsuccessfully as the Democrat nominee for Vice President of the United States during the 1984 United States presidential election[lower-alpha 58]
Olympia Snowe
(born 1947)		 Republican Maine's 2nd January 3, 1979 January 3, 1995 Retired to run successfully for the 1994 United States Senate election in Maine
Bobbi Fiedler
(1937–2019)		 Republican California's 21st January 3, 1981 January 3, 1987 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 1986 United States Senate election in California
Lynn Morley-Martin
(born 1939)		 Republican Illinois's 16th January 3, 1981 January 3, 1991 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1990 United States Senate election in Illinois[lower-alpha 59]
Marge Roukema
(1929–2014)		 Republican New Jersey's 7th & 5th January 3, 1981 January 3, 2003 Retired
Claudine Schneider
(born 1947)		 Republican Rhode Island's 2nd January 3, 1981 January 3, 1991 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1990 United States Senate election in Rhode Island
Barbara B. Kennelly
(born 1936)
[lower-alpha 60]		 Democratic Connecticut's 1st January 12, 1982 January 3, 1999 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1998 Connecticut gubernatorial election
Jean Spencer-Ashbrook
(born 1934)
[lower-alpha 61]		 Republican Ohio's 17th June 29, 1982 January 3, 1983 Retired
Katie Hall
(1938–2012)		 Democratic Indiana's 1st November 2, 1982 January 3, 1985 Lost renomination

Female members whose service began between 1983 and 1992
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Barbara Boxer
(born 1940)		 Democratic California's 6th January 3, 1983 January 3, 1993 Retired to run successfully for the 1992 United States Senate election in California
Nancy Johnson
(born 1935)		 Republican Connecticut's 6th & 5th January 3, 1983 January 3, 2007 Lost reelection
Marcy Kaptur
(born 1946)		 Democratic Ohio's 9th January 3, 1983 Present
Barbara Vucanovich
(1921–2013)
[lower-alpha 62]		 Republican Nevada's 2nd January 3, 1983 January 3, 1997 Retired
Sala Burton
(1925–1987)
[lower-alpha 63]		 Democratic California's 5th June 21, 1983 February 1, 1987 Died in office
Helen Delich-Bentley
(1923–2016)		 Republican Maryland's 2nd January 3, 1985 January 3, 1995 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 1994 Maryland gubernatorial election
Jan Meyers
(1928–2019)		 Republican Kansas's 3rd January 3, 1985 January 3, 1997 Retired
Catherine Small-Long
(1924–2019)
[lower-alpha 64]		 Democratic Louisiana's 8th March 30, 1985 January 3, 1987 Retired
Connie Morella
(born 1931)		 Republican Maryland's 8th January 3, 1987 January 3, 2003 Lost reelection[lower-alpha 65]
Liz J. Patterson
(1939–2018)
[lower-alpha 66]		 Democratic South Carolina's 4th January 3, 1987 January 3, 1993 Lost reelection
Pat Saiki
(born 1930)		 Republican Hawaii's 1st January 3, 1987 January 3, 1991 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1990 United States Senate special election in Hawaii[lower-alpha 67]
Louise Slaughter
(1929–2018)		 Democratic New York's 30th, 28th, & 25th January 3, 1987 March 16, 2018 Died in office
Nancy Pelosi
(born 1940)
[lower-alpha 68]		 Democratic California's 5th, 8th, & 12th June 2, 1987 Present
Nita Lowey
(born 1937)		 Democratic New York's 20th, 18th, & 17th January 3, 1989 January 3, 2021 Retired
Jolene Unsoeld
(born 1931)		 Democratic Washington's 3rd January 3, 1989 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection
Jill Long-Thompson
(born 1952)		 Democratic Indiana's 4th March 20, 1989 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen
(born 1952)		 Republican Florida's 18th & 27th August 29, 1989 January 3, 2019 Retired
Susan Molinari
(born 1958)
[lower-alpha 69]		 Republican New York's 14th March 20, 1990 August 2, 1997 Resigned to become co-host of CBS This Morning
Barbara-Rose Collins
(born 1939)		 Democratic Michigan's 13th & 15th January 3, 1991 January 3, 1997 Lost renomination
Rosa DeLauro
(born 1943)		 Democratic Connecticut's 3rd January 3, 1991 Present
Eleanor Holmes-Norton
(born 1937)		 Democratic DC at-large January 3, 1991 Present
Joan Horn
(born 1936)		 Democratic Missouri's 2nd January 3, 1991 January 3, 1993 Lost reelection
Maxine Waters
(born 1938)		 Democratic California's 29th, 35th, & 43rd January 3, 1991 Present
Eva M. Clayton
(born 1934)		 Democratic North Carolina's 1st November 3, 1992 January 3, 2001 Retired

Female members whose service began between 1993 and 2002
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Corrine Brown
(born 1946)		 Democratic Florida's 3rd & 5th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2017 Lost renomination
Leslie L. Byrne
(born 1946)		 Democratic Virginia's 11th January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection
Maria Cantwell
(born 1958)		 Democratic Washington's 1st January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection[lower-alpha 70]
Pat Danner
(born 1934)		 Democratic Missouri's 6th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2001 Retired
Jennifer Dunn
(1941–2007)		 Republican Washington's 8th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2005 Retired
Karan English
(born 1949)		 Democratic Arizona's 6th January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection
Anna Eshoo
(born 1942)		 Democratic California's 14th & 18th January 3, 1993 Present
Tillie K. Fowler
(1942–2005)		 Republican Florida's 4th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2001 Retired
Elizabeth Furse
(born 1936)		 Democratic Oregon's 1st January 3, 1993 January 3, 1999 Retired
Jane Harman
(born 1945)		 Democratic California's 36th January 3, 1993 January 3, 1999 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 1998 California gubernatorial election
January 3, 2001 February 28, 2011 Resigned to become the Director, President, and Chief Executive Officer of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
Eddie Johnson
(born 1936)		 Democratic Texas's 30th January 3, 1993 Present
Blanche Lincoln
(born 1960)		 Democratic Arkansas's 1st January 3, 1993 January 3, 1997 Retired[lower-alpha 71]
Carolyn Maloney
(born 1946)		 Democratic New York's 14th & 12th January 3, 1993 Present
Marjorie Margolies
(born 1942)		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 13th January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection
Cynthia McKinney
(born 1955)		 Democratic Georgia's 11th & 4th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2003 Lost renomination
Georgia's 4th January 3, 2005 January 3, 2007 Lost renomination[lower-alpha 72]
Carrie P. Meek
(born 1926)		 Democratic Florida's 17th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2003 Retired
Deborah Pryce
(born 1951)		 Republican Ohio's 15th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2009 Retired
Lucille Roybal-Allard
(born 1941)
[lower-alpha 73]		 Democratic California's 33rd, 34th, & 40th January 3, 1993 Present
Lynn Schenk
(born 1945)		 Democratic California's 49th January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection
Karen Shepherd
(born 1940)		 Democratic Utah's 2nd January 3, 1993 January 3, 1995 Lost reelection
Karen Thurman
(born 1951)		 Democratic Florida's 5th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2003 Lost reelection
Nydia Velázquez
(born 1953)		 Democratic New York's 12th & 7th January 3, 1993 Present
Lynn Woolsey
(born 1937)		 Democratic California's 6th January 3, 1993 January 3, 2013 Retired
Helen Chenoweth-Hage
(1938–2006)		 Republican Idaho's 1st January 3, 1995 January 3, 2001 Retired
Barbara Cubin
(born 1946)		 Republican Wyoming's at-large January 3, 1995 January 3, 2009 Retired
Enid Greene
(born 1958)		 Republican Utah's 2nd January 3, 1995 January 3, 1997 Retired
Sheila Jackson-Lee
(born 1950)		 Democratic Texas's 18th January 3, 1995 Present
Sue Kelly
(born 1936)		 Republican New York's 19th January 3, 1995 January 3, 2007 Lost reelection
Zoe Lofgren
(born 1947)		 Democratic California's 16th & 19th January 3, 1995 Present
Karen McCarthy
(1947–2010)		 Democratic Missouri's 5th January 3, 1995 January 3, 2005 Retired
Sue Myrick
(born 1941)		 Republican North Carolina's 9th January 3, 1995 January 3, 2013 Retired
Lynn N. Rivers
(born 1956)		 Democratic Michigan's 13th January 3, 1995 January 3, 2003 Lost renomination
Andrea Seastrand
(born 1941)		 Republican California's 22nd January 3, 1995 January 3, 1997 Lost reelection
Linda Smith
(born 1950)		 Republican Washington's 3rd January 3, 1995 January 3, 1999 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 1998 United States Senate election in Washington
Juanita Millender-McDonald
(1938–2007)		 Democratic California's 37th March 26, 1996 April 22, 2007 Died in office
Jo Ann Emerson
(born 1950)
[lower-alpha 74]		 Republican Missouri's 8th November 5, 1996 January 3, 1997 Retook seat as an independent, having been reelected under that designation
Independent January 3, 1997 January 8, 1997 Changed party back to Republican
Republican January 8, 1997 January 22, 2013 Resigned to become the President and Chief Executive Officer of the National Rural Electric Cooperative Association
Julia Carson
(1938–2007)
[lower-alpha 75]		 Democratic Indiana's 10th & 7th January 3, 1997 December 15, 2007 Died in office
Carolyn Cheeks-Kilpatrick
(born 1945)		 Democratic Michigan's 15th & 13th January 3, 1997 January 3, 2011 Lost renomination
Donna Christian-Christensen
(born 1945)		 Democratic U.S. Virgin Island's at-large January 3, 1997 January 3, 2015 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2014 United States Virgin Islands gubernatorial election
Diana DeGette
(born 1957)		 Democratic Colorado's 1st January 3, 1997 Present
Kay Granger
(born 1943)		 Republican Texas's 12th January 3, 1997 Present
Darlene Hooley
(born 1939)		 Democratic Oregon's 5th January 3, 1997 January 3, 2009 Retired
Carolyn McCarthy
(born 1944)		 Democratic New York's 4th January 3, 1997 January 3, 2015 Retired
Anne Northup
(born 1948)		 Republican Kentucky's 3rd January 3, 1997 January 3, 2007 Lost reelection
Loretta Sánchez
(born 1960)
[lower-alpha 76]		 Democratic California's 46th, 47th, & 46th January 3, 1997 January 3, 2017 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2016 United States Senate election in California
Debbie Stabenow
(born 1950)		 Democratic Michigan's 8th January 3, 1997 January 3, 2001 Retired to run successfully for the 2000 United States Senate election in Michigan
Ellen Tauscher
(1951–2019)		 Democratic California's 10th January 3, 1997 June 26, 2009 Resigned to become Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs
Lois Capps
(born 1938)
[lower-alpha 77]		 Democratic California's 22nd, 23rd, & 24th March 10, 1998 January 3, 2017 Retired
Mary Bono
(born 1961)
[lower-alpha 78]		 Republican California's 44th & 45th April 7, 1998 January 3, 2013 Lost reelection
Barbara Lee
(born 1946)		 Democratic California's 9th & 13th April 7, 1998 Present
Heather Wilson
(born 1960)		 Republican New Mexico's 1st June 25, 1998 January 3, 2009 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 2008 United States Senate election in New Mexico[lower-alpha 79]
Tammy Baldwin
(born 1962)
[lower-alpha 80]		 Democratic Wisconsin's 2nd January 3, 1999 January 3, 2013 Retired to run successfully for the 2012 United States Senate election in Wisconsin
Shelley Berkley
(born 1951)		 Democratic Nevada's 1st January 3, 1999 January 3, 2013 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2012 United States Senate election in Nevada
Judy Biggert
(born 1937)		 Republican Illinois's 13th January 3, 1999 January 3, 2013 Lost reelection
Grace Napolitano
(born 1936)		 Democratic California's 34th, 38th, & 32nd January 3, 1999 Present
Jan Schakowsky
(born 1944)		 Democratic Illinois's 9th January 3, 1999 Present
Stephanie Tubbs Jones
(1949–2008)		 Democratic Ohio's 11th January 3, 1999 August 20, 2008 Died in office
Jo Ann Davis
(1950–2007)		 Republican Virginia's 1st January 3, 2001 October 6, 2007 Died in office
Susan Davis
(born 1944)		 Democratic California's 49th & 53rd January 3, 2001 January 3, 2021 Retired
Melissa Hart
(born 1962)		 Republican Pennsylvania's 4th January 3, 2001 January 3, 2007 Lost reelection
Betty McCollum
(born 1954)		 Democratic (DFL) Minnesota's 4th January 3, 2001 Present
Shelley Moore-Capito
(born 1953)		 Republican West Virginia's 2nd January 3, 2001 January 3, 2015 Retired to run successfully for the 2014 United States Senate election in West Virginia
Hilda Solis
(born 1957)		 Democratic California's 31st & 32nd January 3, 2001 February 24, 2009 Resigned to become United States Secretary of Labor
Diane Watson
(born 1933)
[lower-alpha 81]		 Democratic California's 32nd & 33rd June 5, 2001 January 3, 2011 Retired

Female members whose service began between 2003 and 2012
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Marsha Blackburn
(born 1952)		 Republican Tennessee's 7th January 3, 2003 January 3, 2019 Retired to run successfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Tennessee
Madeleine Bordallo
(born 1933)
[lower-alpha 82]		 Democratic Guam's at-large January 3, 2003 January 3, 2019 Lost renomination
Ginny Brown-Waite
(born 1943)		 Republican Florida's 5th January 3, 2003 January 3, 2011 Retired
Katherine Harris
(born 1957)
[lower-alpha 83]		 Republican Florida's 13th January 3, 2003 January 3, 2007 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2006 United States Senate election in Florida
Denise Majette
(born 1955)		 Democratic Georgia's 4th January 3, 2003 January 3, 2005 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2004 United States Senate election in Georgia
Candice Miller
(born 1954)
[lower-alpha 84]		 Republican Michigan's 10th January 3, 2003 January 3, 2017 Retired to run successfully for Public Works Commissioner of Macomb County
Marilyn Musgrave
(born 1949)		 Republican Colorado's 4th January 3, 2003 January 3, 2009 Lost reelection
Linda Sánchez
(born 1969)
[lower-alpha 85]		 Democratic California's 39th & 38th January 3, 2003 present
Stephanie Herseth-Sandlin
(born 1970)		 Democratic South Dakota's at-large June 1, 2004 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Melissa Bean
(born 1962)		 Democratic Illinois's 8th January 3, 2005 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Thelma Drake
(born 1949)		 Republican Virginia's 2nd January 3, 2005 January 3, 2009 Lost reelection
Virginia Foxx
(born 1944)		 Republican North Carolina's 5th January 3, 2005 present
Cathy McMorris-Rodgers
(born 1969)		 Republican Washington's 5th January 3, 2005 present
Gwen Moore
(born 1951)		 Democratic Wisconsin's 4th January 3, 2005 present
Allyson Schwartz
(born 1948)		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 13th January 3, 2005 January 3, 2015 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2014 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election
Debbie Wasserman-Schultz
(born 1966)		 Democratic Florida's 20th & 23rd January 3, 2005 present
Doris Matsui
(born 1944)
[lower-alpha 86]		 Democratic California's 5th & 6th March 3, 2005 present
Jean Schmidt
(born 1951)		 Republican Ohio's 2nd September 6, 2005 January 3, 2013 Lost renomination
Shelley Sekula-Gibbs
(born 1953)		 Republican Texas's 22nd November 13, 2006 January 3, 2007 Lost election to full term
Michele Bachmann
(born 1956)		 Republican Minnesota's 6th January 3, 2007 January 3, 2015 Retired
Nancy Boyda
(born 1955)		 Democratic Kansas's 2nd January 3, 2007 January 3, 2009 Lost reelection
Kathy Castor
(born 1966)		 Democratic Florida's 11th & 14th January 3, 2007 present
Yvette Clarke
(born 1964)		 Democratic New York's 11th & 9th January 3, 2007 present
Mary Fallin
(born 1954)
[lower-alpha 87]		 Republican Oklahoma's 5th January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 Retired to run successfully for the 2010 Oklahoma gubernatorial election
Gabrielle Giffords
(born 1970)		 Democratic Arizona's 8th January 3, 2007 January 25, 2012 Resigned due to the injuries from being shot in the head at close range during an assassination attempt during the 2011 Tucson shooting
Kirsten Gillibrand
(born 1966)		 Democratic New York's 20th January 3, 2007 January 25, 2009 Resigned after being appointed to the United States Senate[lower-alpha 88]
Mazie Hirono
(born 1947)		 Democratic Hawaii's 2nd January 3, 2007 January 3, 2013 Retired to run successfully for the 2012 United States Senate election in Hawaii
Laura Richardson
(born 1962)		 Democratic California's 37th January 3, 2007 January 3, 2013 Lost reelection
Carol Shea-Porter
(born 1952)		 Democratic New Hampshire's 1st January 3, 2007 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
January 3, 2013 January 3, 2015 Lost reelection
January 3, 2017 January 3, 2019 Retired
Betty Sutton
(born 1963)		 Democratic Ohio's 13th January 3, 2007 January 3, 2013 Lost reelection
Niki Tsongas
(born 1946)
[lower-alpha 89]		 Democratic Massachusetts's 5th & 3rd October 16, 2007 January 3, 2019 Retired
Jackie Speier
(born 1950)		 Democratic California's 12th & 14th April 8, 2008 present
Donna Edwards
(born 1958)		 Democratic Maryland's 4th June 17, 2008 January 3, 2017 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2016 United States Senate election in Maryland
Marcia Fudge
(born 1952)		 Democratic Ohio's 11th November 18, 2008 present
Kathy Dahlkemper
(born 1957)		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 3rd January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Debbie Halvorson
(born 1958)		 Democratic Illinois's 11th January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Lynn Jenkins
(born 1963)
[lower-alpha 90]		 Republican Kansas's 2nd January 3, 2009 January 3, 2019 Retired
Mary Jo Kilroy
(born 1949)		 Democratic Ohio's 15th January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Ann Kirkpatrick
(born 1950)		 Democratic Arizona's 1st January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
January 3, 2013 January 3, 2017 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2016 United States Senate election in Arizona
Arizona's 2nd January 3, 2019 present
Suzanne Kosmas
(born 1944)		 Democratic Florida's 24th January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Cynthia Lummis
(born 1954)
[lower-alpha 91]		 Republican Wyoming's at-large January 3, 2009 January 3, 2017 Retired[lower-alpha 92]
Betsy Markey
(born 1956)		 Democratic Colorado's 4th January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Chellie Pingree
(born 1955)		 Democratic Maine's 1st January 3, 2009 present
Dina Titus
(born 1950)		 Democratic Nevada's 3rd January 3, 2009 January 3, 2011 Lost reelection
Nevada's 1st January 3, 2013 present
Judy Chu
(born 1953)
[lower-alpha 93]		 Democratic California's 32nd & 27th June 19, 2009 present
Sandy Adams
(born 1956)		 Republican Florida's 24th January 3, 2011 January 3, 2013 Lost renomination
Karen Bass
(born 1953)		 Democratic California's 33rd & 37th January 3, 2011 present
Diane Black
(born 1951)		 Republican Tennessee's 6th January 3, 2011 January 3, 2019 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for the 2018 Tennessee gubernatorial election
Ann Marie Buerkle
(born 1951)		 Republican New York's 25th January 3, 2011 January 3, 2013 Lost reelection
Renee Ellmers
(born 1964)		 Republican North Carolina's 2nd January 3, 2011 January 3, 2017 Lost renomination
Colleen Hanabusa
(born 1951)		 Democratic Hawaii's 1st January 3, 2011 January 3, 2015 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2014 United States Senate special election in Hawaii
November 14, 2016 January 3, 2019 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for the 2018 Hawaii gubernatorial election
Vicky Hartzler
(born 1960)		 Republican Missouri's 4th January 3, 2011 present
Nan Hayworth
(born 1959)		 Republican New York's 19th January 3, 2011 January 3, 2013 Lost reelection
Jaime Herrera-Beutler
(born 1978)		 Republican Washington's 3rd January 3, 2011 present
Kristi Noem
(born 1971)		 Republican South Dakota's at-large January 3, 2011 January 3, 2019 Retired to run successfully for the 2018 South Dakota gubernatorial election
Martha Roby
(born 1976)		 Republican Alabama's 2nd January 3, 2011 January 3, 2021 Retired
Terri Sewell
(born 1965)		 Democratic Alabama's 7th January 3, 2011 present
Frederica Wilson
(born 1942)		 Democratic Florida's 17th & 24th January 3, 2011 present
Kathy Hochul
(born 1958)		 Democratic New York's 26th June 1, 2011 January 3, 2013 Lost reelection[lower-alpha 94]
Janice Hahn
(born 1952)		 Democratic California's 36th & 44th July 12, 2011 December 4, 2016 Retired to run successfully for Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors
Suzanne Bonamici
(born 1954)		 Democratic Oregon's 1st January 21, 2012 present
Suzan DelBene
(born 1962)		 Democratic Washington's 1st November 6, 2012 present

Female members whose service began between 2013 and present
Portrait Name
(lifespan)		 Party District Term start Term end Reason(s) for leaving
Joyce Beatty
(born 1950)		 Democratic Ohio's 3rd January 3, 2013 Present
Susan Brooks
(born 1960)
[lower-alpha 95]		 Republican Indiana's 5th January 3, 2013 January 3, 2021 Retired
Julia Brownley
(born 1952)		 Democratic California's 26th January 3, 2013 Present
Cheri Bustos
(born 1961)		 Democratic Illinois's 17th January 3, 2013 Present
Tammy Duckworth
(born 1968)
[lower-alpha 96]		 Democratic Illinois's 8th January 3, 2013 January 3, 2017 Retired to run successfully for the 2016 United States Senate election in Illinois
Elizabeth Esty
(born 1959)		 Democratic Connecticut's 5th January 3, 2013 January 3, 2019 Retired
Lois Frankel
(born 1948)		 Democratic Florida's 22nd & 21st January 3, 2013 Present
Tulsi Gabbard
(born 1981)
[lower-alpha 97]		 Democratic Hawaii's 2nd January 3, 2013 January 3, 2021 Retired to run unsuccessfully in the Democratic primary for the 2020 United States presidential election
Michelle Lujan-Grisham
(born 1959)		 Democratic New Mexico's 1st January 3, 2013 December 31, 2018 Retired to run successfully for Governor of New Mexico
Ann McLane-Kuster
(born 1956)		 Democratic New Hampshire's 2nd January 3, 2013 Present
Grace Meng
(born 1975)		 Democratic New York's 6th January 3, 2013 Present
Gloria Negrete-McLeod
(born 1941)		 Democratic California's 35th January 3, 2013 January 3, 2015 Retired to run unsuccessfully for San Bernardino County Board of Supervisors
Kyrsten Sinema
(born 1976)
[lower-alpha 98]		 Democratic Arizona's 9th January 3, 2013 January 3, 2019 Retired to run successfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Arizona
Ann Wagner
(born 1962)
[lower-alpha 99]		 Republican Missouri's 2nd January 3, 2013 Present
Jackie Walorski
(born 1963)		 Republican Indiana's 2nd January 3, 2013 Present
Robin Kelly
(born 1956)		 Democratic Illinois's 2nd April 11, 2013 Present
Katherine Clark
(born 1963)		 Democratic Massachusetts's 5th December 10, 2013 Present
Alma Adams
(born 1946)		 Democratic North Carolina's 12th November 12, 2014 Present
Barbara Comstock
(born 1959)		 Republican Virginia's 10th January 3, 2015 January 3, 2019 Lost reelection
Debbie Dingell
(born 1953)
[lower-alpha 100]		 Democratic Michigan's 12th January 3, 2015 Present
Gwen Graham
(born 1963)
[lower-alpha 101]		 Democratic Florida's 2nd January 3, 2015 January 3, 2017 Retired
Brenda Lawrence
(born 1954)		 Democratic Michigan's 14th January 3, 2015 Present
Mia Love
(born 1975)
[lower-alpha 102]		 Republican Utah's 4th January 3, 2015 January 3, 2019 Lost reelection
Martha McSally
(born 1966)		 Republican Arizona's 2nd January 3, 2015 January 3, 2019 Retired to run unsuccessfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Arizona[lower-alpha 103]
Stacey Plaskett
(born 1966)		 Democratic U.S. Virgin Island's at-large January 3, 2015 Present
Amata Radewagen
(born 1947)
[lower-alpha 104][32][33]		 Republican American Samoa's at-large January 3, 2015 Present
Kathleen Rice
(born 1965)		 Democratic New York's 4th January 3, 2015 Present
Elise Stefanik
(born 1984)		 Republican New York's 21st January 3, 2015 Present
Norma Torres
(born 1965)		 Democratic California's 35th January 3, 2015 Present
Mimi Walters
(born 1962)		 Republican California's 45th January 3, 2015 January 3, 2019 Lost reelection
Bonnie Watson-Coleman
(born 1945)		 Democratic New Jersey's 12th January 3, 2015 Present
Nanette Barragán
(born 1976)		 Democratic California's 44th January 3, 2017 Present
Lisa Blunt-Rochester
(born 1962)		 Democratic Delaware at-large January 3, 2017 Present
Liz Cheney
(born 1966)
[lower-alpha 105]		 Republican Wyoming's at-large January 3, 2017 Present
Val Demings
(born 1957)
[lower-alpha 106]		 Democratic Florida's 10th January 3, 2017 Present
Jenniffer González
(born 1976)
[lower-alpha 107]		 Republican Puerto Rico's at-large January 3, 2017 Present
Pramila Jayapal
(born 1965)
[lower-alpha 108]		 Democratic Washington's 7th January 3, 2017 Present
Stephanie Murphy
(born 1978)
[lower-alpha 109]		 Democratic Florida's 7th January 3, 2017 Present
Jacky Rosen
(born 1957)		 Democratic Nevada's 3rd January 3, 2017 January 3, 2019 Retired to run successfully for the 2018 United States Senate election in Nevada
Claudia Tenney
(born 1961)		 Republican New York's 22nd January 3, 2017 January 3, 2019 Lost reelection
Karen Handel
(born 1962)
[lower-alpha 110]		 Republican Georgia's 6th June 26, 2017 January 3, 2019 Lost reelection
Debbie Lesko
(born 1958)		 Republican Arizona's 8th May 7, 2018 Present
Mary Gay Scanlon
(born 1959)		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 7th & 5th November 13, 2018 present
Susan Wild
(born 1957)		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 15th & 7th November 27, 2018 present
Brenda Jones
(born 1959)		 Democratic Michigan's 13th November 29, 2018 January 3, 2019 Term expired
Cindy Axne
(born 1965)		 Democratic Iowa's 3rd January 3, 2019 Present
Angie Craig
(born 1972)		 Democratic (DFL) Minnesota's 2nd January 3, 2019 Present
Sharice Davids
(born 1980)
[lower-alpha 111]		 Democratic Kansas's 3rd January 3, 2019 Present
Madeleine Dean
(born 1959)		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 4th January 3, 2019 Present
Veronica Escobar
(born 1969)		 Democratic Texas's 16th January 3, 2019 Present
Abby Finkenauer
(born 1988)		 Democratic Iowa's 1st January 3, 2019 January 3, 2021 Lost reelection
Lizzie Fletcher
(born 1975)		 Democratic Texas's 7th January 3, 2019 Present
Sylvia Garcia
(born 1950)		 Democratic Texas's 29th January 3, 2019 Present
Deb Haaland
(born 1960)
[lower-alpha 112]		 Democratic New Mexico's 1st January 3, 2019 Present
Jahana Hayes
(born 1973)		 Democratic Connecticut's 5th January 3, 2019 Present
Katie Hill
(born 1987)		 Democratic California's 25th January 3, 2019 November 3, 2019 Resigned amid allegations of inappropriate sexual relationships[35]
Kendra Horn
(born 1976)		 Democratic Oklahoma's 5th January 3, 2019 January 3, 2021 Lost reelection
Chrissy Houlahan
(born 1968)		 Democratic Pennsylvania's 6th January 3, 2019 Present
Susie Lee
(born 1966)		 Democratic Nevada's 3rd January 3, 2019 Present
Elaine Luria
(born 1975)		 Democratic Virginia's 2nd January 3, 2019 Present
Lucy McBath
(born 1960)		 Democratic Georgia's 6th January 3, 2019 Present
Carol Miller
(born 1950)
[lower-alpha 113]		 Republican West Virginia's 3rd January 3, 2019 Present
Debbie Mucarsel-Powell
(born 1971)		 Democratic Florida's 26th January 3, 2019 January 3, 2021 Lost reelection
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
(born 1989)
[lower-alpha 114]		 Democratic New York's 14th January 3, 2019 Present
Ilhan Omar
(born 1981)
[lower-alpha 115]		 Democratic (DFL) Minnesota's 5th January 3, 2019 Present
Katie Porter
(born 1974)		 Democratic California's 45th January 3, 2019 Present
Ayanna Pressley
(born 1974)		 Democratic Massachusetts's 7th January 3, 2019 Present
Kim Schrier
(born 1968)		 Democratic Washington's 8th January 3, 2019 Present
Donna Shalala
(born 1941)
[lower-alpha 116]		 Democratic Florida's 27th January 3, 2019 January 3, 2021 Lost reelection
Mikie Sherrill
(born 1972)		 Democratic New Jersey's 11th January 3, 2019 Present
Elissa Slotkin
(born 1976)		 Democratic Michigan's 8th January 3, 2019 Present
Abigail Spanberger
(born 1979)		 Democratic Virginia's 7th January 3, 2019 Present
Haley Stevens
(born 1983)		 Democratic Michigan's 11th January 3, 2019 Present
Rashida Tlaib
(born 1976)
[lower-alpha 117]		 Democratic Michigan's 13th January 3, 2019 Present
Xochitl Torres Small
(born 1984)		 Democratic New Mexico's 2nd January 3, 2019 January 3, 2021 Lost reelection
Lori Trahan
(born 1973)
[lower-alpha 118]		 Democratic Massachusetts's 3rd January 3, 2019 Present
Lauren Underwood
(born 1986)		 Democratic Illinois's 14th January 3, 2019 Present
Jennifer Wexton
(born 1968)		 Democratic Virginia's 10th January 3, 2019 Present
Stephanie Bice
(born 1973)
[lower-alpha 119]		 Republican Oklahoma's 5th January 3, 2021 Present
Lauren Boebert
(born 1986)		 Republican Colorado's 3rd January 3, 2021 Present
Carolyn Bourdeaux
(born 1970)		 Democratic Georgia's 7th January 3, 2021 Present
Cori Bush
(born 1974)		 Democratic Missouri's 1st January 3, 2021 Present
Kat Cammack
(born 1988)		 Republican Florida's 3rd January 3, 2021 Present
Michelle Fischbach
(born 1965)
[lower-alpha 120]		 Republican Minnesota's 7th January 3, 2021 Present
Marjorie Taylor Greene
(born 1974)		 Republican Georgia's 14th January 3, 2021 Present
Diana Harshbarger
(born 1960)		 Republican Tennessee's 1st January 3, 2021 Present
Yvette Herrell
(born 1964)
[lower-alpha 121]		 Republican New Mexico's 2nd January 3, 2021 Present
Ashley Hinson
(born 1983)		 Republican Iowa's 1st January 3, 2021 Present
Sara Jacobs
(born 1989)		 Democratic California's 53rd January 3, 2021 Present
Young Kim
(born 1962)
[lower-alpha 122]		 Republican California's 39th January 3, 2021 Present
Teresa Leger Fernandez
(born 1959)		 Democratic New Mexico's 3rd January 3, 2021 Present
Nancy Mace
(born 1977)
[lower-alpha 123]		 Republican South Carolina's 1st January 3, 2021 Present
Nicole Malliotakis
(born 1980)		 Republican New York's 11th January 3, 2021 Present
Kathy Manning
(born 1956)		 Democratic North Carolina's 6th January 3, 2021 Present
Lisa McClain
(born 1966)		 Republican Michigan's 10th January 3, 2021 Present
Mary Miller
(born 1959)		 Republican Illinois's 15th January 3, 2021 Present
Mariannette Miller-Meeks
(born 1955)		 Republican Iowa's 2nd January 3, 2021 Present
Marie Newman
(born 1964)		 Democratic Illinois's 3rd January 3, 2021 Present
Deborah Ross
(born 1963)		 Democratic North Carolina's 2nd January 3, 2021 Present
Maria Elvira Salazar
(born 1961)		 Republican Florida's 27th January 3, 2021 Present
Victoria Spartz
(born 1978)
[lower-alpha 124]		 Republican Indiana's 5th January 3, 2021 Present
Michelle Steel
(born 1955)
[lower-alpha 122]		 Republican California's 48th January 3, 2021 Present
Marilyn Strickland
(born 1962)
[lower-alpha 122][lower-alpha 125]		 Democratic Washington's 10th January 3, 2021 Present
Beth Van Duyne
(born 1970)		 Republican Texas's 24th January 3, 2021 Present
Nikema Williams
(born 1978)		 Democratic Georgia's 5th January 3, 2021 Present

Pregnancies

There have been ten female members of the House of Representatives who were pregnant and gave birth at least once during their tenure (two members three times).[36]

See also

Notes
  1. Farrington represented the Territory of Hawaii as a non-voting delegate; the State of Hawaii's first female Representative was Patsy Mink in 1965.
  2. First woman elected to a national office
    Voted against declaration of war against Germany in 1917
    Only member of Congress to vote against declaration of war against Japan in 1941
  3. First woman to defeat an incumbent congressman and to preside over the House
  4. Succeeded her father in a special election
    First woman incumbent defeated in a primary
    First woman to win a special election
  5. Succeeded her husband
  6. First woman to be reelected
    First Jewish woman elected
    Succeeded her husband
  7. First Democratic woman elected
  8. Succeeded her husband
  9. Served in the same seat as her husband (though she did not immediately succeed him)
    Daughter of James M. Gudger Jr.
  10. Succeeded her husband
  11. Daughter of Mark Hanna
  12. Daughter of William Jennings Bryan
  13. Later became United States Ambassador to Denmark
  14. Succeeded her husband
  15. Succeeded her husband
  16. Succeeded her husband
  17. Succeeded her husband
  18. Succeeded her husband
  19. Succeeded her husband
  20. Succeeded her husband
  21. Succeeded her husband
  22. Succeeded her husband
  23. Succeeded her husband
  24. First Catholic woman to serve in Congress
  25. Later became United States Ambassador to Italy and United States Ambassador to Brazil
  26. Succeeded her husband
  27. First woman born outside of the United States to be elected
  28. Succeeded her husband
  29. Succeeded her husband
  30. Succeeded her husband
  31. Succeeded her husband
    First woman territorial delegate
  32. Only female member to sign the Southern Manifesto
  33. Later became Lieutenant Governor of Michigan
  34. Succeeded her husband
  35. Later became Treasurer of the United States
  36. Succeeded her husband
  37. Succeeded her husband
  38. Succeeded her husband
    Daughter of Guy D. Goff
  39. Succeeded her husband
    Formerly oldest woman elected to Congress (at age 68)
  40. Succeeded her husband as nominee before election
  41. Succeeded her husband
  42. First Japanese American woman elected
  43. Later became Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
  44. Succeeded her husband
  45. Later became United States Secretary of Health and Human Services and United States Ambassador to Ireland
  46. First African-American woman elected
    First African-American woman to run for major party's presidential nomination
  47. Previously served as Connecticut Secretary of State
  48. Succeeded her husband
  49. Succeeded her husband
  50. Later became United States Ambassador to the Holy See
  51. Succeeded her husband
  52. Daughter of Ogden H. Hammond
  53. Later became United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture
  54. Succeeded her husband as nominee before election
  55. Succeeded her husband
  56. First Arab (Lebanese and Syrian) American woman elected
  57. Succeeded her husband
  58. Later became United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights
  59. Later became United States Secretary of Labor
  60. Previously served as Connecticut Secretary of State
  61. Succeeded her husband
  62. First Hispanic woman elected
  63. Succeeded her husband
  64. Succeeded her husband
  65. Later became United States Ambassador to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
  66. Daughter of Olin D. Johnston
  67. Later became Administrator of the Small Business Administration
  68. First woman party leader
    First woman Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
  69. Daughter of Guy Molinari
  70. Later ran successfully for the 2000 United States Senate election in Washington
  71. Later ran successfully for the 1998 United States Senate election in Arkansas
  72. Ran for President of the United States as the nominee of the Green Party for the 2008 United States presidential election
  73. Daughter of Edward R. Roybal
  74. Succeeded her husband. First woman (re)elected to Congress as an independent candidate
  75. Grandmother of André Carson
  76. Sister of Linda Sánchez
  77. Succeeded her husband
  78. Succeeded her husband
  79. Later became Secretary of the Air Force
  80. First openly lesbian member
  81. Previously served as United States Ambassador to Micronesia
  82. Previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Guam
  83. Previously served as Florida Secretary of State
  84. Previously served as Michigan Secretary of State
  85. Sister of Loretta Sanchez
  86. Succeeded her husband
  87. Previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma
  88. Later ran successfully for the 2010 United States Senate special election in New York
  89. Served in the same seat as her husband (but she did not immediately succeed him)
  90. Previously served as Kansas Treasurer
  91. Previously served as Wyoming Treasurer
  92. Later ran successfully for the 2020 United States Senate election in Wyoming
  93. First Chinese American woman elected
  94. Later became Lieutenant Governor of New York
  95. Previously served as United States Attorney for the Southern District of Indiana
  96. First Amerasian or Eurasian woman elected
    Previously served as Assistant Secretary of Veterans Affairs for Public and Intergovernmental Affairs
  97. First Hindu elected to Congress
  98. First openly bisexual woman elected
  99. Previously served as United States Ambassador to Luxembourg
  100. Succeeded her husband
    First woman to succeed her husband while he was still alive
  101. Daughter of Bob Graham
  102. First African-American Republican woman elected to Congress
  103. Later appointed to the United States Senate
  104. First woman to represent American Samoa in the U.S. Congress
    Daughter of Peter Tali Coleman
  105. Daughter of Dick Cheney
  106. Wife of Jerry Demings
  107. First woman to represent Puerto Rico in the U.S. Congress.[34]
  108. First Indian American woman elected
  109. First Vietnamese American woman elected
  110. Previously served as Georgia Secretary of State
  111. One of the first two Native American women (alongside Deb Haaland) elected to Congress
    First LGBTQ Native American elected
  112. One of the first two Native American women (alongside Sharice Davids) elected to Congress
    First female Native Catholic elected
  113. Daughter of Samuel L. Devine
  114. Youngest woman elected to Congress (at age 29)
  115. One of the first two Muslim women (alongside Rashida Tlaib) and first Somali American elected to Congress
  116. Oldest woman elected to Congress (at age 77)
    Previously served as United States Secretary of Health and Human Services
  117. One of the first two Muslim women (alongside Ilhan Omar) and the first Palestinian American woman elected to Congress
  118. First Portuguese American woman elected
  119. First Iranian American elected to Congress
  120. Previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota
  121. First Cherokee woman and first Native American female Republican elected to Congress
  122. One of the first Korean American women elected to Congress
  123. First woman to graduate from The Citadel, in 1999
  124. First woman born in the former Soviet Union or Eastern Bloc elected to Congress
  125. First Afro-Asian American woman elected

References
  1. "Women Serving in the 117th Congress 2021-22". Center for American Women in Politics. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.
  2. "RANKIN, Jeannette". History, Art & Archives. U.S. House of Representatives.
  3. "Florence Prag Kahn". Jewish Virtual Library.
  4. "Clare Boothe Luce Becomes a Catholic". The New York Times. February 17, 1946. p. 1. Also published in New York Daily News on the same day.
  5. Mariotti, Renato (November 26, 2013). "Rep. Vera Buchanan dies in office, Nov. 26, 1955". Politico. Retrieved April 12, 2018.
  6. "Women's History Month: Patsy Mink". August House Publishers.
  7. "New Patterns". History, Art & Archives. U.S. House of Representatives.
  8. "Update: First woman to wear pants on House floor, Rep. Charlotte Reid". The Washington Post. December 21, 2011.
  9. "CHISHOLM, Shirley Anita". History, Art & Archives. U.S. House of Representatives.
  10. "Women in Government: A Slim Past, But a Strong Future". Ebony: 89–92, 96–98. August 1977.
  11. "BURKE, Yvonne Brathwaite". History, Art & Archives. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
  12. Michelle Cottle, ed. (April 19, 2018). "Congress Can't Give Up Tradition". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  13. Official Manual State of Missouri 2001–2002. Missouri: Office of the Secretary of State. p. 117.
  14. "Tommy vs. Tammy rages on: Senate race down to the wire". Reedsburg Times-Press. The Associated Press. October 27, 2012.
  15. "Tammy Baldwin - Candidate for U.S. President, Republican Nomination - Election 2012". WSJ.com.
  16. Jon M. Shepard (January 1, 2012). Cengage Advantage Books: Sociology. Cengage Learning. pp. 293–. ISBN 978-1-133-71002-8.
  17. Blumberg, Antonia (March 7, 2018). "Nancy Pelosi Donates Historic Speaker's Gavel To The Smithsonian For Women's History Month". Huffington Post.
  18. "Women in U.S. House get new restroom near chamber". USA Today. July 21, 2011.
  19. "Hindu-American Tulsi Gabbard wins Democratic primary in Hawaii". The Economic Times. August 12, 2012.
  20. Stephen Prothero (January 3, 2013). "Column: A Hindu moment for Congress". USA Today. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
  21. "Democrat Kyrsten Sinema beats GOP's Vernon Parker in Arizona's 9th Congressional District". Star Tribune. Associated Press. November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 16, 2012.
  22. Edmondson, Catie; Lee, Jasmine C. (November 28, 2018). "Meet the New Freshmen in Congress". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 11, 2019.
  23. Hess, Abigail Johnson (November 7, 2018). "29-year-old Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez makes history as the youngest woman ever elected to Congress". CNBC. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  24. "PAAIA Celebrates Historic Election for Iranian Americans". Public Affairs Alliance of Iranian Americans. November 4, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
  25. D'Ammassa, Algernon (November 4, 2020). "Give 'em Herrell: New Mexico's 2nd congressional district back in Republican hands". Las Cruces Sun-News. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  26. "Making history: Three Korean American women, two representing California, win seats in Congress". Los Angeles Times. November 15, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2021.
  27. "Marilyn Strickland's Black, Korean American roots are 1st for Congress". NBC News. Associated Press. November 7, 2020. Retrieved February 1, 2021.
  28. Rachael Dottle, Ella Koeze and Julia Wolfe (November 13, 2018). "The 2018 Midterms, In 4 Charts". FiveThirtyEight.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  29. Women candidates for Congress 1974 - 2018. Center for American Women and Politics. There are separate columns for House and Senate numbers by election. Party and seat summary for major party nominees.
  30. Manning, Jennifer E.; Brudnick, Ida A. (September 23, 2020). Women in Congress, 1917-2020: Service Dates and Committee Assignments by Member, and Lists by State and Congress (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
  31. "The U.S. Made Zero Progress in Adding Women to Congress". Fortune. November 10, 2016.
  32. Gay, Roxane (2019). The Women of the 116th Congress: Portraits of Power. The New York Times. Page 28. Abrams. ISBN 9781683357810.
  33. Kowalewski, Albin (2018). Asian and Pacific Islander Americans in Congress, 1900-2017. Government Printing Office. Page 558. ISBN 9780160940408.
  34. "Jenniffer Gonzalez, Resident Commissioner for Puerto Rico – Puerto Rico 51st". November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
  35. LeBlanc, Paul (October 27, 2019). "Rep. Katie Hill announces resignation amid allegations of improper relationships with staffers". CNN. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
  36. Akers, Mary Ann (November 20, 2008). "Rep. Linda Sanchez Expecting a Baby". The Washington Post.
  37. Foster, David (November 19, 1995). "Ambitious Couple Thrived on Passion for Politics, Each Other : Congress: Enid Greene and Joe Waldholtz seemed born for each other. But his lies over money sabotaged fairy tale, perhaps her career". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press.
  38. "Susan Molinari". U.S. House of Representatives.
  39. Geranios, Nicholas K. (April 21, 2007). "Baby in the House: Pregnant congresswoman due to give birth next month". San Diego Union Tribune. Associated Press.
  40. "It's A Boy". The Spokesman-Review. April 30, 2007.
  41. "Son Born to New York Congresswoman". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 16, 2008.
  42. Woster, Kevin (December 16, 2008). "Something we can all agree on: Congratulations!". Rapid City Journal.
  43. Akers, Mary Ann (May 13, 2009). "New Mama in the House: Linda Sanchez". The Washington Post.
  44. Barone, Michael; Chuck McCutcheon (2011). "Washington/Fifth District". The Almanac of American Politics (2012 ed.). University of Chicago Press, National Journal Group, Inc. pp. 1716–1718. ISBN 978-0-226-03808-7.
  45. "Republican Rep. Jaime Herrera Beutler celebrates 'miracle' baby girl born with Potter's sequence". New York Daily News. July 29, 2013.
  46. Korte, Gregory (November 25, 2013). "Rep sets congressional record -- mom x 3". USA Today. Retrieved November 23, 2014.
  47. Skiba, Katherine (November 20, 2014). "Rep. Tammy Duckworth gives birth to daughter". Chicago Tribune.
  48. Dake, Lauren (May 19, 2016). "Herrera Beutler gives birth to baby boy". The Columbian. Retrieved December 28, 2018.
  49. Hair, Calley (May 23, 2019). "Herrera Beutler gives birth to girl". The Columbian. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
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