List of North American settlements by year of foundation

This is a list of settlements in North America by founding year and present-day country.

Year Settlement Subdivision Country Notes
c. 14000 BC Western Alaska Alaska United States It is widely thought by most historians that the Native people of the Americas had come up from Russia, through the Bering land bridge and down from Alaska. This is why Alaska is one of the first places of all the Americas to be settled. They did not build large settlements there, instead the majority of them proceeded to move south into Canada, Mexico, the continental United States and later to South America.[1]
c. 12000 BC Triquet Island Heiltsuk Nation Village Site British Columbia Canada The discovery of this site, which included the remains of wooden tools and a hearth, has lent further proof to a theory about the true nature of human expansion in the Americas, suggesting that they travelled by boat along the coast instead of inland.[2]
c. 7794–7664 BC Tlapacoya Ixtapaluca Mexico Silvia González et al. have published research saying that "one Tlapacoya skull is the first directly dated human in Mexico with an age of 9730 ± 65 years BP".[3]
1500 BC Tepoztlán Morelos Mexico
1500 BC San José Mogote Oaxaca Mexico
1500 BC Chalcatzingo Morelos Mexico
1500 BC Calixtlahuaca Mexico Mexico
1500 BC Kaminaljuyu Guatemala Guatemala
1400 BC Teopantecuanitlan Guerrero Mexico
1400 BC Nakbe Petén Guatemala
1200 BC San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán Veracruz Mexico
1200 BC La Venta Veracruz Mexico
1150 BC Etlatongo Oaxaca Mexico
1000 BC Xochitecatl Tlaxcala Mexico
1000 BC Cuicuilco Tlalpan Mexico
1000 BC Tres Zapotes Veracruz Mexico
950 BC Takalik Abaj Retalhuleu Guatemala
950 BC El Mirador Petén Guatemala
950 BC Uaxactun Petén Guatemala
800 BC Zazacatla Morelos Mexico
700 BC Ticul Yucatán Mexico
600 BC Tikal Petén Guatemala
500 BC Monte Albán Oaxaca Mexico
500 BC Cholula Puebla Mexico Possibly the oldest continuously-inhabited settlement in the Americas
400 BC Tula Hidalgo Mexico
300 BC Teotihuacan México Mexico In the Valley of Mexico
200 Mitla Oaxaca Mexico
600 Cantona Puebla Mexico
650 Cahokia Illinois United States
985? Eastern Settlement Greenland Denmark First European settlement in the Americas. Norse explorer Erik the Red established this settlement, followed by the Western Settlement c. 985.
1000 L'Anse aux Meadows Newfoundland and Labrador Canada First European settlement in the Americas, excluding Greenland. Norse explorer Leif Ericson established a settlement on this site in 1003.
1050 Motul Yucatán Mexico
1054 Antiguo Cuscatlan La Libertad El Salvador
1100 Oraibi Arizona United States [4]
1144 Acoma Pueblo New Mexico United States Oldest continuously-occupied community in the US, known today as Sky City
1325 Tenochtitlan Distrito Federal Mexico Present-day Mexico City
1450 Taos Pueblo New Mexico United States One of the oldest continuously-inhabited Native American settlements in the United States
1493 La Isabela Puerto Plata Dominican Republic First European settlement in the New World during the Age of Discovery. Abandoned by 1500.
1494 Concepción de la Vega La Vega Dominican Republic Founded by Christopher Columbus in 1494 as a gold town, and abandoned by 1562 after an earthquake destroyed the settlement.
1496 Santo Domingo Distrito Nacional Dominican Republic Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in the Americas. Present-day capital of the Dominican Republic.
1497 St. John's[5] Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Oldest English-founded city in North America,[6] seasonal until c. 1630
1508 Caparra Puerto Rico United States
1509 Sevilla la Nueva Seville, St. Ann's Bay Jamaica Established by Juan de Esquivel, the first Spanish governor of Jamaica, St Ann's Bay was the third capital established by Spain in the Americas.
1510 Nombre de Dios Colón Panama Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in Panama and the continental Americas
1511 Baracoa Guantánamo Cuba Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in Cuba, and its former capital
1513 Bayamo Granma Cuba Capital of Cuba in 1513
1514 Santiago Santiago Cuba
1515 Havana Havana Cuba Present-day capital of Cuba
1519 La Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz Veracruz Mexico Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in Mexico
1519 Panama City Panamá Panama First European city on the Pacific coast of the Americas[7]
1521 San Juan Puerto Rico United States Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in the contiguous United States or U.S. territories
1524QuetzaltenangoGuatemalaGuatemala
1525 San Salvador San Salvador Department El Salvador Diego de Holguín became the first mayor of San Salvador after the town was founded on April 1, 1525. Founded on what is now the archaeological site of Ciudad Vieja, north of the present-day city, it was moved to the Valle de Las Hamacas (Acelhuate Valley).
1524 Granada Granada Nicaragua Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in Nicaragua
1526AcámbaroGuanajuatoMexico
1526 San Miguel de Gualdape South Carolina, then Georgia United States First European settlement in the contiguous U.S., abandoned after three months
1531MazatlánSinaloaMexico
1531CuliacánSinaloaMexico
1532 Oaxaca Oaxaca Mexico
1534 Villa de la Vega Saint Catherine Parish Jamaica After founding Seville in 1509, Spanish settlers moved to a healthier site which they named Villa de la Vega. The English renamed it Spanish Town when they conquered the island in 1655.
1536 San Pedro Sula Cortés Honduras
1539 Zuni Pueblo New Mexico United States Ferguson, T.J. (1985). A Zuni Atlas. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press
1540 Compostela Nayarit Mexico Known as Capital de la Nueva Galicia Compostela (1548–1560)
1540 Childersburg Alabama United States Possibly the oldest still-occupied village in eastern North America,[8] established by Native Americans
1540 Campeche Campeche Mexico
1541 Morelia Michoacan Mexico Known as Valladolid until 1828
1541 Charlesbourg-Royal Quebec Canada First French settlement; short-lived
1542YuririaGuanajuatoMexico
1542MéridaYucatánMexicoFounded by Francisco de Montejo on the ruins of the Maya city of T'ho
1542 Guadalajara Jalisco Mexico
1542 San Miguel de Allende Guanajuato Mexico
1543 Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala (Antigua Guatemala) Guatemala Guatemala
1550AcapulcoGuerreroMexicoDiscovered by Cortés in 1531; settled in 1550.[9]
1559 Pensacola Florida United States Spanish explorer Tristán de Luna founded a short-lived settlement in 1559.
1560 Port of Spain Port of Spain Trinidad And Tobago A Spanish garrison was posted near the foot of the Laventille Hills, which today form the city's eastern boundary.
1563 Cartago Cartago Costa Rica Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in Costa Rica
1563 Villa de Durango Durango Mexico Capital of the Nueva Vizcaya province of Villa New Spain
1564 Fort Caroline Florida United States A permanent settlement of 200 soldiers and artisans led by Rene de Goulaine de Laudonniere, who had accompanied Ribault on a previous expedition. With help from the Timucua Indians, the colonists began building a village and fort on the river's south bank and named the area La Caroline after Charles IX.
1564 Villa Hermosa de San Juan Bautista Tabasco México Founded on June 24, 1564 (the feast of San Juan Bautista, hence its original name) by Diego de Quijada
1565 Saint Augustine Florida United States Oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in the contiguous U.S.
1566 Saint Marys Georgia United States Second-oldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in the contiguous U.S.; on the St. Mary's River
1573San GermánPuerto RicoUnited States
1575SaltilloCoahuilaMexicoOldest post-conquest settlement in northern Mexico[10]
1575AguascalientesAguascalientesMexico
1576LeónGuanajuatoMexico
1583 Harbour Grace[11] Newfoundland and Labrador Canada First permanent English settlement in North America
1585Roanoke ColonyNorth CarolinaUnited StatesSettlers were left on the island on August 17, 1585.[12]
1587-1623 Mantle Site, Wendat (Huron) Ancestral Village Ontario Canada Massive late Woodland Huron-Wendat village site, with trade links reaching as far as Newfoundland.
1596 Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
1597 Portobelo Colón Panama
1598 Parras Coahuila Mexico
1598 Española New Mexico United States First European-founded capital of the "New World" in the United States, established by Juan de Oñate.
1598 San Juan de los Caballeros New Mexico United States With Española, the oldest European-founded settlement in the southwestern United States
1599 Tadoussac Quebec Canada Oldest continuously-inhabited French-established settlement in the Americas, and the oldest European-established settlement in Quebec
1603SalamancaGuanajuatoMexico
1604 Saint John New Brunswick Canada
1604 Canso Nova Scotia Canada Founded in 1604, settled in 1518 by European fur traders and fishermen. Canso and the surrounding islands were involved in the French and English struggles to control the area.
1604L'Ile-aux-MarinsSaint Pierre and MiquelonFrance
1604 Saint Croix Island Maine United States Established in the summer of 1604 by a French expedition, led by Pierre Dugua, which included Samuel de Champlain. After the winter of 1604–1605 the survivors relocated and founded Port Royal, Nova Scotia.[13]
1605 Port Royal Nova Scotia Canada Established in the summer of 1605 by French colonizing explorers Pierre du Gua de Monts and Samuel de Champlain, who established Quebec City in 1608.
1607 Jamestown Virginia United States Oldest permanent European settlement in the Thirteen Colonies
1607 Popham Colony Maine United States Short-lived settlement, a Plymouth Company project
1607Santa FeNew MexicoUnited StatesOldest continuously-inhabited state capital in the US
1608QuébecQuebecCanada Originally settled by Jacques Cartier in 1535, who abandoned it in 1536. He returned in 1541, but abandoned the site again. Samuel de Champlain established a permanent settlement on July 3–4, 1608. Only completely-garrison-walled city north of Mexico
1610CupidsNewfoundland and LabradorCanadaOldest continuously-occupied English settlement in Canada
1610HamptonVirginiaUnited StatesOldest continuously-occupied English settlement in the United States
1610KecoughtanVirginiaUnited States
1611HenricusVirginiaUnited States
1612St. George'sSt. GeorgeBermudaOldest continuously-inhabited European-established settlement in Bermuda
1613Newport News, VirginiaVirginiaUnited States
1614AlbanyNew YorkUnited StatesOldest European settlement in New York State, founded as Fort Nassau and renamed Fort Orange in 1623. First Dutch settlement in North America
1615TaosNew MexicoUnited States
1620PlymouthMassachusettsUnited StatesOldest town in New England and Massachusetts. Settled by Pilgrims from the Mayflower.
1622WeymouthMassachusettsUnited StatesThe Wessagusset Colony, resettled and renamed in 1623
1623South BerwickMaineUnited StatesSettled by sailors from the Pied Cow who landed at the confluence of the Salmon Falls and Great Works Rivers
1623DoverNew HampshireUnited Statesoldest settlement in New Hampshire
1623GloucesterMassachusettsUnited StatesAbandoned in 1629, but quickly resettled
1624ChelseaMassachusettsUnited States
1624BurlingtonNew JerseyUnited States
1624New AmsterdamNew YorkUnited StatesPresent-day New York City. Was settled 1624 on Governors Island first settled, followed by Manhattan the following year.
1625MerrymountMassachusettsUnited StatesNow Quincy, Massachusetts
1626SalemMassachusettsUnited States
1626SocorroNew MexicoUnited StatesOriginally founded as Nuestra Señora de Perpetuo Socorro; abandoned in 1680 after the Pueblo Revolt, and resettled in 1815.
1627ScituateMassachusettsUnited States
1627BasseterreSaint KittsSaint Kitts and Nevis
1628BridgetownSaint MichaelBarbados
1629MarbleheadMassachusettsUnited StatesFirst naval stronghold of the colonies
1629LynnMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded as Saugus, but different from Saugus, Massachusetts.
1629CharlestownMassachusettsUnited StatesNow a neighborhood in Boston
1630PortsmouthNew HampshireUnited StatesFirst known as Strawbery Banke.
1630Jersey CityNew JerseyUnited StatesPavonia, first Dutch settlement in New Jersey
1630MedfordMassachusettsUnited States
1630WatertownMassachusettsUnited States
1630DorchesterMassachusettsUnited StatesNow a neighborhood in Boston
1630BostonMassachusettsUnited States
1631SacoMaineUnited StatesSettled as Winter Harbor.
1631LewesDelawareUnited StatesPurchased in 1629 and settled as the short-lived Dutch Zwaanendael Colony in 1631. Because Lewes was Delaware's first town and because Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution, it is known as "the first town in the first state."
1631CambridgeMassachusettsUnited States[14]
1632WilliamsburgVirginiaUnited States
1633IpswichMassachusettsUnited States
1632St. John'sAntiguaAntigua and Barbuda
1633HartfordConnecticutUnited States

Founded as Fort Hoop by the Dutch, renamed by Thomas Hooker in 1637

1633WindsorConnecticutUnited StatesFirst English settlement in Connecticut.[15] Founded as Dorchester, renamed in 1637.
1634BeauportQuebecCanada[16] Became a borough of Quebec City in January 2002.
1634WethersfieldConnecticutUnited StatesFounded as Watertown, renamed in 1637.
1634Green BayWisconsinUnited States
1634St. Mary's CityMarylandUnited States
1634Trois-RivièresQuebecCanada
1634WillemstadCuraçaoKingdom of the NetherlandsFormerly part of the Netherlands Antilles, now a country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
1635ConcordMassachusettsUnited States
1635NewburyMassachusettsUnited States
1636SpringfieldMassachusettsUnited StatesThe Massachusetts Bay Colony's first Connecticut River port and its westernmost settlement, 85 miles (137 km) west of Boston[17] Founded as Agawam Plantation by William Pynchon.
1636ProvidenceRhode IslandUnited StatesOldest settlement in Rhode Island, founded by Roger Williams.
1637TauntonMassachusettsUnited States

[18]

1637SandwichMassachusettsUnited StatesOldest town on Cape Cod

[19]

1638RowleyMassachusettsUnited States

[20]

1638PortsmouthRhode IslandUnited StatesFounded by Anne Hutchinson
1638ExeterNew HampshireUnited StatesOne of the four original towns of New Hampshire. Revolutionary War capital of New Hampshire, and site of the ratification of the first state constitution in the North American colonies in January 1776.
1638HamptonNew HampshireUnited StatesFounded by Stephen Bachiler; first known as Winnicunnet.
1638SilleryQuebecCanada[21] Now part of Quebec City
1638SwedesboroNew JerseyUnited StatesNucleus of the New Sweden colony along the Delaware River into Pennsylvania and Delaware
1638New HavenConnecticutUnited States

[22]

1638Sainte-FoyQuebecCanada[16] Merged with the City of Québec in 2002.
1638WilmingtonDelawareUnited StatesGrew from Fort Christina, part of the New Sweden colony; originally called Willington
Before 1639St. MarksFloridaUnited States[23]
1639StratfordConnecticutUnited States[24]
1639MilfordConnecticutUnited States
1639NewportRhode IslandUnited States
1639SudburyMassachusettsUnited States
1640FarmingtonConnecticutUnited StatesFounded as Tunxis
1640BraintreeMassachusettsUnited StatesFirst settled in 1625 as Merrymount, resettled and incorporated in 1640.[25]
1640WoburnMassachusettsUnited StatesFirst settled in 1640, incorporated in 1642.[26]
1641HaverhillMassachusettsUnited StatesFirst settled in 1640, incorporated in 1641.
1642MaspethNew YorkUnited States
1642MontrealQuebecCanada
1642LexingtonMassachusettsUnited States[27]
1642SorelQuebecCanada[16][21] Present-day Sorel-Tracy
1642WarwickRhode IslandUnited States
1643Basse-TerreGuadeloupeFranceTerritorial capital
1643Dolores HidalgoGuanajuatoMexico
1643GuilfordConnecticutUnited States[24]
1643RehobothMassachusettsUnited StatesSettled 1636, incorporated 1643
1644HullMassachusettsUnited States[28]
1644LongmeadowMassachusettsUnited StatesIncorporated October 17, 1783.
1644BranfordConnecticutUnited StatesOriginally Brentford
1644SalvatierraGuanajuatoMexico
1645VlissingenNew YorkUnited StatesPresent-day Flushing
1646AndoverMassachusettsUnited StatesThe original Andover, founded by Simon and Anne Bradstreet and the Barker, Osgood, Stevens, Woodbridge and other families, split into two towns on April 7, 1855.
1646Château-RicherQuebecCanada[29]
1646New LondonConnecticutUnited StatesFounded as Faire Harbour
1647KitteryMaineUnited StatesOldest incorporated town in Maine[30]
1647La PrairieQuebecCanada[16] Founded as a mission by the Jesuits in 1647. The first parish was founded in 1667.
1647Spanish WellsEleutheraBahamas
1649AnnapolisMarylandUnited States
1650Saint-OursQuebecCanada[16]
1650KingstonNew YorkUnited StatesSettled by the Dutch as Esopus, renamed in 1664 by the English.
1651Cap-de-la-MadeleineQuebecCanada

[21] Became a borough of Trois-Rivières in January 2002.

1651MedfieldMassachusettsUnited States[31]
1651New CastleDelawareUnited StatesSite of Tomakonck, a former native village. Settled by the Dutch as Fort Casimir; renamed New Amstel in 1654.
1651Sainte-Anne-de-BeaupréQuebecCanada[16][21]
1652 NatickMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by John Eliot; its name derives from a Massachusett word meaning "place of hills".
1653LancasterMassachusettsUnited States
1654NorthamptonMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by a group led by William Houlton and John King.
1654PelhamNew YorkUnited StatesFounded by Thomas Pell, who purchased 9,000 acres (14 sq mi) from the Siwanoy tribe and received a land grant from the English crown.
1655Cap-Saint-IgnaceQuebecCanada[21]
1655ChelmsfordMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by settlers from Concord.
1655GrotonMassachusettsUnited States
1655BillericaMassachusettsUnited States
1657LongueuilQuebecCanada[16]
1658HarlemNew YorkUnited States
1659NorwichtownConnecticutUnited StatesConsolidated with the city of Norwich in 1952.
1659AssonetMassachusettsUnited StatesIncorporated 1683
1659HadleyMassachusettsUnited StatesFounded by a group led by John Russell and Nathaniel Dickinson.
1659Ciudad JuárezChihuahuaMexico
1660PlacentiaNewfoundland ColonyCanadaFrench capital until 1713, originally known as Plaisance
1660RyeNew YorkUnited States
1661SchenectadyNew YorkUnited States
1662UxbridgeMassachusettsUnited States
1664L'Ange-GardienQuebecCanada[16]
1664 Woodbridge New Jersey United States Oldest township in New Jersey
1665ChamblyQuebecCanada[16]
1665Port-de-PaixNord-OuestHaiti
1666CharlesbourgQuebecCanada[16][21] Became a borough of Quebec City in 2002.
1666NewarkNew JerseyUnited States
1666PiscatawayNew JerseyUnited StatesOne of the first five New Jersey settlements.
1666Saint-Jean-sur-RichelieuQuebecCanada[16][21] Expanded from Fort Saint-Jean.
1667BouchervilleQuebecCanada

[21]

1667MendonMassachusettsUnited StatesNetmocke Plantation, 1662
1668AmesburyMassachusettsUnited States
1668Saint-NicolasQuebecCanada[16] Merged with Lévis in 2002.
1668Sault Ste. MarieMichiganUnited States[32] Oldest city in Michigan
1669NeuvilleQuebecCanada[21]
1669WestfieldMassachusettsUnited States[33]
1669MiddleboroughMassachusettsUnited States[34]
1670CharlestonSouth CarolinaUnited States
1670RepentignyQuebecCanada[16]
1670WallingfordConnecticutUnited States [35]
1670HatfieldMassachusettsUnited States
1672VarennesQuebecCanada[16]
1672VerchèresQuebecCanada[16]
1673KingstonOntarioCanadaExpanded from Fort Frontenac.
1673L'Ancienne-LoretteQuebecCanada[16]
1673Worcester, MassachusettsMassachusettsUnited StatesIncorporated as a city in 1848.
1674Pointe-aux-TremblesQuebecCanada[21] Now part of Montreal.
1674WaterburyConnecticutUnited States
1674DeerfieldMassachusettsUnited States
1675LachineQuebecCanada[16][21] Merged into Montreal in 2002.
1675LavaltrieQuebecCanada[16]
1676ContrecoeurQuebecCanada[21]
1676LorettevilleQuebecCanada[16] Merged with Quebec City in 2002.
1677Sainte-Anne-de-BellevueQuebecCanada[16][21]
1677CrosswicksNew JerseyUnited StatesSettled by Quakers
1678La PocatièreQuebecCanada[16]
1678MontmagnyQuebecCanada[16][21]
1679LévisQuebecCanada[21] The first settlement was formerly known as Lauzon, which merged with Lévis in 1989.
1679L'IsletQuebec]Canada[16][21]
1679Saint-Augustin-de-DesmauresQuebecCanada[16]
1680YsletaTexasUnited States
1680South OrangeNew JerseyUnited StatesExpanded from Newark (later Orange)
1680Creve CoeurIllinoisUnited States[36] Originally Fort Crevecoeur, later Fort Clark (1813).[37]
1681Baie-Saint-PaulQuebecCanada[16][21]
1681BerthiervilleQuebecCanada

[21]

1681Cockburn TownTurks and Caicos IslandsUnited Kingdom
1681Bridgewater TownshipNew JerseyUnited States
1681Saint-FrançoisQuebecCanada[21] Integrated into Laval in 1965.
1682 Moorestown New Jersey United States
1682 Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States
1682NorfolkVirginiaUnited States
1683DoverDelawareUnited States
1683LachenaieQuebecCanada[16] In 2001, Lachenaie merged with Terrebonne.
1682Rivière-du-LoupQuebecCanada[16]
1684BécancourQuebecCanada

[21]

1685Prairie du ChienWisconsinUnited States
1686Arkansas PostArkansasUnited States
1687New BritainConnecticutUnited States
1687Rivière-des-PrairiesQuebecCanada[21] Now part of the Rivière-des-Prairies–Pointe-aux-Trembles borough of Montreal.
1690OkaQuebecCanada[16]
1693GlastonburyConnecticutUnited StatesSettled 1636; incorporated in 1693 as Glassenbury. Known as Glastenbury from about 1785 to 1870.)[38]
1693KingstonKingstonJamaica
1694NewarkDelawareUnited States
1694Santa CruzNew MexicoUnited States
1695NassauNew ProvidenceBahamas
1696RimouskiQuebecCanada
1696Sault-au-RécolletQuebecCanada[16] Now part of the Ahuntsic-Cartierville borough of Montreal
1698PensacolaFloridaUnited StatesFounded by Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano in 1559; abandoned in 1561. Permanently established in 1698.
1699BiloxiMississippiUnited States
1700MascoucheQuebecCanada[21]
1701DetroitMichiganUnited States
1701DracutMassachusettsUnited States
1701NicoletQuebecCanada[16]
1702Le MoyneAlabamaUnited StatesFounded as Fort Louis de la Louisiane by France; abandoned in 1711.
1703AmherstMassachusettsUnited States
1703KaskaskiaIllinoisUnited States
1703Saint-SulpiceQuebecCanada[21]
1705BathNorth CarolinaUnited StatesOldest incorporated town in North Carolina
1706AlbuquerqueNew MexicoUnited States
1709ChihuahuaChihuahuaMexico
1710ChathamNew JerseyUnited StatesLand purchased in 1680.
1710New BernNorth CarolinaUnited StatesSettled by German-Swiss immigrants.
1711MobileAlabamaUnited StatesLe Moyne relocated to Mobile.
1711NeedhamMassachusettsUnited States
1711Pointe-ClaireQuebecCanada[21]
1711BeaufortSouth CarolinaUnited States
1714NatchitochesLouisianaUnited StatesOldest settlement in the Louisiana Purchase
1714FreeholdNew JerseyUnited StatesOriginally known as Monmouth Courthouse, the site of the Battle of Monmouth
1715 (prior to)KekiongaIndianaUnited StatesCapital of the Miami people
1715Les CèdresQuebecCanada[16]
1716KahnawakeQuebecCanada[16][21] Homeland of Saint Kateri Tekakwitha (1656–1680).
1716NacogdochesTexasUnited StatesSpanish mission established in an older Caddo village.[39]
1716NatchezMississippiUnited StatesDates to the founding of Fort Rosalie by the French.[40]
1716GeorgetownMaineUnited StatesOriginally the present-day West Bath, Bath, Phippsburg, Arrowsic, Georgetown and part of Woolwich
1717L'AssomptionQuebecCanada[16] Settled 1647
1717OuiatenonIndianaUnited States
1718New OrleansLouisianaUnited States
1718San AntonioTexasUnited States
1719Longue-PointeQuebecCanada[16] Now part of Montreal
1719TrentonNew JerseyUnited States
1719Baton RougeLouisianaUnited States
1720Saint-LaurentQuebecCanada[16][21] Merged with Montreal in 2002.
1720Saint-MartinvilleLouisianaUnited States[41]
1721CortazarGuanajuatoMexico
1721Saint-Jean-Port-JoliQuebecCanada[16]
1722Prairie Du RocherIllinoisUnited States
1722LouisevilleQuebecCanada[16]
1723BeaufortNorth CarolinaUnited States
1723TerrebonneQuebecCanada[16]
1725ConcordNew HampshireUnited States
1728FredericksburgVirginiaUnited States
1728NuukSermersooqGreenland
1729BaltimoreMarylandUnited States
1729PabosQuebecCanada[16] Now part of Chandler.
1729 Lancaster Pennsylvania United States
1730New BrunswickNew JerseyUnited States
1732LanoraieQuebecCanada[16]
1732VincennesIndianaUnited States
1733RichmondVirginiaUnited States[42]
1733Saint-Vincent-de-PaulQuebecCanada[21] Integrated into Laval in 1965.
1733SavannahGeorgiaUnited States
1735Ste. GenevieveMissouriUnited StatesFrench colonial settlement; oldest continually-inhabited settlement in Missouri
1736ChâteauguayQuebecCanada[21]
1736GorhamMaineUnited States
1736AugustaGeorgiaUnited States[43][44]
1733WinnipegManitobaCanadaFormerly known as Fort Rouge.
1738Pointe-du-LacQuebecCanada[21] Merged with Trois-Rivières in 2002.
1738Saint-Joseph-de-BeauceQuebecCanada[16][21]
1739Saint-Mathias-sur-RichelieuQuebecCanada[16][21]
1739MemphisTennesseeUnited StatesExpanded from the 1739 French Fort de l'Assomption.
1740BelénNew MexicoUnited States
1740L'Île-Perrot and Notre-Dame-de-l'Île-PerrotQuebecCanada[16]
1741BethlehemPennsylvaniaUnited States
1741Sainte-Geneviève and PierrrefondsQuebecCanada[16][21] Merged with Montreal in 2002.
1742Les ÉcureuilsQuebecCanada[16][21] Now Donnacona
1745Sainte-MarieQuebecCanada[21]
1745Sainte-RoseQuebecCanada[21] Integrated into Laval in 1965.
1746Saint-HenriQuebecCanada[16]
1746MerrimackNew HampshireUnited States
1749AlexandriaVirginiaUnited States
1749Port-au-PrinceOuestHaiti
1749HalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
1749WindsorOntarioCanadaOldest continually-inhabited settlement in Canada west of Montreal
1750EriePennsylvaniaUnited StatesExpanded from the French Fort Presque Isle.
1750Rock IslandIllinoisUnited StatesOriginally the Native American Saukenuk[45]
1751CarlislePennsylvaniaUnited States
1751GeorgetownMarylandUnited StatesBecame part of the District of Columbia when the district was incorporated in 1801. Georgetown and its government were incorporated into the district's government in 1871.
1751Las TrampasNew MexicoUnited States
1752AkwesasneNew York, Ontario, QuebecCanada, United States[16] First known as Saint-Régis.
1752Saint-ConstantQuebecCanada[16][21]
1753Saint-PhilippeQuebecCanada[21]
1754AugustaMaineUnited States
1754PittsburghPennsylvaniaUnited StatesExpanded from the French Fort Duquesne; replaced by the British Fort Pitt in 1758.
1755CharlotteNorth CarolinaUnited States
1757Saint-HyacintheQuebecCanada[16]
1761CharlottesvilleVirginiaUnited States
1762ShepherdstownWest VirginiaUnited StatesOriginally known as Mecklenburg.
1762AllentownPennsylvaniaUnited StatesIncorporated as Northamptontown.
1763St. LouisMissouriUnited States
1763BurlingtonVermontUnited States
1764AmherstNova ScotiaCanada
1764CharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
1765St. CharlesMissouriUnited States
1766MonctonNew BrunswickCanada
1766VergennesVermontUnited States
1768BeloeilQuebecCanada[21]
1768L'AcadieQuebecCanada[16] Merged with Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu in 2001.
1768New Smyrna BeachFloridaUnited StatesA Scottish entrepreneur established a colony of 1,225 immigrants in the largest colonization attempt in the US.[46]
1768Saint-EustacheQuebecCanada[16][21]
1769San DiegoCaliforniaUnited StatesExpanded from the Presidio of San Diego.
1770MontereyCaliforniaUnited StatesExpanded from Presidio of Monterey; original capital of California[47]
1770San BlasNayaritMexicoSpanish Naval Department headquarters[48]
1771GreenvilleNorth CarolinaUnited StatesFounded as Martinsborough; renamed in 1786.
1772 Ellicott City Maryland United States
1772MorgantownWest VirginiaUnited States
1773 Guatemala City Guatemala Guatemala
1774UnalaskaAlaskaUnited StatesOldest Russian settlement on the Aleutian Islands, dating to the 1760s.[49] Permanent trading post established in 1774.[50]
1774OrizabaVeracruzMexico
1775TucsonArizonaUnited StatesDate of Spanish presidio
1775LexingtonKentuckyUnited States
1775BoonesboroughKentuckyUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Boonesborough, built by Daniel Boone.
1776San FranciscoCaliforniaUnited States
1777San JoseCaliforniaUnited StatesOriginally known as El Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe, the first town in the Spanish colony of Nueva California (which became Alta California).
1778LouisvilleKentuckyUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Nelson, established by George Rogers Clark.
1778West PointNew YorkUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Clinton.
1779JonesboroughTennesseeUnited StatesFirst capital of the State of Franklin, in 1784
1779NashvilleTennesseeUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Nashborough.
1781MontpelierVermontUnited States
1781Los AngelesCaliforniaUnited States
1783ClarksvilleIndianaUnited States
1784CornwallOntarioCanadaFounded by a group of United Empire Loyalists led by Lieutenant-Colonel John Johnson.[51]
1784FrenchtownMichiganUnited StatesThird French settlement in Michigan
1785HarrisburgPennsylvaniaUnited States
1785AshevilleNorth CarolinaUnited States
1785DubuqueIowaUnited StatesOldest city in Iowa, and one of the oldest European settlements west of the Mississippi River.[52]
1785FrederictonNew BrunswickCanada
1785SydneyNova ScotiaCanadaFormer capital of the Colony of Cape Breton
1786ColumbiaSouth CarolinaUnited States
1786FlorissantMissouriUnited StatesOriginally known as St. Ferdinand.
1786FrankfortKentuckyUnited States
1786PortlandMaineUnited States
1786SteubenvilleOhioUnited States
1788MariettaOhioUnited StatesFirst permanent American settlement in the Northwest Territory
1788CincinnatiOhioUnited States
1788CharlestonWest VirginiaUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Lee[53]
1789 Santa Cruz de Nuca British Columbia Canada First European settlement in British Columbia; only Spanish settlement in Canada
1790HamiltonBermudaUnited Kingdom
1790WashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUnited States
1790VicksburgMississippiUnited StatesExpanded from the Spanish Fort Nogales.
1791GeorgetownDelawareUnited States
1791Santa CruzCaliforniaUnited States
1791MonroeLouisianaUnited StatesOriginally known as Fort Miro[54]
1791KenaiAlaskaUnited StatesExpanded from the Russian-American Company's Fort St. Nicholas.[55]
1791KnoxvilleTennesseeUnited States
1791BangorMaineUnited States
1792KodiakAlaskaUnited StatesFounded in 1792 by Alexander Baranov as the new site for Three Saints Bay, founded in 1784.[56]
1792RaleighNorth CarolinaUnited States
1793TorontoOntarioCanadaOriginally known as York.
1793AncasterOntarioCanada
1794Fort WayneIndianaUnited States
1795EdmontonAlbertaCanadaExpanded from Fort Edmonton.
1796ClevelandOhioUnited States
1796DaytonOhioUnited States
1796YoungstownOhioUnited States
1797Athens, OhioOhioUnited States
1797FranklintonOhioUnited StatesAbsorbed by Columbus.
1797MentorOhioUnited States
1797ZanesvilleOhioUnited States
1798Bowling GreenKentuckyUnited States
1798WarrenOhioUnited States
1798Bethel, OhioOhioUnited StatesFormerly known as Denham Town, founded by Obed Denham.
1799HudsonOhioUnited States
1799PotosiMissouriUnited States
1799RavennaOhioUnited States
1799AuroraOhioUnited States
1799SitkaAlaskaUnited StatesOriginal capital of Alaska; destroyed in 1802, reestablished in 1804.[57]
1800BuffaloNew YorkUnited StatesExpanded from four log cabins.[58]
1800HullQuebecCanadaFormerly known as Wright's Town
1801AthensGeorgiaUnited StatesNamed after Athens, Greece.
1803AshtabulaOhioUnited States
1803ChicagoIllinoisUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Dearborn.
1796ChillicotheOhioUnited States
1804StowOhioUnited States
1805HuntsvilleAlabamaUnited States
1807Prince GeorgeBritish ColumbiaCanadaExpanded from the fur-trading post of Fort George, established by the North West Company.[59]
1810ManchesterNew HampshireUnited States
1810San BernardinoCaliforniaUnited States
1811AstoriaOregonUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Astoria, founded by the Pacific Fur Company.[60]
1811MurfreesboroTennesseeUnited StatesOriginally named Cannonsburgh; state capital from 1818 to 1826.
1812ColumbusOhioUnited States
1812KamloopsBritish ColumbiaCanadaExpanded from the fur-trading posts of Fort Cumcloups (Fort Kamloops) and Fort She-whaps (Shuswap), founded by the Pacific Fur and North West Companies.[61]
1815HamiltonOntarioCanada
1815PickeringtonOhioUnited States
1815JonesboroArkansas

United States
1816ChattanoogaTennesseeUnited StatesOriginally named Ross's Landing.
1816CambridgeOntarioCanadaOriginally named Shades Mill; renamed Galt in 1827. Galt merged with the towns of Preston and Hespeler, the village of Blair and parts of Waterloo township to form Cambridge in 1973. Oldest settled area in the Waterloo Regional Municipality
1816SaginawMichiganUnited States
1817Fort SmithArkansasUnited States
1817MilanOhioUnited States
1818PontiacMichiganUnited StatesArrival of first settlers in Michigan's first inland settlement; recognized by the state legislature in 1837, and incorporated as a city in 1861.
1818MedinaOhioUnited States
1818ColumbiaMissouriUnited States
1818 Jim Thorpe Pennsylvania United States Formerly known as Mauch Chunk; burial place of Native American athlete Jim Thorpe
1819Chapel HillNorth CarolinaUnited States
1819MontgomeryAlabamaUnited StatesExpanded from the 1540 French settlement, Fort Toulouse.
1819SpringfieldIllinoisUnited States
1819TuscaloosaAlabamaUnited States
1820South BendIndianaUnited StatesFormerly named Big St. Joseph Station.
1820Oliver's GroveMinnesotaUnited StatesNear the confluence of the Mississippi, St. Croix, and Vermillion Rivers; established as a trading post and a military detachment from Fort Snelling.
1821AlexandriaBritish ColumbiaCanadaExpended from the fur-trading post of Fort Alexandria, founded by the North West Company.[62]
1821BridgeportConnecticutUnited States
1821Little RockArkansasUnited States
1821IndianapolisIndianaUnited States
1822 Jacksonville Florida United States
1822JacksonMississippiUnited States
1823PeoriaIllinoisUnited States[63]Founded as Peoria in 1823.[64]
1823TampaFloridaUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Brooke.
1824Ann ArborMichiganUnited States
1824TallahasseeFloridaUnited States
1825AkronOhioUnited States
1825VancouverWashingtonUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Vancouver.[65]
1825Grand RapidsMichiganUnited States
1825IrapuatoGuanajuatoMexico
1826LondonOntarioCanada
1826OttawaOntarioCanadaOriginally known as Bytown.
1826WabashaMinnesotaUnited StatesOldest city in Minnesota
1827Mineral PointWisconsinUnited StatesThird-oldest city in Wisconsin
1827GuelphOntarioCanada
1827St. AndrewsFloridaUnited StatesNow part of Panama City
1827LangleyBritish ColumbiaCanada
1828Key WestFloridaUnited States
1829Oregon CityOregonUnited States
1829BainbridgeGeorgiaUnited States
1833MilwaukeeWisconsinUnited States
1833KitchenerOntarioCanadaFormerly Berlin; renamed in 1916.
1835AustinTexasUnited States
1835KenoshaWisconsinUnited StatesOriginally named Southport; renamed in 1850.
1836ShreveportLouisianaUnited States
1836MadisonWisconsinUnited States
1837LansingMichiganUnited States
1837HoustonTexasUnited States
1837OxfordMississippiUnited States
1837ToledoOhioUnited States
1839SacramentoCaliforniaUnited States
1841DallasTexasUnited States
1841RacineWisconsinUnited States
1843AtlantaGeorgiaUnited States
1843Des MoinesIowaUnited States
1843VictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanadaIncorporated in 1862.
1844Chagrin FallsOhioUnited States
1845PortlandOregonUnited States
1847BrantfordOntarioCanadaOriginally known as Brant's Ford.
1847Salt Lake CityUtahUnited StatesOriginally known as Great Salt Lake City.
1847HarrisburgIllinoisUnited States
1848MesillaNew MexicoUnited States
1849Las CrucesNew MexicoUnited States
1849ProvoUtahUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Utah.
1850Kansas CityMissouriUnited StatesOriginally named Kansas.
1850PhoenixOregonUnited States
1851La CrosseWisconsinUnited States [66]
1851SeattleWashingtonUnited States[67]
1852OaklandCaliforniaUnited States
1854GainesvilleFloridaUnited States
1854OmahaNebraskaUnited States
1854Saint PaulMinnesotaUnited States
1854TopekaKansasUnited States
1854VersaillesMissouriUnited States
1855ChampaignIllinoisUnited StatesOriginally named West Urbana.
1856College ParkMarylandUnited States
1856LincolnNebraskaUnited StatesOriginally named Lancaster.
1856O'FallonMissouriUnited States
1857AppletonWisconsinUnited States
1858Carson CityNevadaUnited States
1858DenverColoradoUnited States
1858New WestminsterBritish ColumbiaCanada
1859OlympiaWashingtonUnited States
1862BoiseIdahoUnited States
1862Prince AlbertSaskatchewanCanadaOriginally known as Isbister's Settlement.
1864SalinasCaliforniaUnited States[68]
1865Sioux FallsSouth DakotaUnited StatesExpanded from Fort Dakota.
1867CheyenneWyomingUnited States
1867MinneapolisMinnesotaUnited States
1867VancouverBritish ColumbiaCanadaOriginally known as Gastown.
1868PhoenixArizonaUnited States
1869LethbridgeAlbertaCanadaExpanded from Fort Whoop-Up.
1870WichitaKansasUnited States
1871BirminghamAlabamaUnited States
1871Colorado SpringsColoradoUnited StatesOriginally named Fountain Colony.
1871FargoNorth DakotaUnited StatesOriginally named Centralia.
1872AnnistonAlabamaUnited States
1874PasadenaCaliforniaUnited States
1875OrlandoFloridaUnited States
1875CalgaryAlbertaCanadaExpanded from Fort Calgary
1877BillingsMontanaUnited States
1881BrandonManitobaCanada
1882 Regina Saskatchewan Canada
1882 Moose Jaw Saskatchewan Canada
1882 Yorkton Saskatchewan Canada
1883 Saskatoon Saskatchewan Canada
1883 Swift Current Saskatchewan Canada
1885RustonLouisianaUnited States
1886NelsonBritish ColumbiaCanada
1886Takoma ParkMarylandUnited States
1887GulfportMississippiUnited States[69]
1889ClemsonSouth CarolinaUnited StatesOriginally known as Calhoun.
1889NormanOklahomaUnited States
1889Oklahoma CityOklahomaUnited States
1889TijuanaBaja CaliforniaMexicoTijuana derives from the Kumeyaay Tiwan ("by the sea")
1892 Estevan Saskatchewan Canada
1892 Grottoes Virginia United States
1893KamloopsBritish ColumbiaCanadaFrom the Shuswap Tk'emlups ("meeting of the waters")
1894Palo AltoCaliforniaUnited States
1894TempeArizonaUnited States
1896Dawson CityYukonCanadaCapital of the Yukon Territory until 1952
1896MiamiFloridaUnited States
1896State CollegePennsylvaniaUnited States
1905CranbrookBritish ColumbiaCanada
1903North BattlefordSaskatchewanCanada
1905Las VegasNevadaUnited States
1906Virginia BeachVirginiaUnited States
1911The PasManitobaCanadaExpanded from Fort Paskoyac.
1914AnchorageAlaskaUnited States
1915Prince GeorgeBritish ColumbiaCanadaExpanded from Fort George.
1916 Truth Or Consequences New Mexico United States Originally named Hot Springs.
1934YellowknifeNorthwest TerritoriesCanada
1942IqaluitNunavutCanada
1950AlertNunavutCanadaWorld's northernmost permanently-inhabited place
1956Corner BrookNewfoundland and LabradorCanada
1970CancúnQuintana RooMexicoPlanned balneario
2002GatineauQuebecCanadaFormed by merging five cities, including Hull.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

See also

References
  1. https://www.nps.gov/locations/alaska/index.htm
  2. Nair, Roshini (March 30, 2017). "Archeological find affirms Heiltsuk Nation's oral history". CBC News. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
  3. Gonzalez, S., Jimenez-Lopez, J.C, Hedges, R., Huddart, D., Ohman, J.C., Turner, A. and Pompa y Padilla, J.A. 2003. "Earliest humans in the Americas: new evidence from México". Journal of Human Evolution 44, 379-387.
  4. "Cline Library - Indigenous Voices of the Colorado Plateau - Hopi Places". library.nau.edu.
  5. "St John's – The Canadian Encyclopedia". Retrieved March 21, 2010.
  6. Paul O'Neill, The Oldest City: The Story of St. John's, Newfoundland, 2003, ISBN 0-9730271-2-6.
  7. Encyclopaedia.com
  8. City of Childersburg website, accessed July 18, 2011.
  9. Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia, Acapulco (de Juárez), p. 7
  10. Merriam-Webster's collegiate encyclopedia, Saltillo, p. 1418
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  12. Lane, Ralph. "The Account by Ralph Lane. An account of the particularities of the imployments of the English men left in Virginia by Richard Greenevill under the charge of Master Ralph Lane Generall of the same, from the 17. of August 1585. until the 18. of June 1586. at which time they departed the Countrey; sent and directed to Sir Walter Ralegh". Old South Leaflets (General Series); No. 119. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
  13. "History & Culture - Saint Croix Island International Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
  14. Drake, Samuel Adams (1880). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts. 1. Boston: Estes and Lauriat. pp. 305–16. Retrieved December 26, 2008.
  15. 1633-Windsor, The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut
  16. Gouvernement du Québec, Commission de toponymie (2006.) Noms et lieux du Québec, dictionnaire illustré. Québec (Québec) : 925 p.
  17. "Springfield, MA". www.nndb.com.
  18. http://www.oldcolonyhistoricalsociety.org/OC%20History%20at%20the%20OCHS%202002.htm
  19. "Town of Sandwich Massachusetts - The Oldest Town on Cape Cod". www.sandwichmass.org.
  20. "First Settlers of Rowley". www.magenweb.org.
  21. "Liste des paroisses suivant le nom usuel - PRDH-IGD". www.genealogie.umontreal.ca.
  22. "TownGreens.com : Online Exhibit". www.towngreens.com.
  23. "St. Marks (Florida)". www.littletownmart.com.
  24. http://www.cslib.org/cttownsy.htm
  25. "Home". Town of Braintree.
  26. "Home". City of Woburn.
  27. . February 2, 2015 https://web.archive.org/web/20150202023405/http://www.lexingtonchamber.org/history.html. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  28. Matthews, Albert (1905). The Naming of Hull, Massachusetts. Press of D. Clapp & son. p. 3.
  29. "Historical overview". chateauricher.qc.ca.
  30. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  31. "History of Medfield". Town of Medfield. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  33. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  34. "About Middleborough Massachusetts". www.middleborough.com.
  35. "History and Description". www.town.wallingford.ct.us.
  36. "The First European Settlement in Illinois". www.peoriahistoricalsociety.org.
  37. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  38. "History of Glastonbury - Glastonbury, CT". glastonbury-ct.gov.
  39. Nacogdoches, Texas History Archived July 30, 2010, at the Wayback Machine, City of Nacogdoches
  40. http://www.natchez.ms.us/custom/webpage2.cfm?content=content&id=76
  41. "The Attakapas Country: A History of Lafayette Parish, Louisiana" by Harry Lewis Griffin
  42. "Richmond VA > Visitors". www.richmondgov.com.
  43. "History - Augusta, GA - Official Website". www.augustaga.gov.
  44. "History of Augusta--Augusta: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary". www.nps.gov.
  45. Coopman, David T. Rock Island County. Charleston SC, Chicago IL, Portsmouth NH, San Francisco CA: Arcadia Publishing, 2008.
  46. New Smyrna Beach, FL – Official Website – History, New Smyrna Beach, Florida
  47. "Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--The Colonization of Monterey". www.mchsmuseum.com.
  48. The Naval Department of San Blas, The California State Military Museum
  49. Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary, p. 1219
  50. Dutch Harbor/Unalaska, Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA
  51. "Cornwall and the War of 1812". Choose Cornwall. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2014.
  52. "History - Dubuque, IA - Official Website". www.cityofdubuque.org.
  53. "Time Trail, West Virginia, December 1997 Programs". www.wvculture.org.
  54. "Monroe - Louisiana, United States".
  55. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kenai
  56. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kodiak
  57. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Old Sitka
  58. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on April 26, 2012. Retrieved July 18, 2011.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  59. "Prince George". BC Geographical Names.
  60. Fort Astoria, Oregon, Lewis and Clark's Columbia River
  61. "Kamloops". BC Geographical Names.
  62. "Alexandria". BC Geographical Names.
  63. "The First European Settlement in Illinois". www.peoriahistoricalsociety.org.
  64. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on January 2, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2009.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  65. An Overview of Vancouver's History, City of Vancouver
  66. "La Crosse". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  67. Brief History of Seattle, City of Seattle
  68. "Monterey County Historical Society, Local History Pages--A Short History of Salinas, California". www.mchsmuseum.com.
  69. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2005.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Bibliography
  1. "The Founding of Monterey", The Monterey County Historical Society, 1996. Accessed June 15, 2007
  2. "A Short History of Salinas, California", The Monterey County Historical Society, 2006. Accessed June 15, 2007
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