Alaouite dynasty

The Alaouite dynasty, or Alawite dynasty (Arabic: سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين, Sulālat al-ʿAlawiyyīn al-Fīlālīyn), is the current Moroccan royal family. Sharif ibn Ali became Prince of Tafilalt in 1631. His son Mulay Al-Rashid (1664–1672) was able to unite and pacify the country. The Alaouites claim descent from a relative of prophet Muhammad and are the Arab ruling family of Morocco. The name Alaouites stems from caliph Ali son of Abu Taalib [15][16]

Alaouite dynasty
Alawite dynasty
سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين
CountryMorocco
Founded1631
FounderMoulay Ali Cherif
Current headMohammad VI
Estate(s)Morocco
Sultanate of Morocco

سلطنة المغرب
1665–1912
Capital
and largest city
Fez
Common languagesArabic, Berber Languages
Religion
Islam
Demonym(s)Moroccan
Government Islamic Sultanate
 1631–1636
Sharif Ibn Ali (Prince of Talifat)
 1665–1672
Al Rashid (First)
 1908–1912
Abdelhafid (Last)
History 
1665
30 March 1912
Population
 Estimate
6,000,000 (1900 estimates)
CurrencyMoroccan Rial
ISO 3166 codeMA
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Saadi Sultanate
French Protectorate of Morocco
Spanish Protectorate of Morocco
Spanish Sahara
French Algeria
French West Africa
Today part of Morocco
 Algeria  Mauritania
 Mali
Kingdom of Morocco

Motto: 
الله، الوطن، الملك  (Arabic)
ⴰⴽⵓⵛ, ⴰⵎⵓⵔ, ⴰⴳⵍⵍⵉⴷ (Standard Moroccan Tamazight)
"God, Homeland, King"
Anthem: 
النشيد الوطني المغربي  (Arabic)
ⵉⵣⵍⵉ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵓⵔ ⵏ ⵍⵎⵖⵔⵉⴱ  (Standard Moroccan Tamazight)
(English: "Cherifian Anthem")
Dark green: Undisputed territory of Morocco
Lighter green: Western Sahara, a territory claimed and occupied mostly by Morocco as its Southern Provinces[note 2]
CapitalRabat
34°02′N 6°51′W
Largest cityCasablanca
33°32′N 7°35′W
Official languages
Spoken languages
Foreign languagesEnglishSpanish[5]
Ethnic groups
(2014[6])
Religion
Demonym(s)Moroccan
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary semi-constitutional monarchy[7]
 King
Mohammed VI
Saadeddine Othmani
LegislatureParliament
House of Councillors
House of Representatives
Establishment
400 BC[8]
788
 Alaouite dynasty (current dynasty)
1631
30 March 1912
7 April 1956
Area
 Total
710,850 km2 (274,460 sq mi)
or 446,550 km2[b]
(39th or 57th)
 Water (%)
0.056 (250 km2)
Population
 2020 estimate
37,112,080 [9] (39th)
 2014 census
33,848,242[10]
 Density
50.0/km2 (129.5/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2019 estimate
 Total
$332.358 billion[11]
 Per capita
$9,339[11]
GDP (nominal)2019 estimate
 Total
$122.458 billion[11]
 Per capita
$3,441[11]
Gini (2015)40.3[12]
medium
HDI (2019) 0.686[13]
medium · 121st
CurrencyMoroccan dirham (MAD)
Time zoneUTC+1[14]
Driving sideright
Calling code+212
ISO 3166 codeMA
Internet TLD.ma
المغرب.
  1. ^ Official religion.
  2. ^ The area 446,550 km2 (172,410 sq mi) excludes all disputed territories, while 710,850 km2 (274,460 sq mi) includes the Moroccan-claimed and partially-controlled parts of Western Sahara (claimed as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic by the Polisario Front) Morocco also claims Ceuta and Melilla, making up about 22.8 km2 (8.8 sq mi) more claimed territory.

The Alaouites have ruled the Sultanate of Morocco, kept as Sultans during the French Protectorate of Morocco and the Spanish Protectorate of Morocco and ruled the Modern-day Kingdom of Morocco.

Centralised state

The organisation of the sultanate developed under Ismail Ibn Sharif (1672–1727), who, against the opposition of local tribes, began to create a unified state. Because the Alaouites had difficult relations with many of the country's Berber and Bedouin-Arab tribes, Isma'īl formed a new army of black slaves, the Black Guard. However, the unity of Morocco did not survive his death—in the ensuing power struggles the tribes became a political and military force once again.

During Muhammad III's reign (1757–1790) the kingdom was once again united and the administration reorganised. A renewed attempt at centralisation was abandoned, and the tribes were allowed to preserve their autonomy. Under Abderrahmane (1822–1859) Morocco fell under the influence of the European powers. After Morocco supported the Algerian independence movement of Emir Abd al-Qadir, it was attacked and defeated by the French in 1844 at the Battle of Isly and made to abandon its support.

European contact and the French protectorate

During the reigns of Muhammad IV (1859–1873) and Hassan I (1873–1894), the Alaouites tried to foster trading links, above all with European countries and the United States. The army and administration were also modernised to improve control over the Berber and Bedouin tribes. With the war against Spain (1859–1860) came direct involvement in European affairs. Although the independence of Morocco was guaranteed at the Treaty of Madrid (1880), the French gained ever greater influence. German attempts to counter this growing influence led to the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905–1906 and the Second Moroccan Crisis of 1911.

Eventually the Moroccans were forced to recognise the French protectorate through the Treaty of Fez, signed on December 3, 1912. At the same time the Rif area of northern Morocco was raised under Spanish control.

List of Alaouite rulers

From 1631 to 1666 the Alaouite dynasty ruled as princes of Tafilalt:

In 1666 Mulay Al-Rashid was proclaimed Sultan of Morocco at Fez:

Under the French protectorate (1912–1956):

From Independence (1955 onwards):

Timeline

Mohammed VI of MoroccoHassan II of MoroccoMohammed V of MoroccoMohammed Ben AarafaMohammed V of MoroccoYusef of MoroccoAbdelaziz of MoroccoHassan I of MoroccoMohammed IV of MoroccoAbderrahmane of MoroccoSlimane of MoroccoYazid of MoroccoMohammed ben AbdallahAbdallah of MoroccoAbdallah of MoroccoAbdallah of MoroccoAbdallah of MoroccoAbdallah of MoroccoAbdallah of MoroccoAbu'l Abbas Ahmad II of MoroccoAbdalmalik of MoroccoAbu'l Abbas Ahmad II of MoroccoIsmail Ibn SharifMuhammad ibn SharifMoulay Ali CherifTafilalt

Family tree

Moulay Ali Cherif
Mohammed I Ismail Rachid
Ahmad Abdul Malek Abdallah II Mohammed II Ali Al-Mustadi' Zin al-Abidin
Mohammed III
Al-YazidHisham Sulayman
Abd al-Rahman
ibn Hicham
Mohammed IV
Hassan IAarafa
Abd al-Aziz Abd al-Hafid YoussefTahar Mohammed
Ben Aarafa
Mohammed V
3° spouse
Lalla Bahia
2° spouse
Lalla Abla bint Tahar
Lalla
Fatima Zohra
Lalla
Amina
Hassan II
2° spouse
Lalla Latifa Hammou
Lalla
Malika
Lalla
Nuzha
Lalla
Aicha
Abdellah
Lalla
Meryem
Lalla
Asma
Mohammed VI
spouse
Lalla Salma
Lalla
Hasna
RachidHichamIsmail
Crown Prince
Hassan
Lalla
Khadija

See also

Notes

  1. Solve the status issue under the leadership of United Nations' MINURSO[1]
  2. Solve the status issue under the leadership of United Nations' MINURSO[2]
  3. French language in Morocco is also used in official government documents and by the business community, although it has no official status: "French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)..."[3][4]

References

  1. "MANDATE". UNITED NATIONS.
  2. "MANDATE". UNITED NATIONS.
  3. "Morocco". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  4. "Présentation du Maroc". Ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères (in French).
  5. "The teaching of English in Morocco".
  6. "Morocco". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Ethnic groups: Arab-Berber 99%, other 1%
  7. "Constitution of the Kingdom of Morocco, I-1" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2012. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  8. Pennell, C. R. (2003). Morocco: From Empire to Independence. Oneworld. p. 6 to 8. ISBN 978-1-85168-303-1.
  9. "Morocco Population, 1960-2019 - knoema.com". Knoema. 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
  10. "Rgbh 2014" (in French). HCP. 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  11. "Morocco". IMF.
  12. Africa's Development Dynamics 2018:Growth, Jobs and Inequalities. AUC/OECD. 2018. p. 179. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  13. Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 December 2020. pp. 343–346. ISBN 978-92-1-126442-5. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  14. "Morocco Keeps Clocks Steady on GMT+1". 28 October 2018.
  15. Compagna, Lawrence (2019-03-06). Genealogy: Tools, Tricks and Tips for putting together your family tree. Candco Publishing, a division of the Candco Corporation.
  16. Rézette, Robert (1975). The Western Sahara and the Frontiers of Morocco. Nouvelles Editions Latines. p. 47. Moulay Rachid who really founded the dynasty in 1664, was born in Tafilalet of a family that had come from Arabia

Further reading

Royal house
House of Alaoui
Preceded by
Saadi Dynasty
Ruling house of Morocco
1666 – present
Incumbent
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