Lists of mosques

Lists of mosques cover mosques, places of worship for Muslims. The lists include the most famous, largest and oldest mosques, and mosques mentioned in the Quran, as well as lists of mosques in each region and country of the world. The major regions, Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe and Oceania are sorted alphabetically. The sub-regions, such as Northeast and Northwest Africa in Africa, and Arabia and South Asia in Asia, are sorted by the dates in which their first mosques were reportedly established, more or less, barring those that are mentioned by name in the Quran.

Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque in Alexandria, Egypt

General
Building Image Location Country First built Notes
Masjid Al-Haram
Mecca  Saudi Arabia Unknown, associated with Abraham[1] Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām,[lower-alpha 2] the holiest sanctuary, containing the Ka'bah, a site of the Ḥajj ('Pilgrimage'), the Qiblah[10] (Direction of formal prayers of Muslims), and the first mosque[11][12] in Islamic thought.[13][14] Rebuilt many times, notably 1571 by the Ottomans, and the late 20th century by the Saudis, further enlargement under way since 2010.
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
Medina  Saudi Arabia 622 Second holiest site in Islam (after Al-Haram Mosque) and Muhammad's mosque, which houses his tomb in what was initially his and his wife Aisha's house. Largely rebuilt and greatly enlarged in the late 20th century, whilst retaining at its heart the earlier construction of the Ottomans, and landmark green dome atop the prophet's mausoleum.
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Al Quds (old city)  Palestine After 637 (exact date uncertain; either 7th or early 8th century)[15] Al-Masjid al-Aqṣá,[7] the former Qiblah,[16] site of the significant event of Al-Isra' wal-Mi'raj, third holiest site in Islam. Although properly referring to the whole Temple Mount compound (seen as a single mosque),[note 1] today however it refers specifically to the silver-domed congregational mosque or prayer hall facing Mecca (otherwise known as Al-Qibli Mosque (see below)) located on the southern side of the compound. The Temple Mount site itself is much older and is associated with Abraham.[1]
The Sacred Monument
Muzdalifah, near Mecca  Saudi Arabia Unknown Al-Mashʿar Al-Ḥarām[18] a site of the Hajj.[19][20][21][22]
Quba Mosque
Medina  Saudi Arabia 622 The first mosque built by Muhammad in the 7th century CE, possibly mentioned as the "Mosque founded on piety since the first day"[23] in the Quran. Largely rebuilt in the late 20th century.

Asia

Arabian Peninsula
Arabian Peninsula (including the island-state of Bahrain)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Masjid al-Qiblatain
Medina  Saudi Arabia 623 Mosque originally with two Qiblah walls: One facing Jerusalem, the first Qiblah and another facing Mecca
Jawatha Mosque
Al-Kilabiyah  Saudi Arabia 629/639[24][25] Has recently been renovated and prayers are still held in this mosque.[26]
Great Mosque of Sana'a
Sana'a  Yemen 7th century Possibly the oldest mosque in the country.
Al-Asha'ir Mosque
Zabid  Yemen 629 A part of UNESCO World Heritage Site Historic Town of Zabid.[27] Established by Abu Musa al-Ash'ari, a sahabi.
Masjid Mazin
Samail  Oman 600s[28] Founded by Mazin Ben Ghadooba, who is considered to be the first Omani to adopt Islam during Muhammad's lifetime.[28]
Al-Hadi Mosque
Sa'dah  Yemen 897
Khamis Mosque
Khamis, Manama  Bahrain 1000–1200 (approximate)[29] Though most of the structure is dated to the 11th or 12th century, it is popularly believed to have been founded by the Caliph Omar in the 600s.[30]
Mosque in Al-Ain Al Ain  United Arab Emirates 1000s (Islamic Golden Age) Possible the oldest mosque in the country.[31][32]
Al Badiyah Mosque
Fujairah  United Arab Emirates 1400s[33] Some much earlier estimates have been proposed.

Greater China
See also: List of mosques in China and List of mosques in Taiwan
Greater China
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Huaisheng Mosque
Guangzhou  China 627 The Huaisheng Mosque is the main mosque of Guangzhou. It has been rebuilt many times over its history. According to tradition it was originally built over 1,300 years ago in 627 CE by Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas, who was an uncle of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was named in memory of Muhammad.
Xianxian Mosque
Guangzhou City  China 629 The mosque was originally built in 629 during the Tang Dynasty.
Great Mosque of Xi'an
Xi'an, Shaanxi  China 742[34] Although the oldest stones date from the 18th century,[35] the Mosque was founded in 742[36] Built in 742, but oldest mosque in China is the Beacon Tower mosque of Guangzhou being built in 627.[37]
Macau Mosque  Macau (then Portuguese Macau)  China 1980 The first and only mosque in Macau.
Taipei Grand Mosque Taipei  Taiwan 1947 Oldest and most famous mosque in Taiwan. Original building was firstly used in 1947, then relocated to a new site where it was reconstructed in 1960.
Jamia Mosque  Hong Kong (then British Hong Kong)  China 1890

South Asia
See also: List of mosques in India, List of mosques in Bangladesh, and List of mosques in Pakistan
South Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Cheraman Juma Masjid
Kodungallur  India 629 Sunni, Shafi'i Built by Malik bin Dinar, companion of Prophet Muhammad, on orders of Cheraman Perumal,[38] then King of modern-day Kerala, it is the oldest mosque in the Indian subcontinent.[39]
unnamed Ramjapur Masjid Lalmonirhat, Rangpur  Bangladesh Prophet's lifetime Sunni Possibl the earliest mosque in South Asia is under excavation in northern Bangladesh, indicating the presence of Muslims in the area around the lifetime of the Prophet Muhammad.[40]
Palaiya Jumma Palli
Kilakarai  India 630 Sunni Considered to be the first mosque to be built in Tamil Nadu, and the second mosque in India. Constructed by Yemeni merchants and trade settlers in the Pandiya Kingdom and ordered by Bazan ibn Sasan, Governor of Yemen at the time of Muhammad.[41]
Masjid al-Abrar Beruwala, Kalutara District, Western Province  Sri Lanka First century in the Hijri calendar The date has been carved in its stone pillars. It is situated in western province of Sri Lanka.
Haji Piyada Balkh  Afghanistan Second half of the 9th century[42] Considered to be the oldest Islamic building in Afghanistan.[42]
Jamia Masjid, Banbhore
Banbhore, Sindh  Pakistan 727 This is the oldest mosque of Pakistan which is located in Bhambore.[43][44]
Kazimar Big Mosque
Madurai  India 1284 Sunni, Hanafi Shadhili First mosque in Madurai.
Chaqchan Mosque
Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan  Pakistan 1370 This is the oldest mosque of Gilgit Baltistan located in Khaplu.[45][46]
Sixty Dome Mosque
Bagerhat  Bangladesh 1450 Built by Khan Jahan Ali, it is considered to be the second-oldest mosque in Bangladesh. The fortified structure contains eighty-one domes, sixty stone pillars and eleven mihrabs.
Neevin Mosque
Lahore  Pakistan 1460

Levant
See also: List of mosques in Cyprus
Levant (for Cyprus and Greater Syria)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Al-Qibli Mosque (al-Jami' al-Aqsa)
Jerusalem (old city)  Palestine/

 Israel

 637 A Muslim prayer hall with a silver-colored lead dome located in the southern part of Al-Aqsa Mosque (Temple Mount), built by the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn Al-Khattab.
Al-Shuaibiyah Mosque Aleppo  Syria 637
Ibrahimi Mosque
Hebron  Palestine/

 Israel

 637[47]
Great Mosque of Aleppo
Aleppo  Syria 715
Umayyad Mosque
Damascus  Syria 715 Sunni National Mosque. It was originally built after the Muslim conquest of the city in 634. The current structure dates to 715.
White Mosque
Ramla  Palestine/

 Israel

 720
Al-Omari Mosque
Bosra  Syria 721
Great Mosque of Raqqa Raqqa  Syria 772
Arab Ahmet Mosque
Arab Ahmet quarter of Nicosia  Cyprus Late 16th century[48] The mosque is named after a commander of the 1571 Ottoman army who made an expedition in 1571.[48][49]

Southwest Asia
See also: List of mosques in Iran and List of mosques in Turkey
Southwest Asia (excluding the Arabian peninsula, Caucasus, and Syrian region)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Ayasofya Mosque (Hagia Sophia)
Istanbul  Turkey 1453 (537) Built in 537 as a Greek Orthodox cathedral, converted to a mosque in 1453, and then a museum in 1931,[50]again converted to a mosque in 2020.
Great Mosque of Kufa
Kufa  Iraq 639 Shia The mosque, built in the 7th century, contains the remains of Muslim ibn Aqeel – first cousin of Husayn ibn Ali, his companion Hani ibn Urwa, and the revolutionary Mukhtar al-Thaqafi.
Maqam al-Imam al-Husayn Mosque
Karbala  Iraq 680 Shia Reconstructed several times, including in 1016.
Jameh Mosque of Ferdows Ferdows  Iran 7th century (possibly)
Masjid al-Hisn Mopsuestia, Adana Province  Turkey 717-720 Built by the Umayyad caliph Umar II, as part of his conversion of the city into a military base to shield Antioch from a potential Greek attack. The building fell into ruin during the reign of Al-Mu'tasim, approximately 120 years later.
Jameh Mosque of Isfahan
Isfahan  Iran 771
Jameh Mosque of Fahraj
Fahraj  Iran 700s[51]
Tarikhaneh Mosque
Damghan  Iran 8th century
Great Mosque of Samarra
Samarra  Iraq 848
Al-Askari Mosque
Samarra  Iraq 944 Shia (Twelver) Shrine of the 10th and 11th Twelver Shi'ite Imams: Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari.
Imam Ali Mosque
Najaf  Iraq 977 Shia, Sunni Houses the tomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib, Muhammad's cousin and fourth Caliph, and the first person of the Shia Imamate.
Great Mosque of Diyarbakır
Diyarbakır  Turkey 1092 Sunni One of the oldest known mosques in modern Turkey.
Alâeddin Mosque (Konya)
Konya  Turkey Initially completed around 1155, but rebuilt and expanded up until 1235[52] Sunni The oldest Seljuk mosque in Turkey.[53]
Yivliminare Mosque (Alaeddin Mosque)
Antalya  Turkey 1230
Aslanhane Mosque
Ankara  Turkey 1290
Grand Mosque of Bursa (Ulu Camii)
Bursa  Turkey 1396-1399[54] Sunni Major monument of early Ottoman architecture.[55] Significantly restored and repaired across its history.[54]
Green Mosque (Yeşil Camii)
Bursa  Turkey 1419-1421 Sunni Important monument of early Ottoman architecture.[55]
Fatih Mosque
Istanbul  Turkey 1463-1470; but significantly rebuilt between 1766 and 1771 Sunni First Ottoman imperial mosque built in Istanbul, commissioned by Mehmet II Fatih. It was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1766 and rebuilt afterwards in a different style, though elements of the original mosque survive in the current building.[56]
Süleymaniye Mosque
Istanbul  Turkey 1550-1557 Sunni One of the largest and most important works of Ottoman architecture and of architect Mimar Sinan, commissioned by Suleiman the Magnificent.[57]

Central Asia
Central Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Po-i-Kalyan
Bukhara  Uzbekistan 713 Since 713 here, several edifices of main cathedral mosque were built then razed, restored after fires and wars, and moved from place to place.

Transcaucasia
Transcaucasia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Juma Mosque
Shamakhi  Azerbaijan 743-744 Built in 743–744, set on fire by Armenian units of "Dashnaktsutiun" in 1918, reconstructed in 2009.
Blue Mosque
Yerevan  Armenia Mid-18th century

Southeast Asia
See also: List of mosques in Indonesia, Indonesian mosques, List of mosques in Malaysia, List of mosques in the Philippines, List of mosques in Singapore, and List of mosques in Thailand
Southeast Asia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Istiqlal Mosque

Masjid Istiqlal
Jakarta  Indonesia 1975 A national mosque and the largest mosque in Southeast Asia.
Wapauwe Old Mosque
Kaitetu, Central Maluku Regency, Maluku  Indonesia 1414 The oldest surviving mosque in Indonesia.
Sheik Karimal Makdum Mosque Tubig Indangan, Simunul island, Tawi-Tawi province  Philippines 1380[58] Founded by Makhdum Karim, who introduced Islam to the Philippines.
Ampel Mosque
Ampel, Surabaya, East Java  Indonesia 1421[59] The oldest surviving mosque in Java, and second oldest in Indonesia.
Great Mosque of Demak
Demak, Central Java  Indonesia 15th century[60] Oldest mosque in Central Java and second oldest in Java.[60]
Menara Kudus Mosque

Masjid Menara Kudus
Kudus Regency, Central Java  Indonesia 1549[61] It preserves pre-Islamic architectural forms such as old Javanese split doorways, ancient Hindu-Buddhist influenced Majapahit-style.
Masjid Sultan Sharif Ali Sengkurong  Brunei 1430 (approximate)[62] Built under the direction of Sharif Ali ("Sultan Berkat"), who reigned 1425-1432.
300 Years Mosque
Narathiwat  Thailand 17th century It is at least one of the oldest known mosques in Thailand.[63]
Sultan Suriansyah Mosque

Masjid Sultan Suriansyah
Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan  Indonesia 1746[64] Established in the 16th century, it is the oldest mosque in Borneo based on its year of establishment. The form of the building has been altered in the 18th century.
Baiturrahman Grand Mosque

Masjid Raya Baiturrahman
Aceh  Indonesia 1881 One of the oldest mosque in Aceh, the building survived the 2004 Tsunami
Grand Mosque of West Sumatra

Masjid Raya Sumatera Barat
Padang, West Sumatra  Indonesia 2014 The most distinctive feature of the mosque is its roof form, a contemporary interpretation of the traditional roof of the Minangkabau vernacular houses.

East Asia
East Asia (excluding Greater China)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Kobe Mosque
Kobe  Japan 1935[65] Designed in the Turkish style by a Czech architect, confiscated by the Imperial Japanese Navy in 1943, and later returned.
Seoul Central Mosque
Seoul  South Korea 1976[66]
See also: List of mosques in South Korea

Africa

Northeast Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Mosque of the Companions, Massawa
Massawa  Eritrea 610-620 (approximate)[67] Believed to be the first mosque on the African continent and the first mosque in the world built by Muhammad and his companions in the 7th century.[67]
Negash Amedin Mesgid
Negash  Ethiopia 620-630 Built in the 7th century in Negash, the mosque in Negash, by tradition burial site of several followers of Mohammad who, during his lifetime, fled to the Aksumite Kingdom to escape persecution in Mecca.
Masjid al-Qiblatayn
Zeila  Somalia 620-630[68] Built in the 7th century in Zeila, shortly after the hijrah; known to be among the oldest mosques.
Korijib Masjid Tadjoura  Djibouti 630-640 Possibly the oldest mosque in the country.
Mosque of Amr ibn al-As
Cairo  Egypt 641 Named after 'Amr ibn al-'As, commander of the Muslim conquest of Egypt, by order of Caliph Umar. Built as the centre of Fustat (the newly founded capital of Egypt) in 673–642 CE, and rebuilt in 1179 and in 1875.
Mosque of Ibn Tulun
Cairo  Egypt 879
Al-Hakim Mosque
Cairo  Egypt 928
Al-Azhar Mosque
Cairo  Egypt 972 Sunni
Arba'a Rukun Mosque
Mogadishu  Somalia 1268/9 Sunni
Fakr ad-Din Mosque
Mogadishu  Somalia 1269 Sunni Mosque built by Sultan Fakr ad-Din of the Sultanate of Mogadishu (10th century – 16th century).
Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan
Cairo  Egypt 1356-1363 Sunni Most massive and most expensive mosque built in the Mamluk era of Egypt.[69][70]

Northwest Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Great Mosque of Kairouan

(Mosque of Uqba)
Kairouan  Tunisia 670 Sunni Believed to be the first mosque in the Maghreb, it was rebuilt in the 9th century.
Sidi Uqba Mosque
Sidi Okba  Algeria 686[71] Sunni
Al-Zaytuna Mosque
Tunis  Tunisia 709 Sunni
Great Mosque of Sfax
Sfax  Tunisia 850[72] Sunni
Great Mosque of Sousse
Sousse  Tunisia 851[73] Sunni
al-Qarawiyyin
Fes  Morocco 859[74] Sunni Considered by many to be the oldest continuously-operating university in the world.[75][76]
Mosque of the Andalusians
Fes  Morocco 859[77] Sunni Founded at the same time as the Qarawiyyin Mosque on the opposite shore of the Fes River.
Atiq Mosque, Awjila
Awjila  Libya 1101 Sunni
Kutubiyya Mosque
Marrakesh  Morocco 1147[78] Sunni After the completion of the first mosque, a second one was built right next to it, which is the one still standing today.[79]

Southeast Africa

This grouping includes nearby islands of the Indian Ocean, but excludes countries that are also in Southern Africa.

Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Shanga Mosque Shanga, Pate Island  Kenya Foundation discovered, with coins attesting dates, during the 1980s excavations. The earliest concrete evidence of Muslims in East Africa.[80]:97
Great Mosque of Kilwa
Kilwa Kisiwani  Tanzania 1000-1100
Kizimkazi Mosque
Dimbani  Tanzania 1107 (according to an inscription)[81]
Tsingoni Mosque
Tsingoni, Mayotte  France 1538[82]
Al-Fatah Mosque (Green Mosque) Kigali  Rwanda (then German East Africa) 1913[83] Founded by coastal Swahili-speaking Tanzanian Muslims who came to Rwanda to work in the German administration.[83]

Western-Central Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Larabanga Mosque
Larabanga  Ghana 1421 The oldest existing mud-brick mosque in Ghana.
Great Mosque of Kano Kano  Nigeria 15th century Built in for Emir Muhammad Rumfa

Southern Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Auwal Mosque
Cape Colony  South Africa (then Cape Colony) 1798[84]
Masjid al-Qudama Caledon Street, Uitenhage, Eastern Cape  South Africa 1849[85] It is deduced that the mosque in Caledon Street was a completed building by March 1849.
Grey Street Mosque (Juma Mosque)
Durban[86]  South Africa 1881
Soofie Masjid Butha Buthe  Lesotho 1900 (approximate)[80]:115 Founded by Soofie Saheb at the turn of the century; the community is described as African Muslim yet speaking an Indian language.[80]:115
Habibia Soofie Saheb Jamia Masjid
Rylands, Cape Town  South Africa 1905
Lobatse Masjid Lobatse  Botswana 1960s[87] Founded by Indian Muslims who were brought over during the British colonial period.
Ezulwini Mosque Ezulwini, near Mbabane  Swaziland 1978[88]

West Africa
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Agadez Mosque
Agadez  Niger 1515 Niger's oldest mosque.
Grand Mosque, Sokodé
Sokodé  Togo 1820[89]

Americas

South America
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
 Suriname (then a colony of the Netherlands) 1906[90] Built by immigrant Javanese rice farmers.[90]
Mesquita Brasil (São Paulo), São Paulo  Brazil 1929[91] Previous site built in 1929;[91] current building inaugurated in 1952. First known mosque in Brazil.[92]
 Panama 1930[93] Built by the Ahmadiyya community.[93]
El Paraíso, Caracas  Venezuela 1968[94]
At-Tauhid Mosque Buenos Aires  Argentina 1983[95] Shi'ite Opened in October 1983 by the Shi'ite community of Buenos Aires and with the support of the Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Argentina. It is a very simple building with a subtle Islamic style in its facade.[96]
Mezquita as-Salam Santiago  Chile 1995[97] Commissioned 1989, inaugurated in 1995.

North America

This grouping includes Central America and island-states of the Caribbean Sea.

Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Al-Sadiq Mosque Chicago, Illinois  United States 1922
Mother Mosque of America (Moslem Temple)
Ross, North Dakota  United States 1934 Built in Iowa in 1934, became the oldest standing mosque in America when the Ross Mosque was torn down in the 1970s. The Ross Mosque was later rebuilt in 2005.
Al-Rashid Mosque
Edmonton, Alberta  Canada 1938 First purpose built mosque.
Westmoreland and Spanish Town  Jamaica 1950s[98] Constructed by the Islamic Society of Jamaica, which was founded in 1950.
 Haiti 1985[99]
Suraya Mosque
Torreón  Mexico 1989 Built by the immigrants from the Middle East living in Torreón.
 Costa Rica 1995[100] Founded by the Islamic Cultural Association of Costa Rica.
Belize City[101]  Belize 2008 (approximate)[102] Founded by Belizeans who converted to Islam while in the United States.[102]

Europe

British Isles
British Isles
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute
Liverpool,  England  United Kingdom 1891[103] Liverpool Muslim Institute Several sources state that a mosque was founded in 1860 at 2 Glynrhondda Street, Cardiff, Wales. This has been rejected by an academic paper as a transcription error.[104]
Dublin Mosque and Islamic Centre Dublin  Ireland 1976[105] The first purpose-built mosque was built in Ballyhaunis in 1987.

Western Europe
See also: List of mosques in France and List of mosques in Germany
Western-Central Europe (excluding the British Isles, Nordic countries, and countries that are also in Eastern Europe)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Grand Mosque of Paris
Paris (first in Metropolitan France)  France 1926 This mosque was the first mosque built in France since the 8th century; it was built in the Moroccan style, and honored Muslim French veterans of World War I.[106]
Wünsdorf Mosque
Wünsdorf, Berlin  Germany 1915 Erected in 1915 by the Imperial German Army administration for Muslim Allied prisoners of war in the POW camp in Wünsdorf, later used as refugee camp. In 1930 torn down due to lack of a congregation.
Mobarak Mosque
The Hague  Netherlands 1955 The first known purpose-built mosque in the Netherlands.
Centre Islamique de Genève ("Little Mosque" of Geneva) Geneva   Switzerland 1961 Founded by Said Ramadan
Cologne Central Mosque
Cologne  Germany 2017 Construction began 2009. The largest mosque in Germany.[107]

Iberian Peninsula
Iberian Peninsula
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Great Mosque of Cordoba (Mezquita)
Córdoba, Andalusia  Spain (then the Emirate of Córdoba) 785[108] It was built on the main (Visigothic) church of the city after the site was being divided and shared between Muslims and Christians for around seven decades. The great mosque was built by Abd al-Rahman I, the first Muslim ruler of Spain in 785,[109] it underwent successive extensions in the 9th and 10th centuries and was concluded in the 10th century under the command of Almanzor. After the Christian reconquest of Cordoba in 1236, Ferdinand III of Castile converted the mosque into a cathedral, suffering some alterations that will end up configuring the current Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba. With 23,400 square metres (2.34 ha), it was the second largest mosque in the world on the surface, after Al-Haram Mosque in Mecca, only later replaced in this respect by the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, Istanbul in 1588.
Mosque of Cristo de la Luz
Toledo, Castile-La Mancha  Spain (then the Caliphate of Córdoba) 999 (completed)[110]
Mosque of las Tornerías
Toledo, Castile-La Mancha  Spain (then the Taifa of Toledo) mid-11th-century (completed)[111] Arabic: الـمـسـتـمـيـم‎, romanized: al-Mustimim
Mosque of Tórtoles
Tarazona, Aragon  Spain (then the Crown of Aragon) 15th-century (completed)[112] Almost not altered in the later centuries.

Russia
 Russia
Building Image Location First built Denomination Notes
Dzhuma Mosque Derbent, Dagestan (then part of the Abbasid Caliphate) 700-900 (approximate)[29]

Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe (excluding the Caucasus, European Russia and Nordic countries)
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Al-Agha Mosque Dragaš  Kosovo 1268[113] Built by Muslims who migrated from Aleppo, in Syria, to Kosovo.[113]
Dzhumaya Mosque
Plovdiv  Bulgaria 1363–1364 Built during the reign of Sultan Murad II the old building was demolished and replaced by the modern-day mosque.
Sailors' Mosque
Ulcinj  Montenegro 14th century
Halit Efendi Mosque Slupčane, Lipkovo Municipality  Macedonia 1415[114] It is considered to be the oldest mosque in Macedonia.[114]
Turhan Emin-Beg Mosque Ustikolina  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1448–1449[115] Built by Turhan Emin-beg. Known to have been destroyed two times (1941 and 1992) and rebuilt two times (1956 and 2007).[115]
Fatih Mosque, Elbasan Elbasan Castle  Albania 1466[116] Built by the orders of Sultan Mehmed II.[116]
Old Mosque, Plav (Imperial Mosque)
Plav  Montenegro 1471[117] Built during the Ottoman rule in the city.[117]
King Mosque or Sultan Bayazit Mosque
Elbasan  Albania 1482
Iljaz Mirahori Mosque
Korçë  Albania 1494[118] It was built by Iljaz Hoxha, also known as Iljaz Bey Mirahor,[118] and is a Cultural Monument of Albania.[119]
Mosque of Kuklibeu
Prizren  Kosovo 1534
Mosque of Muderis Ali Efendi
Prizren  Kosovo 1543–1581
Esmahan Sultan Mosque
Mangalia  Romania 1575 Oldest mosque in Romania
 Poland 1558 (earliest attestation in writing)[120] Tatar mosques in Poland were noted in a 1558 treatise Risale-i Tatar-i Lech.[120]
 Lithuania (then the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) 1500-1600[121] Various records indicate Lithuanian Tatars built mosques in the Duchy during the 16th century[121]
Mosque of Sinan Pasha
Prizren  Kosovo 1615
Log pod Mangartom Mosque
Log pod Mangartom, Municipality of Bovec  Slovenia (then Austria-Hungary) 1916[122] Built by Bosniak members of the Austro-Hungarian army.[122]
Gunja Mosque Gunja  Croatia 1969 The first and one of the few mosques in Croatia, located near the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Vienna Islamic Centre-Mosque
Vienna  Austria 1979[123]
Brno Mosque
Brno  Czech Republic 1998[105] Construction began 1996, inaugurated 1998.[105]

Nordic countries
Nordic countries
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Järvenpää mosque  Finland 1942 A mosque of the community of Finnish Tatars. It is considered to be the oldest mosque in Nordic countries. Finland's first Muslim cemetery was established in the 1830s for Russian troops.[124]
Hvidovre, outside Copenhagen  Denmark 1967[124] Founded by the Ahmadiyya; first purpose-built mosque in a Nordic country.
Islamic Cultural Centre Norway Oslo  Norway 1974 Founded by Pakistani-Norwegians aided by Danish Muslims; of the Sunni Deobandi school. The first Shi'i mosque, Anjuman-e Hussain, opened in 1975; the first Sunni Barelvi mosque opened in 1976.
Nasir Mosque, Gothenburg  Sweden 1976
Stockholm  Sweden 2000[125] Converted from Katarinastation, a former power station.
Reykjavík Mosque Reykjavik  Iceland 2002[126] Not a purpose-built mosque, but serves as an interim gathering site.

Oceania

Australasia
Australasia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Marree Mosque Marree, South Australia  Australia 1861[127] / 1882[97] Small structure in the South Australian desert built by Australia's "Afghan" camel-drivers, has been restored.
Central Adelaide Mosque Adelaide  Australia 1888[127] The oldest major city mosque in the country.[127]
Auckland  New Zealand 1979 (begun)[128] Cornerstone laid in 1979; the first Islamic centre in the country was installed in an Auckland house bought in 1959.[128]

Melanesia
Melanesia
Building Image Location Country First built Denomination Notes
Tavua Masjid Tavua[129]  Fiji 1922 (approximate)[129] A number of wooden mosques were built by local Islamic assemblies around 1922.[129]
Hohola Masjid (Islamic Society of Papua New Guinea Inc.) Port Moresby[97]  Papua New Guinea 2000[130] Islam was introduced to the island in the 1970s,[130] and the first Islamic centre established in 1988.[97]

Notes
  1. 2:144–217;[3] 5:2;[4] 8:34;[5] 9:7–28;[6] 17:1;[7] 22:25;[8] 48:25–27.[9]
  2. 2:144–217;[3] 5:2;[4] 8:34;[5] 9:7–28;[6] 17:1;[7] 22:25;[8] 48:25–27.[9]
  1. According to historian Oleg Grabar, "It is only at a relatively late date that the Muslim holy space in Jerusalem came to be referred to as al-haram al-sharif (literally, the Noble Sacred Precinct or Restricted Enclosure, often translated as the Noble Sanctuary and usually simply referred to as the Haram). While the exact early history of this term is unclear, we know that it only became common in Ottoman times, when administrative order was established over all matters pertaining to the organization of the Muslim faith and the supervision of the holy places, for which the Ottomans took financial and architectural responsibility. Before the Ottomans, the space was usually called al-masjid al-aqsa (the Farthest Mosque), a term now reserved to the covered congregational space on the Haram, or masjid bayt al-maqdis (Mosque of the Holy City) or, even, like Mecca's sanctuary, al-masjid al-ḥarâm,"[17]

References
  1. Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 978-0918720580.
  2. Mustafa Abu Sway. "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28.
  3. Quran 2:144–217
  4. Quran 5:2 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  5. Quran 8:34 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  6. Quran 9:7–28
  7. Quran 17:1–7
  8. Quran 22:25 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  9. Quran 48:25–27
  10. Quran 2:127 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  11. Quran 3:96 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  12. Quran 22:25–37
  13. Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now, M. Lings, pg. 39, Archetype
  14. Zeitlin, I. M. (2013-04-25). "3". The Historical Muhammad. John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 978-0745654881.
  15. Elad, Amikam (1995), Medieval Jerusalem and Islamic Worship Holy Places, Ceremonies, Pilgrimage, Brill, pp. 29–43, ISBN 978-90-04-10010-7
  16. "The Spiritual Significance of Jerusalem: The Islamic Vision. The Islamic Quarterly. 4 (1998): pp.233-242
  17. Grabar 2000, p. 203.
  18. Quran 2:129 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  19. Long, David E. (1979). "2: The Rites of the Hajj". The Hajj Today: A Survey of the Contemporary Pilgrimage to Makkah. pp. 11–24. ISBN 978-0873953825. With thousands of Hajjis, most of them in motor vehicles, rushing headlong for Muzdalifah, the potential is there for one of ... There is special grace for praying at the roofless mosque in Muzdalifah called al-Mash'ar al-Haram (the Sacred Grove) ...
  20. Danarto (1989). A Javanese pilgrim in Mecca. p. 27. ISBN 978-0867469394. It was still dark when we arrived at Muzdalifah, four miles away. The Koran instructs us to spend the night at al-Mash'ar al-Haram. the Sacred Grove at Muzdalifah, as one of the conditions for the hajj . We scrambled out of the bus and looked ...
  21. Jones, Lindsay (2005). Encyclopedia of religion. 10. Macmillan Reference USA. p. 7159. ISBN 978-0028657431. The Qur'an admonishes: "When you hurry from Arafat, remember God at the Sacred Grove (al-mash' ar al-haram)," that is, at Muzdalifah (2:198). Today a mosque marks the place in Muzdalifah where pilgrims gather to perform the special saldt ...
  22. Ziauddin Sardar; M. A. Zaki Badawi (1978). Hajj Studies. King Abdul Aziz University. Jeddah: Croom Helm for Hajj Research Centre. p. 32. ISBN 978-0856646812. Muzdalifah is an open plain sheltered by parched hills with sparse growth of thorn bushes. The pilgrims spend a night under the open sky of the roofless Mosque, the Sacred Grove, Al Mush'ar al-Haram. On the morning of the tenth, all depart ...
  23. Quran 9:108 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)
  24. Abdul-Ali (August 24, 2005), Jawatha Mosque in danger of going down, Al-Ahsa: Jafariya News
  25. Roger Wood (1975). An introduction to Saudi Arabian antiquities. Saudi Arabia: Idārat al-Āthār wa-al-Matāḥif. Department of Antiquities and Museums, Ministry of Education, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. p. 151. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  26. John, Lawton (1991), The Arab Heartland, 42, Saudi Aramco World
  27. 611. UNESCO
  28. Darke, Diane (2010). Oman: The Brad Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 9781841623320. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  29. Petersen, Andrew (2002-03-11). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. ISBN 9780203203873. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  30. Middle East on a Shoestring. Lonely Planet Publications. 1997-01-01. p. 131. ISBN 9780864424075.
  31. "Remains of 1,000-year-old mosque reveal a rich past". The National. Emirates 24/7. 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  32. Power, Timothy (2018-09-13). "How a 1,000-year-old mosque in Al Ain anchors the UAE in human history". The National. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
  33. Eugene Harnan. "Oldest UAE mosque holds onto its secrets".
  34. China By Shelley Jiang,pg. 274
  35. Fodor's China edited by Margaret Kelly, pg 618
  36. Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places By Britannica Educational Publishing, pg. 181–182, Kenneth Pletcher
  37. Britannica Educational Publishing; Kenneth Pletcher (2010). The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 181. ISBN 9781615301829. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  38. "1400-year-old mosque to be restored to its original form". The Hindu. June 29, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2015.
  39. "INTERVIEW". www.iosworld.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-04. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
  40. "Ancient mosque unearthed in Bangladesh". Al Jazeera English. 2012-08-18. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
  41. Gibb & Beckingham 1994, pp. 814–815 Vol. 4.
  42. "City of Balkh (antique Bactria) – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Archived from the original on 2007-02-16. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  43. "Mosque of Bhambore". www.discover-pakistan.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  44. "First Mosque of South Asia". Pakistan Today. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  45. "Chaqchan Mosque, Khaplu, Gilgit Baltistan". achinsights.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  46. "Chaqchan Mosque - Pakistan". Dunya News. Retrieved 17 September 2018.
  47. Mann, Sylvia (January 1, 1983). "This is Israel: pictorial guide & souvenir". Palphot Ltd. – via Google Books.
  48. The Arabahmet Mosque, Nicosia, North Cyprus
  49. Arabahmet (Arap Ahmet) Mosque in North Nicosia - Cyprus44, the north cyprus guide
  50. Magdalino, Paul, et al. "Istanbul: Buildings, Hagia Sophia" in Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. http://www.oxfordartonline.com. accessed 28 February 2010.
  51. Friday Mosque Archnet. 8-1-2017.
  52. Redford, Scott (1991). "The Alaeddin Mosque in Konya Reconsidered". Artibus Asiae. 51 (1): 54–74. doi:10.2307/3249676. JSTOR 3249676.
  53. "Alaeddin Külliyesi". Archnet. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  54. "Bursa Ulu Cami | Archnet". archnet.org. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
  55. Kuban, Doğan (2010). Ottoman Architecture. Translated by Mill, Adair. Antique Collectors' Club.
  56. Sumner-Boyd, Hillary; Freely, John (2009). Strolling Through Istanbul: The Classic Guide to the City. Routledge.
  57. "Süleymaniye Complex". Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture. Oxford University Press. 2009. p. 325.
  58. Erich Kolig; Vivienne S. m. Angeles; Sam Wong (1 March 2010). Identity in Crossroad Civilisations: Ethnicity, Nationalism and Globalism in Asia. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-90-8964-127-4. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  59. Let's Go, Inc. Staff (2004). Let's Go Southeast Asia 9th Edition (illustrated ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 978-03123-35670.
  60. Florida, Nancy K. (1995). "5: The Demak Mosque: A Construction of Authority". Babad Jaka Tingkir: Writing the past, inscribing the future: history as prophesy in colonial Java. Durham, N. C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0-8223-1622-0.
  61. Turner, Peter (November 1995). Java. Melbourne: Lonely Planet. pp. 78–79. ISBN 0-86442-314-4.
  62. Richmond, Simon (2010). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. ISBN 9781741048872. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  63. "300 Years Mosque". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
  64. According to conversion of inscription in the door, which mentions the Hijri Year 1159, which is 1746 civil year.
  65. Farah, Caesar E. (1 February 2003). Islam: Beliefs and Observances. Barron's Educational Series. pp. 291–. ISBN 978-0-7641-2226-2. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  66. Heon Choul Kim (2008). The Nature and Role of Sufism in Contemporary Islam: A Case Study of the Life, Thought and Teachings of Fethullah Gulen. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-549-70579-6. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  67. Reid, Richard J. (12 January 2012). "The Islamic Frontier in Eastern Africa". A History of Modern Africa: 1800 to the Present. John Wiley and Sons. p. 106. ISBN 978-0470658987. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  68. "Liste des premières mosquées au monde prophètique, rashidun et omeyyade selon les écris historique et les traces archéologiques". Histoire Islamique (in French). 2014-06-15. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  69. Raymond, André (2000). Cairo. Translated by Wood, Willard. Harvard University Press. pp. 141–142.
  70. Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (2007). Cairo of the Mamluks : a history of the architecture and its culture (null ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 201–213. ISBN 978-1-84511-549-4.
  71. Sidi 'Uqba (mosque, minaret and tomb) Museum With No Frontiers. Retrieved 8-1-2017
  72. Great Mosque of Sfax. Museum with No Frontiers. Retrieved 8-2-2017.
  73. Great Mosque of Sousse. Museum with No Frontiers. Retrieved 8-1-2017.
  74. Terrasse, Henri (1968). La Mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès; avec une étude de Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée. Paris: Librairie C. Klincksieck.
  75. "Medina of Fez". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  76. Esposito, John (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-1951-2559-7.
  77. Terrasse, Henri (1942). La mosquée des Andalous à Fès. Paris: Les Éditions d'art et d'histoire.
  78. Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press.
  79. Deverdun, Gaston (1959). Marrakech: Des origines à 1912. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
  80. Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-7007-1124-6.
  81. "Kizimkazi Mosque". ArchNet. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 2005-02-19. Retrieved 2010-09-04.
  82. Pauly, Martial (10 February 2011). "La mosquée de Tsingoni, la plus ancienne mosquée en activité de France (Tsingoni Mosque, the oldest active mosque in France)". Archeologie Mayotte, Océan Indien (in French). Retrieved 10 June 2017.
  83. Adekunle, Julius (2007). Culture and Customs of Rwanda. ISBN 9780313331770. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  84. Tayob, Abdulkader (1999). Islam in South Africa: Mosques, Imams, and Sermons. University Press of Florida. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-0-8130-2485-1.
  85. le Roux, Schalk (June 2007). "The First Mosque: Caledon Street, Uitenhage" (PDF). Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Kultuurgeskiedenis (South African Journal of Cultural History). 21 (1): 34. hdl:2263/5330.
  86. "Visit the Juma Masjid Mosque", Sa-venues.com, 1999–2018, retrieved 2018-05-15
  87. Boehm, Eric H. (2000-01-01). Historical Abstracts: Modern history abstracts, 1450-1914. American Bibliographical Center, CLIO. p. 71.
  88. Terdiman, Moshe (2013). Islam in Swaziland. Research on Islam and Muslims in Africa (RIMA).
  89. Melton, John Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2002-01-01). Religions of the world: a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices. S - Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 1285. ISBN 9781576072233.
  90. Arabian American Oil Company; Saudi Aramco; Aramco Services (1987). Aramco world. Aramco. p. 67. Retrieved 5 July 2012. - Then, in 1902, Indonesian Muslims from Java arrived to cultivate Suriname's coastal rice fields, and four years later, the country's first mosque was built at Wanica.
  91. J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (21 September 2010). Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices. ABC-CLIO. pp. 395–. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  92. Mesquita Brasil: Nossa História in Portuguese.
  93. David Westerlund; Ingvar Svanberg (13 November 1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 453–. ISBN 978-0-312-22691-6. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  94. Westerlund, David; Svanberg, Ingvar (1999). Islam Outside the Arab World. ISBN 9780312226916. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  95. "Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  96. "Circuitos Halal". City of Buenos Aires. 2013-10-29. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  97. Florian Pohl (1 September 2010). Modern Muslim Societies. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 374–. ISBN 978-0-7614-7927-7. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  98. Social and Economic Studies. 1999. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  99. "Faith facts about Haitian New Yorkers". A Journey through NYC religions. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  100. Guzmán, Roberto Marín (2000). A Century of Palestinian Immigration Into Central America. ISBN 9789977675879. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  101. Muslim community officially opens Belize City Mosque
  102. Mwakikagile, Godfrey (June 2010). Belize and Its People. ISBN 9789987932214. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  103. "Liverpool Mosque and Muslim Institute". Open University. Retrieved 19 May 2014.
  104. Gilliat-Ray, Sophie (July 2010). "The first registered mosque in the UK, Cardiff, 1860': the evolution of a myth". Contemporary Islam. 4 (2): 179–193. doi:10.1007/s11562-010-0116-9. ISSN 1872-0218. S2CID 145759796.
  105. Jorgen S. Nielsen; Samim Akgönül; Ahmet Alibasic (15 October 2009). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. pp. 169–. ISBN 978-90-04-17505-1. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  106. Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck; Smith, Jane I. (2002). Muslim Minorities in the West. ISBN 9780759102187. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  107. "How Recep Tayyip Erdogan seduces Turkish migrants in Europe". The Economist. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  108. Kathryn Petras; Ross Petras (11 June 1996). World Access: The Handbook for Citizens of the Earth. Simon and Schuster. pp. 288–. ISBN 978-0-684-81016-4. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  109. L. M. (February 27, 2014), La basílica de San Vicente Mártir, la primacía de lo cristiano, ABC
  110. Antonio Pareja (1999). Mezquita de Bab al Mardum, Cristo de la Luz, Toledo 999-1999. Fundacíon Cultura y Deporte Castilla-La Mancha, Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha.
  111. Markus Hattstein; Peter Delius (2007). Islam. Arte y arquitectura. Tandem Verlag.
  112. Markus Hattstein and Peter Delius (2007), Mezquita de Tórtoles (Tarazona, ZARAGOZA), Tandem Verlag
  113. Sharr, KBI (March 2007). "Këshilli me xhaminë më të vjetër në rajon". DITURIA ISLAME, Revistë Mujore, Fetare, Kulturore e Shkencore. Nr. 200 (xhamitë nëpër këshillat e Kosovës): 50.
  114. "Џамијата на Бедр {{in lang|mk}}". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
  115. "Najstarija dzamija u BiH - ..::USTIKOLINA::." Ustikolina. 26 August 2007. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  116. "Xhamia e parë në Shqipëri (1466)". Orientalizmi Shqiptar. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  117. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-12. Retrieved 2014-01-12.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  118. Albania Explorer Archived 2011-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
  119. "Religious buildings with the "Culture Monument" status". Republic of Albania National Committee for Culture. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
  120. Polish Art Studies. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1991-01-01. p. 40.
  121. Górak-Sosnowska, Katarzyna (2011). Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe. ISBN 9788390322957. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  122. ALI H. Žerdin, Ali H. (20 August 2002). "Minaret nad Alpami". Mladina. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  123. Hunter, Shireen; Hunter, Shireen T. (2002). Islam, Europe's Second Religion. ISBN 9780275976095. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  124. Kent, Neil (2005). Helsinki. ISBN 9781566565448. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  125. Out, Time (2011). Time Out Stockholm. ISBN 9781846702303. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  126. "Iceland". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  127. "Afghan cameleers in Australia – Australia's Culture Portal". Archived from the original on 2009-09-18. Retrieved 2014-10-18.
  128. Abdullah Drury (2006). Islam in New Zealand: the first mosque : a short history of the New Zealand Muslim Association & the Ponsonby Mosque. A. Drury. ISBN 978-0-473-12249-2. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  129. M. Alī Kettani (1986). Muslim minorities in the world today. Mansell. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7201-1802-5. Retrieved 5 July 2012.
  130. Taylor & Francis Group (September 2004). Europa World Year Book 2. Taylor & Francis. pp. 3363–. ISBN 978-1-85743-255-8. Retrieved 5 July 2012.

See also
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.