Macon, Georgia

Macon (/ˈmeɪkən/), officially Macon–Bibb County, is a consolidated city-county in the U.S. state of Georgia. Macon lies near the state's geographic center, about 85 miles (137 km) southeast of Atlanta—hence the city's nickname, "The Heart of Georgia".

Not to be confused with Macon County, Georgia.
For other uses, see Macon (disambiguation).

Macon, Georgia
Consolidated city-county
Macon–Bibb County
Downtown Macon in 2007
Seal
Location within Bibb County
Macon
Location within Georgia
Macon
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 32°50′5″N 83°39′6″W
CountryUnited States
StateGeorgia
CountyBibb
Government
 • MayorLester Miller
Area
 • Consolidated city-county661 km2 (255.13 sq mi)
 • Land647 km2 (249.96 sq mi)
 • Water3.2 km2 (0.5 sq mi)
Elevation
116 m (381 ft)
Population
 (2019)
 • Consolidated city-county153,159[1]
 • Metro
228,914 (197th)
 • CSA
420,693 (97th)
 • Demonym
Maconites
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
31200–31299
Area code(s)478
FIPS code13-49000[2]
GNIS feature ID0332301[3]
Websitemaconbibb.us

Located near the fall line of the Ocmulgee River, Macon had a 2019 estimated population of 153,159.[4] It is the principal city of the Macon Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 228,914 in 2017. Macon is also the largest city in the Macon–Warner Robins Combined Statistical Area (CSA), a larger trading area with an estimated 420,693 residents in 2017; the CSA abuts the Atlanta metropolitan area just to the north.

In a 2012 referendum, voters approved the consolidation of the governments of the City of Macon and Bibb County, and Macon became Georgia's fourth-largest city (just after Columbus). The two governments officially merged on January 1, 2014.[5]

Macon is served by three interstate highways: I-16 (connecting the city to Savannah and coastal Georgia), I-75 (connecting the city with Atlanta to the north and Valdosta to the south), and I-475 (a city bypass highway).

The city has several institutions of higher education, as well as numerous museums and tourism sites. The area is served by Middle Georgia Regional Airport and Herbert Smart Downtown Airport. The mayor is Robert Reichert, a former Democratic member of the Georgia House of Representatives. Reichert was elected mayor of the newly consolidated city of Macon–Bibb and took office on January 1, 2014.[6]

History

Macon was founded on the site of the Ocmulgee Old Fields, where the Creek Indians lived in the 18th century. Their predecessors, the Mississippian culture, built a powerful chiefdom (950–1100 AD) based on the practice of agriculture. The Mississippian culture constructed earthwork mounds for ceremonial, burial, and religious purposes. The areas along the rivers in the Southeast had been inhabited by indigenous peoples for 13,000 years before Europeans arrived.[7]

Macon developed at the site of Fort Benjamin Hawkins, built in 1809 at the fall line of the Ocmulgee River to protect the community and to establish a trading post with Native Americans. The fort was named in honor of Benjamin Hawkins, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Southeast territory south of the Ohio River for more than 20 years. He lived among the Creek and was married to a Creek woman. This was the most inland point of navigation on the river from the Low Country. President Thomas Jefferson forced the Creek to cede their lands east of the Ocmulgee River and ordered the fort built. (Archeological excavations in the 21st century found evidence of two separate fortifications.)[8]

Fort Hawkins guarded the Lower Creek Pathway, an extensive and well-traveled American Indian network later improved by the United States as the Federal Road from Washington, D.C., to the ports of Mobile, Alabama and New Orleans, Louisiana.[8] A gathering point of the Creek and U.S. cultures for trading, it was also a center of state militia and federal troops. The fort served as a major military distribution point during the War of 1812 against Great Britain and also during the Creek War of 1813. Afterward, the fort was used as a trading post for several years and was garrisoned until 1821. It was decommissioned about 1828 and later burned to the ground. A replica of the southeast blockhouse was built in 1938 and still stands today on a hill in east Macon. Part of the fort site was occupied by the Fort Hawkins Grammar School. In the 21st century, archeological excavations have revealed more of the fort's importance, and stimulated planning for additional reconstruction of this major historical site.[8]

Child labor in Macon, 1909. Photo by Lewis Hine.

As many Europeans had already begun to move into the area, Fort Hawkins was renamed "Newtown." After the organization of Bibb County in 1822, the city was chartered as the county seat in 1823 and officially named Macon. This was in honor of the North Carolina statesman Nathaniel Macon,[9] because many of the early residents of Georgia hailed from North Carolina. The city planners envisioned "a city within a park" and created a city of spacious streets and parks. They designated 250 acres (1.0 km2) for Central City Park, and passed ordinances requiring residents to plant shade trees in their front yards.

The city thrived due to its location on the Ocmulgee River, which enabled shipping to markets. Cotton became the mainstay of Macon's early economy,[10] based on the enslaved labor of African Americans. Macon was in the Black Belt of Georgia, where cotton was the commodity crop. Cotton steamboats, stage coaches, and later, in 1843, a railroad increased marketing opportunities and contributed to the economic prosperity of Macon. In 1836, the Georgia Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church founded Wesleyan College in Macon. Wesleyan was the first college in the United States chartered to grant degrees to women.[11] In 1855, a referendum was held to determine a capital city for Georgia. Macon came in last with 3,802 votes.[12]

During the American Civil War, Macon served as the official arsenal of the Confederacy[10] manufacturing percussion caps, friction primers, and pressed bullets.[13] Camp Oglethorpe, in Macon, was used first as a prison for captured Union officers and enlisted men. Later it held officers only, up to 2,300 at one time. The camp was evacuated in 1864.[14]

Macon City Hall, which served as the temporary state capitol in 1864, was converted to a hospital for wounded Confederate soldiers. The Union General William Tecumseh Sherman spared Macon on his march to the sea. His troops had sacked the nearby state capital of Milledgeville, and Maconites prepared for an attack. Sherman, however, passed by without entering Macon.

The Macon Telegraph wrote that, of the 23 companies which the city had furnished the Confederacy, only enough men survived and were fit for duty to fill five companies by the end of the war. The human toll was very high.[15]

The city was taken by Union forces during Wilson's Raid on April 20, 1865.[16]

In the twentieth century, Macon grew into a prospering town in Middle Georgia. It began to serve as a transportation hub for the entire state. In 1895, the New York Times dubbed Macon "The Central City," in reference to the city's emergence as a hub for railroad transportation and textile factories.[17] Terminal Station was built in 1916.[18]

Downtown Macon in the early 1900s, looking northeast near the intersections of Cotton Avenue, First Street and Poplar Street.

In 1994 Tropical Storm Alberto made landfall in Florida bringing 24 inches (61 cm) of rain, which resulted in major flooding in Georgia. Macon was one of the cities to suffer the worst flooding.[19]

On May 11, 2008, an EF2 tornado touched down in nearby Lizella. The tornado then moved northeast to the southern shore of Lake Tobesofkee then continued into Macon and lifted near Dry Branch in Twiggs County. The tornado produced sporadic areas of major damage. Widespread straight-line wind damage was also produced along and south of the track of the tornado. The most significant damage was in Macon along Eisenhower Parkway and Pio Nono Avenue where two businesses were destroyed and several others were heavily damaged. Middle Georgia State College was also damaged by the tornado, snapping or uprooting around 50% of the campus trees and doing significant damage to several buildings on campus, with the gymnasium sustaining the worst damage. This tornado varied in intensity from EF0 to EF2 with the EF2 damage and winds up to 130 miles per hour (210 km/h) occurring near the intersection of Eisenhower Parkway and Pio Nono Avenue. Total path length was 18 miles (29 km) with a path width of 100 yards (91 m).

In 2012, voters in Macon and Bibb County approved a new consolidated government between the city and county, making the city's new boundary lines the same as the county's and reversing the annexation of a small portion of the city that once lay in Jones County.[5]

Downtown Macon seen from the Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park

Consolidation

On July 31, 2012, voters in Macon (57.8 percent approval) and Bibb County (56.7 percent approval) passed a referendum to merge the governments of the city of Macon and most of unincorporated Bibb County, based on the authorization of House Bill 1171, passed by the Georgia General Assembly earlier in the year;[20] four previous consolidation attempts (in 1933, 1960, 1972, and 1976) had failed.[21][22][23]

Under the consolidation, the governments of Macon and Bibb County were replaced with a single mayor and a nine-member countywide commission elected to office by county districts. A portion of Macon that extends into nearby Jones County was disincorporated from Macon. Robert Reichert is the first mayor of Macon-Bibb after the election in September 2013 and a runoff with C. Jack Ellis in October.[6][24][25][26]

Timeline
Timeline of Macon, Georgia

Geography
The Macon-Bibb County Courthouse

The Ocmulgee River is a major river that runs through the city. Macon is one of Georgia's three major Fall Line Cities, along with Augusta and Columbus. The Fall Line is where the hilly lands of the Piedmont plateau meet the flat terrain of the coastal plain. As such, Macon has a varied landscape of rolling hills on the north side and flat plains on the south. The fall line, where the altitude drops noticeably, causes rivers and creeks in the area to flow rapidly toward the ocean. In the past, Macon and other Fall Line cities had many textile mills powered by the rivers.

Macon is located at 32°50′05″N 83°39′06″W (32.834839, −83.651672).[56]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 56.3 square miles (146 km2), of which 55.8 square miles (145 km2) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (0.82%) is water.

Macon is approximately 330 feet (100 m) above sea level.[3]

Climate

Macon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 46.3 °F (7.9 °C) in January to 81.8 °F (27.7 °C) in July. On average, there are 4.8 days with 100 °F (38 °C)+ highs,[lower-alpha 1] 83 days with 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs,[lower-alpha 2] and 43 days with a low at or below freezing; the average window for freezing temperatures is November 7 thru March 22, allowing a growing season of 228 days. The city has an average annual precipitation of 45.7 inches (1,160 mm). Snow is occasional, with about half of the winters receiving trace amounts or no snowfall, averaging 0.7 inches (1.8 cm); the snowiest winter was 1972−73 with 16.5 in (42 cm).[57][58][59]

Surrounding cities and towns
Main article: Macon, Georgia metropolitan area
Downtown Macon at night in 2008

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18403,297—
18505,72073.5%
18608,24744.2%
187010,81031.1%
188012,74917.9%
189022,74678.4%
190023,2722.3%
191040,66574.7%
192052,99530.3%
193053,8291.6%
194057,8657.5%
195070,25221.4%
196069,764−0.7%
1970122,42375.5%
1980116,896−4.5%
1990106,612−8.8%
200097,255−8.8%
201091,351−6.1%
2019 (est.)153,159[62]67.7%
Location of the Macon-Warner Robins-Fort Valley CSA and its components:
  Macon Metropolitan Statistical Area
  Warner Robins Metropolitan Statistical Area

Macon is the largest principal city of the Macon-Warner Robins-Fort Valley CSA, a Combined Statistical Area that includes the Macon metropolitan area (Bibb, Crawford, Jones, Monroe, and Twiggs counties) and the Warner Robins metropolitan area (Houston, Peach, and Pulaski counties), which had a combined population of 411,898 at the 2010 census.[2]

As of the official 2010 U.S. Census,[2] the population of Macon was 91,351. In the last official census, in 2000, there were 97,255 people, 38,444 households, and 24,219 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,742.8 people per square mile (672.9/km2). There were 44,341 housing units at an average density of 794.6 per square mile (306.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 67.94% African American, 28.56% White, 0.02% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.46% from other races, and 0.77% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.48% of the population.

There were 38,444 households, out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 33.0% were married couples living together, 25.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.0% were non-families. 31.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 11.3% from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 72.8 males.

Economy

Personal income

According to the 2010 Census, the median household income in the city was $28,366, as compared with the state average of $49,347. The median family income was $37,268. Full-time working males had a median income of $34,163 versus $28,082 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,010. About 24.1% of families and 30.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 43.6% of those under age 18 and 18.4% of those over 65.[63]

Retail

Malls include: The Shoppes at River Crossing, Macon Mall, and Eisenhower Crossing. Traditional shopping centers are in the downtown area, and Ingleside Village.[64]

Military

Robins Air Force Base, the largest single-site industrial complex in the state of Georgia,[65] is just 10 miles south of Macon on Highway 247 next to the city of Warner Robins.

The headquarters of the 48th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, Georgia Army National Guard is located in Macon.

Arts and culture

Musical heritage
A statue of Otis Redding

Macon is the birthplace or hometown of musicians Emmett Miller, The Allman Brothers Band, Randy Crawford, Mark Heard, Lucille Hegamin, Otis Redding, Little Richard, Mike Mills,[66] and Bill Berry of R.E.M., as well as more recent artists like violinist Robert McDuffie and country artist Jason Aldean. September Hase, an alternative rock band, was discovered in Macon. Capricorn Records, run by Macon natives Phil Walden and briefly Alan Walden, made the city a hub for Southern rock music in the late 1960s and 1970s.[67] Composer Ben Johnston was also born in Macon.

The Macon Symphony Orchestra,[68] a youth symphony, and the Middle Georgia Concert Band perform at the Grand Opera House in downtown Macon.[69]

Festivals
Cherry Blossom Festival
Georgia State Fair
  • International Cherry Blossom Festival - a 10-day celebration held every mid-March in Macon
  • The Mulberry Street Festival[70] - an arts and crafts festival held downtown the last weekend of March
  • The Juneteenth Freedom Festival - An annual June performing arts and educational celebration of the end of American slavery in 1865, celebrating black freedom and heritage both ancient and contemporary
  • Pan African Festival - An annual celebration of the African diaspora and culture, held in April
  • Ocmulgee Indian Celebration - A celebration of the original residents of the land where Macon now sits, this festival is held in September at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park. Representatives from the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole, and other nations come to share stories, exhibit Native art, and perform traditional songs and dance.
  • Skydog[71] is a music festival celebrating the birthday, life, and music of Skydog--Duane Allman—held in November.
Image of Skydog 73 festival poster-Macon, Georgia, November 24, 2019
  • The Georgia Music Hall of Fame hosts Georgia Music Week in September.
  • Macon's annual Bragg Jam festival features an Art and Kids' Festival along the Ocmulgee Heritage Trail and a nighttime Pub Crawl.
  • Macon Film Festival[72] - An annual celebration of independent films, held the third weekend in July

Points of interest
Fort Benjamin Hawkins
Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park

Historical sites

Museums

Community
  • City Hall, Georgia's capitol for part of the Civil War
Macon City Auditorium -- World's Largest True Copper Dome
Cox Capitol Theater
  • Douglass Theatre, named for its founder Charles Henry Douglas. An entrepreneur from a prominent black family, he was an established theatre developer well versed in the vaudeville and entertainment business. The theatre has undergone modern renovations and hosts numerous theatrical events.
  • The Grand Opera House, where the Macon Symphony Orchestra performs
  • Hay House - also known as the "Johnston-Felton-Hay House," it has been referred to as the "Palace of the South"[77]
  • City Auditorium, the world's largest true copper dome[78]
  • Macon Coliseum
  • Macon Little Theatre, established in 1934, the area's oldest community theatre, producing seven plays/musicals per season
  • Waddell Barnes Botanical Gardens
  • Theatre Macon, which is in the old Ritz theatre where they perform around nine shows a year

Sports

Macon is home to the Mercer Bears, who compete at the NCAA Division I level in sports that include soccer (men's and women's), football, baseball, basketball (men's and women's), tennis, and lacrosse. Central Georgia Technical College also competes in men's and women's basketball. Wesleyan College, an all-female school, has teams in basketball, soccer, cross country, tennis, softball, and volleyball.

Club Sport League Venue
Macon Bacon[79] Baseball Coastal Plain League Luther Williams Field
Macon Mayhem Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Macon Coliseum

Former teams
Club Sport League Venue Active
Macon State College Blue Storm Various NCCAA Various 2009–2013
Macon Central City/Hornets Baseball Southern League Central City Park 1892–1894
Macon Highlanders/Brigands/Peaches/Tigers Baseball South Atlantic League Central City Park and Luther Williams Field 1904–1917, 1923–1930
Macon Peaches/Dodgers/Redbirds/Pirates Baseball Southeastern League (1932), South Atlantic League (1936–42, 1946–60, 1962–63, 1980-87), Southern Association (1961), Southern League (1964, 1966–67) Luther Williams Field 1932, 1936–1942, 1946–1960, 1961–1964, 1966–1967, 1980–1982
Macon Braves Baseball South Atlantic League Luther Williams Field 1991–2002
Macon Peaches Baseball Southeastern League Luther Williams Field 2003
Macon Music Baseball South Coast League Luther Williams Field 2007
Macon Pinetoppers Baseball Peach State League Luther Williams Field 2010
Macon Blaze Basketball World Basketball Association Macon Coliseum 2005
Macon Whoopees Ice hockey Southern Hockey League Macon Coliseum 1974
Macon Whoopee Ice hockey Central Hockey League (1996-2001), ECHL (2001-02) Macon Coliseum 1996–2002
Macon Trax Ice hockey Atlantic Coast Hockey League (2002–03), World Hockey Association 2 (2003-04), Southern Professional Hockey League (2004–05) Macon Coliseum 2002–2005
Macon Knights Arena football af2 Macon Coliseum 2001–2006
Macon Steel Indoor football American Indoor Football Macon Coliseum 2012
Georgia Doom Indoor football American Arena League Macon Coliseum 2018–2019

Parks and recreation

The city maintains several parks and community centers.[80]

Ocmulgee Riverwalk
Central City Skatepark
  • Ocmulgee Heritage Trail - a green way of parks, plazas, and landmarks along the Ocmulgee River in downtown Macon
  • Bloomfield Park
  • East Macon Park
  • Frank Johnson Recreation Center
  • Freedom Park
  • L.H. Williams Community School Center
  • Memorial Park
  • North Macon Park
  • Rosa Jackson
  • Senior Center
  • John Drew Smith Tennis Center
  • Tattnall Square Tennis Center
  • Gateway Park Otis Redding[81]
  • Central City Park
  • Central City Skatepark

Government

The first Mayor, Robert Reichert is the present mayor after being re-elected in 2016. Mayor Reichert is a former member of the Georgia House of Representatives District 126.[82]

The city council is, to date, the only city council in Georgia to conduct partisan elections, with the city council leaning mostly to the Democratic Party.

On March 15, 2019, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charged the former County Manager, Dale M. Walker, with fraud.[83]

Education
Mercer University

Public high schools
Main article: Bibb County Public School District

Private high schools

Private and specialized schools
  • The Academy for Classical Education[90]
  • Macon Charter Academy[91]
  • Northwoods Academy[92]
  • Elam Alexander Academy[93]
  • Georgia Academy for the Blind[94]

Colleges and universities

Approximately 30,000 college students live in the greater Macon area.[95] Mercer, Middle Georgia State University, and Wesleyan College have the largest populations of "traditional" college students.

Media
See also: List of newspapers in Georgia (U.S. state), Template:Macon Radio, and Template:Macon TV

Macon has a substantial number of local television and radio stations. It is also served by two local papers.

Newspapers and magazines
  • The Telegraph, a daily newspaper, is published in Macon.
  • The 11th Hour
  • Gateway Macon (web portal), The Local's Guide for Things To Do in Macon.
  • Macon Business Journal, a journal chronicling the business community in the Middle Georgia region.
  • The Mercer Cluster
  • Macon Community News, a monthly positive news print newspaper.

Gone with the Wind

In Margaret Mitchell’s novel Gone with the Wind, Aunt Pittypat’s coachman, Uncle Peter, “pertecked” her when she “refugeed” to Macon during Sherman’s assault on Atlanta and “quired” a horse so that, after the fighting was over, he could bring her back to Atlanta through a war-torn countryside.

Baconsfield Park

U.S. Senator Augustus Bacon, of Georgia, in his 1911 will, devised land in Macon in trust, to be used as a public park for the exclusive benefit of white people. The park, known as Baconsfield, was operated in that manner for many years. In Evans v. Newton,[96] the Supreme Court of the United States held that the park could not continue to be operated on a racially discriminatory basis. The Supreme Court of Georgia thereupon declared “that the sole purpose for which the trust was created has become impossible of accomplishment” and remanded the case to the trial court, which held cy-près doctrine to be inapplicable, since the park's segregated character was an essential and inseparable part of Bacon's plan. The trial court ruled that the trust failed, and that the property reverted to Bacon's heirs. The Supreme Court of Georgia[97] and the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed.[98] The 50-acre (20 ha) park was lost and commercially developed.[99]

Infrastructure

Hospitals
  • Central Georgia Rehabilitation Hospital
  • Coliseum Medical Centers
  • Coliseum Northside Hospital
  • The American Red Cross Of Central Georgia
  • The Medical Center of Central Georgia
  • The Children Hospital Of Central Georgia

Transportation

Airports
  • Macon Downtown Airport is located near downtown. It has a large number of corporate and private aviation aircraft.
  • Middle Georgia Regional Airport provides public air service to Macon as well as cargo flights. The airport is situated 9 mi (14 km) south of downtown.

Highways

Interstates:

U.S. Routes:

State Routes:

Mass Transit
MTA-MAC City Bus

The Macon Transit Authority (MTA) is Macon's public-transit system, operating the Public Transit City Bus System throughout Macon-Bibb County. Most commuters in Macon and the surrounding suburbs use private automobiles as their primary transportation. This results in heavy traffic during rush hour and contributes to Macon's air pollution. The MTA has a total of 10 city bus routes and an express bus that serves suburban Warner Robins just south of the city.

Macon Transit Authority has a tourist trolley system. The trolleys have offered tours of the downtown Macon area since 1999. The tours consist of all of the major historical sites such as the Georgia Music Hall of Fame, the Hay House, and the Tubman Museum. There are three trolleys holding up to 39 passengers.

Intercity bus and rail

Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service.

Macon grew as a center of rail transport after the 1846 opening of the Macon and Western Railroad.[100] Two of the most note-worthy train companies operating through the city were the Central of Georgia Railway and the Southern Railway. The city continued to be served by passenger trains at Terminal Station until the 1960s and early 1970s. The Frisco Railroad's Kansas City-Florida Special served the city until 1964.[101] The Southern's Royal Palm ran from Cincinnati, through Macon, to Miami, Florida until 1966. (A truncated route served to Valdosta, Georgia until 1970.) The Central of Georgia's Nancy Hanks ran through Macon, from Atlanta to Savannah until 1971. Since at least 2006 Macon has been included in the proposed Georgia Rail Passenger Program to restore inter-city rail service but as of 2020 Georgia lacks any inter-city passenger rail service other than the federally funded inter-state Amtrak services.

Pedestrians and cycling
  • Heritage Trail
  • Ocmulgee Heritage Trail

Notable people
Main article: List of people from Macon, Georgia

Sister cities

Macon has six sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):[102]

See also

Notes
  1. The record number of triple digit (Fahrenheit) readings is 24 in 1954.[57]
  2. The historical range is 31 in 1994 to 116 in 2011.[57]
  3. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  4. Official records for Macon were kept at downtown from October 1892 to 7 April 1899, the Weather Bureau from 8 April 1899 to November 1948, and at Middle Georgia Regional Airport since December 1948. For more information, see ThreadEx.

References
  1. "Macon-Bibb County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved June 25, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  2. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  3. "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  4. "U.S. Census website". US Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  5. "Macon-Bibb County consolidation wins with strong majorities". The Macon Telegraph. July 31, 2012. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
  6. "Election Race Results - Macon, GA - Warner Robins, GA - 13WMAZ.com". archive.is. October 16, 2013. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013.
  7. "Georgia Encyclopedia". Georgia Encyclopedia. May 20, 2009. Retrieved May 30, 2012.
  8. "Fort Hawkins | cityofmacon.net". Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2017.CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  9. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 195.
  10. Davis, Robert Scott (2007). "A Cotton Kingdom Retooled for War: The Macon Arsenal and the Confederate Ordnance Establishment". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 91 (3): 266–291. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
  11. "Colleges and Universities". Dlg.galileo.usg.edu. January 1, 1970. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  12. "Macon, Georgia". Roadsidegeorgia.com. March 19, 1990. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  13. Miller, Francis Trevelyan (1957). The Photographic History of The Civil War. Five: Forts and Artillery. New York: Castle Books. p. 162.
  14. "Macon (Camp Oglethorpe) Prisoner of War Camp". Mycivilwar.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  15. Davis, Robert Scott (1998). Cotton, Fire and Dreams. Mercer University Press. p. 123. ISBN 9780865545984. Retrieved May 30, 2012. macon arsenal.
  16. The Last Battle of the Civil War, Digital Gallery, University of South Georgia, Dlg.galileo.usg.edu
  17. "College Hill Corridor / Mercer Village Master Plan" (PDF). Mercer University City of Macon. January 2009. Retrieved August 7, 2012.
  18. "Macon Terminal Station". Railga.com. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  19. "Record Rain Pelts Georgia; 4 Die in Flood". The New York Times. July 31, 2012. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
  20. "HB 1171 - Macon-Bibb County; create and incorporate new political body corporate". Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  21. City-County Consolidation Proposals, 1921 - Present Archived July 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-02-11.
  22. "Microsoft Word - ConsolidationLitReviewFINAL.doc" (PDF). Ai.org. Retrieved January 29, 2017.
  23. Consolidation pass for Macon and Bibb county in the 2012 vote.Consolidation of City and County Governments: Attempts in Five Cities Archived January 20, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2010-09-14.
  24. Jim Gaines (July 28, 2012). "Last details of Macon-Bibb consolidation debate aired". The Telegraph.
  25. Mike Stucka (July 31, 2012). "Macon-Bibb County consolidation wins with strong majorities". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on July 19, 2014. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
  26. Erica Lockwood (July 13, 2012). "Consolidation: 3 Areas of Macon and Bibb Affected Differently". 13 WMAZ. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013.
  27. Candler 1906.
  28. Scholl Center for American History and Culture. "Georgia: Individual County Chronologies". Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Chicago: Newberry Library. Archived from the original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  29. "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington DC: Library of Congress. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  30. "(Bibb County: Macon)". Explore Georgia's Historical Markers. Georgia Historical Society. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
  31. Hellmann 2006.
  32. Federal Writers' Project 1940.
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Bibliography

Published in 19th century

  • John P. Campbell, ed. (1854). "Georgia: Bibb County". Southern Business Directory. Charleston, SC: Press of Walker & James.
  • Adiel Sherwood (1860), "Bibb County: Macon", Gazetteer of Georgia (4th ed.), Macon: S. Boykin
  • John C. Butler (1879). Historical Record of Macon and Central Georgia. J. W. Burke & Company.
  • George E. Waring, Jr.; U.S. Department of the Interior, Census Office (1887), "Georgia: Macon", Report on the Social Statistics of Cities: Southern and the Western States, Washington DC: Government Printing Office, pp. 169–172
  • "Macon", Rand, McNally & Co.'s Handy Guide to the Southeastern States, Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1899 – via Internet Archive

Published in 20th century

  • Allen D. Candler; Clement A. Evans, eds. (1906). "Macon". Georgia: Comprising Sketches of Counties, Towns, Events, Institutions, and Persons Arranged in Cyclopedic Form. 2. Atlanta: State Historical Association. pp. 511+. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027784332.
  • "Macon", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424
  • Federal Writers' Project (1940), "Macon", Georgia: a Guide to Its Towns and Countryside, American Guide Series, Athens: University of Georgia Press, p. 102+
  • Ida Young, Julius Gholson, and Clara Nell Hargrove. History of Macon, Georgia (Macon, Ga.: Lyon, Marshall & Brooks, 1950).
  • John A. Eisterhold. "Commercial, Financial, and Industrial Macon, Georgia, During the 1840s", The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Winter 1969, Vol. 53 Issue 4, pp 424–441
  • James H. Stone. "Economic Conditions in Macon, Georgia in the 1830s", The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Summer 1970, Vol. 54 Issue 2, pp 209–225
  • Bowling C. Yates. "Macon, Georgia, Inland Trading Center 1826–1836", The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Fall 1971, Vol. 55 Issue 3, pp 365–377
  • McInvale, Morton Ray "Macon, Georgia: The War Years, 1861–1865" (Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 1973)
  • Roger K. Hux. "The Ku Klux Klan in Macon 1919–1925", The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Summer 1978, Vol. 62 Issue 2, pp 155–168
  • Nancy Anderson, Macon: A Pictorial History (Virginia Beach, Va.: Donning, 1979).
  • Donnie D. Bellamy. "Macon, Georgia, 1823–1860: A Study in Urban Slavery", Phylon 45 (December 1984): 300–304, 308–309
  • Kristina Simms. Macon, Georgia's Central City: An Illustrated History (Chatsworth, Calif.: Windsor, 1989).
  • Titus Brown. "Origins of African American Education in Macon, Georgia 1865–1866", Journal of South Georgia History, Oct 1996, Vol. 11, pp 43–59
  • Macon: An Architectural Historical Guide (Macon, Ga.: Middle Georgia Historical Society, 1996).
  • Macon's Black Heritage: The Untold Story (Macon, Ga.: Tubman African American Museum, 1997).
  • Matthew W. Norman. "James H. Burton and the Confederate States Armory at Macon", The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Winter 1997, Vol. 81 Issue 4, pp 974–987
  • Titus Brown. "A New England Missionary and African-American Education in Macon: Raymond G. Von Tobel at the Ballard Normal School, 1908–1935", The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Summer 1998, Vol. 82 Issue 2, pp 283–304
  • Robert S. Davis. Cotton, Fire, & Dreams: The Robert Findlay Iron Works and Heavy Industry in Macon, Georgia, 1839–1912 (Macon, Ga., 1998)
  • Richard W. Iobst (2009) [1999]. Civil War Macon: The History of a Confederate City. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-88146-172-5.
  • Jeanne Herring (2000). Macon, Georgia. Black America. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia.

Published in 21st century

  • Tracy Maurer (2001). Macon Celebrates the Millennium. Montgomery, Ala.: Community Communications. ISBN 1581920342.
  • Andrew Michael Manis (2004). Macon Black and White: An Unutterable Separation in the American Century. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-958-6.
  • Paul T. Hellmann (2006). "Georgia: Macon". Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-135-94859-3.
  • Robert Scott Davis. "A Cotton Kingdom Retooled for War: The Macon Arsenal and the Confederate Ordnance Establishment", The Georgia Historical Quarterly, Fall 2007, Vol. 91 Issue 3, pp 266–291
  • Candace Dyer, Street Singers, Soul Shakers, Rebels with a Cause: Music from Macon (Macon, Ga.: Indigo Publishing Group, 2008).
  • Mara L. Keire. For Business and Pleasure: Red-Light Districts and the Regulation of Vice in the United States, 1890–1933 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010); 248 pages; History and popular culture of districts in Macon, Ga., and other cities
  • Macon. Images of America. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia. 2013. ISBN 9781467111157.
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