Ospemifene

Ospemifene is "an estrogen agonist/antagonist that makes vaginal tissue thicker and less fragile resulting in a reduction in the amount of pain women experience with sexual intercourse."[2] This medication should be used for the shortest amount of time possible due to associated adverse effects.[2] Ospemifene might not have an adverse influence on coagulation, in contrast to estrogens and other SERMs like tamoxifen and raloxifene.[6]

A binding assay was also performed to measure the affinity of ospemifene for the estrogen receptor (ERα and ERβ).[7] The study showed that ospemifene bound ERα and ERβ with similar affinity.[7] Ospemifene bound the estrogen receptors with a lower affinity than estradiol.[7] Ospemifene was shown to be an antagonist of "ERE-mediated transactivation on MCF-7 cells," which the authors concluded indicates "anti-estrogenic activity in breast cancer cells."[7]

The pharmacokinetics of ospemifene were dose-dependent over a dose range of 10 to 800 mg/day.[6]

Hormos Medical Ltd., which is a part of QuatRx Pharmaceuticals, filed a patent on January 19, 2005 for a solid dosage form of ospemifene.[8] In March 2010, QuatRX Pharmaceuticals licensed ospemifene to Shionogi & Co., Ltd. for clinical development and marketing.[9] A New Drug Application (NDA) was submitted to the FDA on April 26, 2012.[10] Amendments to the NDA were submitted in June, July, August, October, and November 2012, and January and February 2013.[10] It was ultimately approved by the FDA on February 26, 2013.[9] Ospemifene (under the brand name Senshio) was subsequently approved by the European Commission for marketing in the EU in January 2015.

Preclinical trials were performed in ovariectomized rats to model menopause.[7] Oral ospemifene was compared with raloxifene (another SERM), its metabolites 4-hydroxy ospemifene and 4'-hydroxy ospemifene, estradiol, and ospemifene administered as an intravaginal suppository.[7] Estradiol was used as a positive control and raloxifene was used because it is in the same drug class as ospemifene.[7] Multiple doses of oral ospemifene were tested.[7] 10 mg/kg/day of Ospemifene was found to cause a greater increase in vaginal weight and vaginal epithelial height than 10 mg/kg/day of raloxifene.[7] Vaginal weight had a 1.46x increase after a two-week treatment of 10 mg/kg/day of ospemifene.[7] The number of progesterone receptors was increased in the vaginal stroma and epithelium, which indicates that ospemifene has "estrogenic activity."[7]

Two 12-week phase 3 clinical trials were performed for ospemifene.[11] One evaluated the effects of Ospemifene on vaginal tissue thickness, composition and vaginal pH. The other evaluated the effects of Ospemifene on vaginal tissue and on symptoms of dyspareunia. Between the two trials, 4 signs and symptoms were measured. These included three tissue-related signs, two of which represented histological changes in the vaginal tissue (change in percent parabasal cells and change in percent superficial cells) and the third was "change in vaginal pH". Dyspareunia was evaluated in one of the trials. It was defined as "change in most bothersome symptom" of discomfort during sexual activity and further limited to symptoms of either vaginal dryness or vaginal pain."[11] Ospemifene produced more changes in vaginal tissue and greater reduction in dyspareunia symptoms than placebo.[11] A dose-response also was observed in the trial; ospemifene 60 mg had greater efficacy than ospemifene 30 mg.[11] Safety was also evaluated in these phase 3 trials. There was a 5.2% increase in the incidence of hot flushes, 1.6% increase in urinary tract infections, and 0.5% increase in the incidence of headache with ospemifene over placebo.[11] One of the phase 3 trials was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial in 826 post-menopausal women.[12] The trial patients were required to have one or more symptom of vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) that was moderate or severe in nature with fewer than 5% of cells that were superficial when examined by a vaginal smear and a vaginal pH of at least 5.0.[12] This trial did not quantify relief of dyspareunia as a study outcome measure. The other phase 3 trial was conducted in 605 women aged 40 to 80, who were diagnosed with VVA, and whose worst symptom was dyspareunia.[13]

In the first half of the 2013 fiscal year, Osphena® generated 0.1 B yen in revenue, which is probably roughly equivalent to $974,944 U.S. dollars.[14] When Osphena® was put onto the market, it was predicted to earn $495 million in 2017.[15]