Estropipate

Estropipate, also known as piperazine estrone sulfate and sold under the brand names Harmogen, Improvera, Ogen, Ortho-Est, and Sulestrex among others, is an estrogen medication which is used mainly in menopausal hormone therapy in the treatment of menopausal symptoms.[1][2][3][4] It is a salt of estrone sulfate and piperazine, and is transformed into estrone and estradiol in the body.[2][3] It is taken by mouth.[1]

Estropipate
Clinical data
Trade namesHarmogen, Improvera, Ogen, Ortho-Est, Sulestrex, others
Other namesPiperazine estrone sulfate; Estrone sulfate piperazine salt; Pipestrone
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
Routes of
administration		By mouth
Drug classEstrogen; Estrogen ester
ATC code
  • None
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.027.906
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H32N2O5S
Molar mass436.57 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Medical uses

Estropipate is used to:[1]

Estrogen dosages for menopausal hormone therapy
Route/formEstrogenLowStandardHigh
OralEstradiol0.5–1 mg/day1–2 mg/day2–4 mg/day
Estradiol valerate0.5–1 mg/day1–2 mg/day2–4 mg/day
Estradiol acetate0.45–0.9 mg/day0.9–1.8 mg/day1.8–3.6 mg/day
Conjugated estrogens0.3–0.45 mg/day0.625 mg/day0.9–1.25 mg/day
Esterified estrogens0.3–0.45 mg/day0.625 mg/day0.9–1.25 mg/day
Estropipate0.75 mg/day1.5 mg/day3 mg/day
Estriol1–2 mg/day2–4 mg/day4–8 mg/day
Ethinylestradiola2.5 μg/day5–15 μg/day–
Nasal sprayEstradiol150 μg/day300 μg/day600 μg/day
Transdermal patchEstradiol25 μg/dayb50 μg/dayb100 μg/dayb
Transdermal gelEstradiol0.5 mg/day1–1.5 mg/day2–3 mg/day
VaginalEstradiol25 μg/day––
Estriol30 μg/day0.5 mg 2x/week0.5 mg/day
IM or SC injectionEstradiol valerate––4 mg 1x/4 weeks
Estradiol cypionate1 mg 1x/3–4 weeks3 mg 1x/3–4 weeks5 mg 1x/3–4 weeks
Estradiol benzoate0.5 mg 1x/week1 mg 1x/week1.5 mg 1x/week
SC implantEstradiol25 mg 1x/6 months50 mg 1x/6 months100 mg 1x/6 months
Footnotes: a = No longer used or recommended, due to health concerns. b = As a single patch applied once or twice per week (worn for 3–4 days or 7 days), depending on the formulation. Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template.

Available forms

Estropipate is available in the form of 0.75, 1.5, 3, and 6 mg oral tablets.[5]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics
See also: Pharmacodynamics of estradiol

Estropipate is a prodrug of estrone and estradiol. Hence, it is an estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogen receptors.

Relative oral potencies of estrogens
EstrogenHFVEUCaFSHLHHDL-CSHBGCBGAGTLiver
Estradiol1.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.01.0
Estrone???0.30.3?????
Estriol0.30.30.10.30.30.2???0.67
Estrone sulfate?0.90.90.8–0.90.90.50.90.5–0.71.4–1.50.56–1.7
Conjugated estrogens1.21.52.01.1–1.31.01.53.0–3.21.3–1.55.01.3–4.5
Equilin sulfate??1.0??6.07.56.07.5?
Ethinylestradiol12015040060–150100400500–600500–6003502.9–5.0
Diethylstilbestrol???2.9–3.4??26–2825–37205.7–7.5
Sources and footnotes
Notes: Values are ratios, with estradiol as standard (i.e., 1.0). Abbreviations: HF = Clinical relief of hot flashes. VE = Increased proliferation of vaginal epithelium. UCa = Decrease in UCa. FSH = Suppression of FSH levels. LH = Suppression of LH levels. HDL-C, SHBG, CBG, and AGT = Increase in the serum levels of these liver proteins. Liver = Ratio of liver estrogenic effects to general/systemic estrogenic effects (hot flashes/gonadotropins). Sources: See template.

Pharmacokinetics
See also: Pharmacokinetics of estradiol

Estropipate is hydrolyzed into estrone in the body.[6] Estrone can then be transformed into estradiol by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.

Chemistry
See also: Estrogen ester and List of estrogen esters

History

Estropipate was introduced for medical use by Abbott in 1968.[7] It was approved by the FDA in the United States in 1991.[8]

Society and culture

Generic names

Estropipate is the generic name of the drug and its INN, USAN, and BAN.[2][3][9][6][10]

Brand names

Estropipate is or has been marketed under the brand names Genoral, Harmogen, Improvera, Ogen, Ortho-Est, and Sulestrex among others.[10][2][9][6]

Availability

Estropipate appears to remain available only in the United States.[10] In the past, estropipate has also been marketed in Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Switzerland, Australia, South Africa, Mexico, and Indonesia.[10][9][6]

References
  1. "Ogen, estropipate tablets, USP" (PDF). Pharmacia & Upjohn Co. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. December 2004.
  2. Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 900–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
  3. Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 114–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.
  4. William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia (3rd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 1484–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
  5. DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey ML (23 January 2017). Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, Tenth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education. p. 1295. ISBN 978-1-259-58749-8.
  6. Sweetman SC, ed. (2009). "Sex hormones and their modulators". Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (36th ed.). London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 2101. ISBN 978-0-85369-840-1.
  7. Budoff PW (1 August 1983). No more hot flashes, and other good news. Putnam. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-399-12793-9.
  8. P & T. CORE Medical Journals. July 1993.
  9. Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. 2000. pp. 408–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
  10. "Estropipate". Drugs.com.
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