List of state leaders in the 16th century

Angola

• Kingdom of Kongo (complete list) –

Kilukeni dynasty

• João I, Manikongo (1470–1509)
• Afonso I, Manikongo (1509–c.1542)
• Pedro I, Manikongo (c.1543–1545)
• Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi, Manikongo (1545–1561)
• Afonso II, Manikongo (1561)
• Bernardo I, Manikongo (1561–1567)
• Henrique I, Manikongo (1567–1568)

Kwilu dynasty

• Álvaro I, Manikongo (1568–1587)
• Álvaro II, Manikongo (1587–1614)

• Kingdom of Matamba (complete list) –

• Kambolo Matamba, King (fl.1590s)

• Portuguese Angola (complete list) –

Colony, 1575–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

• Bafut (complete list) –

• Feurlu, King (1516–1552)
• Nebasi Suh, King (1552–1570)
• Ambebi Ferh, King (1570–1635)

• Kingdom of Bamum (complete list) –

• Mengap, Mfon (1498–1519)
• Ngouh I, Mfon (1519–1544)
• Fifen, Mfon (1544–1568)
• Ngouh II, Mfon (1568–1590)
• Ngapna, Mfon (1590–1629)

Chad

• Sultanate of Bagirmi (complete list) –

• Birni Besse, Mbangi (1522–1536)
• Lubatko, Mbangi (1536–1548)
• Malo, Mbangi (1548–1568)
• ‘Abdallah, Mbangi (1568–1608)

Congo: Belgian

• Kuba Kingdom (complete list)[1] –

• Lushanjela Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
• Bo Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
• Shamba Bolongongo, Nyim (c.1600)

• Kingdom of Lunda (complete list) –

• Nkonda Matit, Mwaantaangaand (late 16th century)

Congo: French

• Kingdom of Loango (complete list) –

• Moe Poaty I Kamangou, King (16th or 17th century)

São Tomé and Príncipe

• Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe (complete list) –

Colony, 1470–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Great Lakes area

Burundi

• Kingdom of Burundi (complete list) –

• Ntare I Rushatsi Cambarantama, King (c.1530–c.1550)
• Mwezi I Baridamunka, King (c.1550–c.1580)
• Mutaga I Mutabazi, King (c.1580–c.1600)

Rwanda

• Kingdom of Rwanda (complete list) –

• Ndahiro II Cyamatare, Mwami (1477–1510)
• Ruganzu II Ndoli, Mwami (1510–early 16th century)
• Karemera Rwaka, Mwami (16th century)
• Mutara I Nsoro III Semugeshi, Mwami (16th century)
• Kigeli II Nyamuheshera, King (1576–1609)

Uganda

• Buganda (complete list) –

• Kayima, Kabaka (c.1494–c.1524)
• Nakibinge, Kabaka (c.1524–c.1554)
• Mulondo, Kabaka (c.1555–1564)
• Jemba, Kabaka (c.1564–c.1584)
• Suuna I, Kabaka (c.1584–c.1614)

Horn of Africa area

Eritrea

• Medri Bahri –

• Bahr negus Yeshaq, Bahri Negassi (?–1578)

Ethiopia

• Ethiopian Empire: Solomonic dynasty (complete list) –

• Na'od, Emperor (1494–1508)
• Dawit II, Emperor (1508–1540)
• Gelawdewos, Emperor (1540–1559)
• Menas, Emperor (1559–1563)
• Sarsa Dengel, Emperor (1563–1597)
• Yaqob, Emperor (1597–1603, 1604–1606)

• Kingdom of Garo (complete list)[2] –

• Ambiraj, Tato (1567–1600)

• Kingdom of Kaffa (complete list)[3] –

• Sadi, King (1495–1530)
• Madi Gafine/Gafo, King (1530–1565)
• Bong-he, King (1565–1605)

• Ennarea (complete list)[4] –

• Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)
• Sepenihi, Hinnare-tato (mid 16th century)
• La'ashonhi, Hinnare-tato (c.1570–1580)
• Badancho, Hinnare-tato (c.1580–1603)

Somalia

• Adal Sultanate: Walashma dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din, Sultan (1488–1518)
• Maḥamed Abūbakar Maḥfūẓ, usurper Sultan
• Garād Abūn ʿAdādshe, usurper
• Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1525–1526)
• Umar Din, Sultan (1526–1553)
• Ali ibn Umar Din, Sultan (1553–1555)
• Barakat ibn Umar Din, Sultan (1555–1559)

• Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –

• Garaad Ali Dable, King (1491–1503)
• Garaad Liban, King (1503–1525)
• Garaad Yuusuf, King (1525–1555)
• Garaad Mohamud III, King (1555–1585)
• Garaad Abdale, King (1585–1612)

Madagascar

• Merina Kingdom (complete list) –

• Rangita, Queen (1520–1530)
• Rafohy, Queen (1530–1540)
• Andriamanelo, King (1540–1575)
• Ralambo, King (1575–1612)

Ifriqiya

• Hafsid dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad IV, Khalif (1494–1526)
• Muhammad V, Khalif (1526–1543)
• Ahmad III, Khalif (1543–1570)
• Muhammad VI, Khalif (1574–1574)
• Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya, Khalif (1574–1581)
• Alem Nafirr, Khalif (1581)

Egypt

• Abbasid Caliphate, Cairo (complete list) –

• al-Mustamsik, Caliph (1497–1508, 1516–1517)
• al-Mutawakkil III, Caliph (1508–1516, 1517)

• Mamluk Sultanate: Burji dynasty (complete list) –

• Al-Ashraf Janbalat, Sultan (1500–1501)
• Tuman bay I, Sultan (1501)
• Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghuri, Sultan (1501–1516)
• Tuman bay II, Sultan (1516–1517)

Sudan

• Funj Sultanate of Sennar (complete list) –

• Amara Dunqas, Sultan (1503–1533/4)[5][6]
• Nayil, Sultan (1533/4–1550/1)
• Abd al-Qadir I, Sultan (1550/1–1557/8)
• Abu Sakikin, Sultan (1557/8–1568)
• Dakin, Sultan (1568–1585/6)
• Dawra, Sultan (1585/6–1587/8)
• Tayyib, Sultan (1587/8–1591)
• Unsa I, Sultan (1591–1603/4)

Morocco

• Wattasid dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –

• Muhammad ibn Yahya, Sultan (1472–1505)
• Muhammad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1505–1524)
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1524–1545, 1545–1547)
• Muhammad ibn Ahmad, Sultan (1545–1547)
• Ahmad ibn Muhammad, Sultan (1524–1545, 1545–1547)

• Saadi dynasty of Morocco (complete list) –

• Muhammad ash-Sheikh, Sultan (1549–1554, 1554–1557)
• Abdallah al-Ghalib, Sultan (1557–1574)
• Muhammad al-Mutawakkil, Sultan (1574–1576)
• Abd al-Malik I, Sultan (1576–1578)
• Ahmad al-Mansur, Sultan (1578–1603)

Angola

• Kingdom of Ndongo (complete list) –

• Kiluanji Kia Samba, Ngola (c. 1515–1556)

as an independent state

• Ndambi, Ngola (1556–1561)
• Kiluanji kia Ndambi, Ngola (1561–1575)
• Kilombo kia Kasenda, Ngola (1575–1592)
• Mbandi a Ngola, Ngola (1592–1617)

Mozambique

• Portuguese Mozambique (complete list) –

Colony, 1498–1972

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Zimbabwe

• Kingdom of Mutapa (complete list) –

• Chikuyo Chisamarengu, Mwenemutapa (1494–c.1530)
• Neshangwe Munembire, Mwenemutapa (c.1530–c.1550)
• Chivere Nyasoro, Mwenemutapa (c.1550–1560)
• Negomo Chirisamhuru, Mwenemutapa (1560–1589)
• Gatsi Rusere, Mwenemutapa (1589–1623)

Benin

• Abomey (complete list) –

• Do-Aklin, ruler (c.1600)

• Benin Empire (complete list) –

• Ozolua, Oba (1480–1504)[7]
• Esigie, Oba (1504–1547)
• Orhogbua, Oba (1547–1580)
• Ehengbuda, Oba (1580–1602)

Burkina Faso

• Mossi Kingdom of Nungu (complete list) –

• Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)
• Gori, Nunbado (1520–1553)
• Bogora, Nunbado (1553–1571)
• Kampadiboaghi, Nunbado (1571–1615)

Cape Verde

• Portuguese Cape Verde (complete list) –

Colony, 1462–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ghana

• Agona (complete list) –

• Mumunumfi, Agonahene (1588–1620)

Guinea-Bissau

• Kaabu –

• Sama Koli, ruler (1537–?)

• Portuguese Guinea (complete list) –

Colony, 1474–1951

For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Mali

• Mali Empire: Keita dynasty (complete list) –

• Mahmud III, Mansa (1496–1559)
• Mahmud IV, Mansa (1590s–1600s)

• Songhai Empire: Askiya Dynasty (complete list) –

• Askia Mohammad I, King (1493–1529)
• Askia Musa, King (1529–1531)
• Askia Mohammad Benkan, King (1531–1537)
• Askia Isma'il, King (1537–1539)
• Askia Ishaq I, King (1539–1549)
• Askia Daoud, King (1549–1582/83)[8]
• Askia Al-Hajj, King (1582–1586)
• Askiya Muhammed Bani, son of Askiya Dawud, King (1586–1588)
• Askia Ishaq II, King (1588–1592)[9]

Niger

• Dendi Kingdom: Askiya Dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad Gao, Askiya (1592)
• Nuh I, Askiya (c.1592–1599)[10]
• al-Mustafa, Askiya (c.1600)

Nigeria

• Bornu Empire (Kanem–Bornu) (complete list) –

• Idris Katarkamabi, Mai (1487–1509)[11]
• Muhammad V Aminami, Mai (1509–1538)
• Ali II of Bornu, Mai (1538–1539)
• Dunama V Ngumarsmma, Mai (1539–1557)
• Dala, Mai (1557–1564)
• Idris Alooma, Mai (1564–1596)[12]
• Muhammed VI Bukalmarami, Mai (1596–1612)

• Oyo Empire (complete list) –

• Onigbogi, Alaafin (c.1500–?)
• Ofirin, Alaafin (16th century)
• Eguguojo, Alaafin (16th century)
• Orompoto, Alaafin (?–c.1600)

• Sultanate of Kano (complete list) –

• Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)
• Muhammad Kisoki, Sultan (1509–1565)
• Yakubu, Sultan (1565)
• Abu-Bakr Kado, Sultan (1565–1573)
• Muhammad Shashere, Sultan (1573–1582)
• Muhammad Zaki, Sultan (1582–1618)

• Kingdom of Nri (complete list) –

• Eze Nri Anyamata, King (1465–1511)
• Eze Nri Fenenu, King (1512–1582)
• Eze Nri Agụ, King (1583–1676)

Senegal

• Jolof / Wolof Empire (complete list) –

• Bukaar Biye-Sungule, Buur-ba (1492–1527)
• Birayma Dyeme-Kumba, Buur-ba (1527–1543)
• Leele Fuli Fak, Buur-ba (1543–1549)
• al-Buri Penda, Buur-ba (1549–1566)
• Lat-Samba, Buur-ba (1566–1597)
• Gireun Buri Dyelen, Buur-ba (1597–1605)

• Cayor (complete list) –

• Detie Fu Ndiogu, ruler (1549–?)

• Saloum (complete list) –

• Malaw tane Joof, (variation: Maléotane Diouf - French spelling in Senegal), Maad Saloum (1567)[13]

Mexico

• Tenochtitlan of the Aztec Empire (complete list) –

• Ahuitzotl, 8th Hueyi Tlatoani (1486–1502)[14]
• Moctezuma II Xocoyotzin, 9th Hueyi Tlatoani (1502–1520)[14]
• Cuitalahuac II, 10th Hueyi Tlatoani (1520)[14]
• Cuauhtémoc, 11th Hueyi Tlatoani (1520–1521)[14]

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire

• Juan Velázquez Tlacotzin, Cihuacoatl (1525–1526)[15]
• Andrés de Tapia Motelchiuh, Cuauhtlato (1525–1530)[16]
• Pablo Xochiquentzin, Cuauhtlato (1530–1536)[16]
• Diego de Alvarado Huanitzin, Tlatoani (1538–1541)[16]
• Diego de San Francisco Tehuetzquititzin, Tlatoani (1541–1554)[16]

• Tarascan state (complete list) –

• Zuangua, Cazonci (1479–1520)
• Tangáxuan II, Cazonci (1520–1530)

• Tlaxcala (Nahua state) –[17]

• Ocotelolco –

• Maxixcatl, Tlatoani (?–1520)

• Tizatlan –

• Xicotencatl I, Tlatoani (1425–1522)
• Xicotencatl II, Tlacochcalcatl, de facto ruler (?–1521)

• Zapotec civilization –

• Zaachila –

• Cocijoeza, Emperor (1487–1529)[18]

• Tehuantepec –

• Cosijopii I, King (1529–1563)[19]

Colombia

• Muisca Confederation

• Zaque (complete list) –

• Quemuenchatocha, Zaque (1490–1537)
• Aquiminzaque, Zaque (1537–1540)

• Zipa (complete list) –

• Nemequene, Zipa (1490–1514)
• Tisquesusa, Zipa (1514–1537)
• Sagipa, Zipa (1537–1539)

Peru

• Inca Empire (complete list) –[20]

• Huayna Capac, Emperor (1493–1525)
• Huascar, Emperor (1493–1525)
• Huayna Capac, Emperor (1525–1532)
• Atahualpa, Emperor (1532–1533)

• Neo-Inca State (complete list) –

• Manco Inca Yupanqui, Emperor (1535–1544)
• Sayri Túpac, Emperor (1544–1558)
• Titu Cusi, Emperor (1558–1571)
• Túpac Amaru, Emperor (1571–1572)

Kazakhstan

• Moghulistan, (complete list) –

• Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
• Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)
• Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1503–1508), of All Moghulistan (1508–1514), of Eastern Moghulistan (1514–1548)
• Shah, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1543–1560)
• Muhammad ibn Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1570)

• Kazakh Khanate (complete list) –

• Burunduk, Khan (1480–1511)
• Kasym, Khan (1511–1521)
• Mamash, Khan (1521–1523)
• Tahir, Khan (1523–1533)
• Buidash, Khan (1533–1534)
• Qozhamqut, Khan (1534–1535)
• Togym, Khan (1535–1537)
• Khaqnazar, Khan (1538–1580)
• Shygai, Khan (1580–1582)
• Tauekel, Khan (1582–1598)
• Esim, Khan (1598–1628)

• Kara Del

• Šamba, Khan (1492–1493, 1497–1505)
• Beyazıt, Khan (1505–1513)

Russia

• Great Horde (complete list) –

• Shayk Ahmad, Khan (1481–1498, 1499–1502)

• Khanate of Sibir (complete list) –

• Abalak of Sibir, Khan (1496–1501)
• Muhammad Taibuga, Khan (1495–1502)
• Aguish, Khan (1502–1503)
• Kuluk Sultan, Khan (1502–1530)
• Qasim, Khan (1504–1530)
• Yadgar bin Qasim, Khan (1530–1563)
• Kuchum, Khan (1563–1598)

Tajikistan

• Yarkent Khanate, Western Moghulistan (complete list) –

• Said, Khan (1514–1533)
• Abdurashid, Khan (1533–1560)
• Abdul Karim, Khan (1560–1591)
• Muhammad, Khan (1591–1610)

Tibet

• Guge[21]

• sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post-1499)
• Shakya 'od, King (early 16th century)
• Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde, King (fl.1537–1555)
• Ngag gi dBang phyug, King (16th century)
• Nam mkha dBang phyug, King (16th century)
• Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug, King (late 16th century)
• Khri Grags pa'i dBang phyug, King (c.1600)

• Phagmodrupa dynasty[22] (complete list) –

• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1499–1554)
• Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1554–1556/1557)
• Ngawang Tashi Drakpa, Monarch (1556/57–1564)
• Ngawang Drakpa Gyaltsen, Monarch (1576–1603/1604)

• Rinpungpa[23] (complete list) –

• Donyo Dorje, Monarch (c.1479–1512)
• Ngawang Namgyal, Monarch (1512–1544)
• Dondup Tseten Dorje, Monarch (1544–?)
• Ngawang Jigme Drakpa, Monarch (?–1565)

• Tsangpa[24] (complete list) –

• Karma Tseten, Monarch (1565–1599)
• Khunpang Lhawang Dorje, Monarch (c.1582–1605/1606)
• Karma Thutob Namgyal, Monarch (c.1586–1610)
• Karma Tensung, Monarch (1599–1611)

Uzbekistan

The battle between Shah Ismail I and Muhammad Shaybani in 1510.

• Muhammad Shayabani, Khan (1500–1510)
• Kochkunju Muhammad bin Abul-Khayr, Khan (1512–1531)
• Abu Sa'id bin Kochkunju, Khan (1531–1534)
• Ubaydullah, Khan (1534–1539)
• Abdullah I, Khan (1539–1540)
• Abdal-Latif bin Kochkunju, Khan (1540–1552)
• Nawruz Ahmed, Khan (1552–1556)
• Pir Muhammad I, Khan (1556–1561)
• Iskander bin Jani Beg, Khan (1561–1583)
• Abdullah II, Khan (1583–1598)
• Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah, Khan (1598)
• Pir Muhammad, Khan (1598–1599)
• Baqi Muhammad, Khan (1599–1605)

• Khanate of Khiva (complete list) –

• Ilbars I, Khan (1511–1518)
• Sultan Haji, Khan (1518–1519)
• Hasan Quli, Khan (1519–1524)
• Sufyan, Khan (1529–1535)
• Bujugha, Khan (1524–1529)
• Avnik, Khan (1535–1538)
• Qal, Khan (1539–1549)
• Aqatay, Khan (1549–1557)
• Dust Muhammad, Khan (1557–1558)
• Haji Muhammad I, Khan (1558–1602)

China: Ming dynasty

• Ming dynasty (complete list) –

• Hongzhi, Emperor (1487–1505)
• Zhengde, Emperor (1505–1521)
• Jiajing, Emperor (1521–1567)
• Longqing, Emperor (1567–1572)
• Wanli, Emperor (1572–1620)

Japan

• Ashikaga shogunate of Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Go-Kashiwabara, Emperor (1500–1526)
• Go-Nara, Emperor (1526–1557)
• Ōgimachi, Emperor (1557–1586)

• Shōguns –

• Yoshizumi, Shōgun (1493–1508)
• Yoshitane, Shōgun (1508–1521)
• Yoshiharu, Shōgun (1521–1545)
• Yoshiteru, Shōgun (1545–1565)
• Yosihide, Shōgun (1564–1568)
• Yoshiaki, Shōgun (1568–1573)

• Azuchi–Momoyama period Japan

• Emperors (complete list) –

• Ōgimachi, Emperor (1557–1586)
• Go-Yōzei, Emperor (1586–1611)

• Ryukyu Kingdom: Second Shō Dynasty –

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644

• Shō Shin, King (1477–1526)
• Shō Sei, King (1526–1555)
• Shō Gen, King (1556–1572)
• Shō Ei, King (1573–1588)
• Shō Nei, King (1589–1620)

Korea

• Joseon (complete list) –

• Yeonsangun, King (1494–1506)
• Jungjong, King (1506–1544)
• Injong, King (1544–1545)
• Myeongjong, King (1545–1567)
• Seonjo, King (1567–1608)

Mongolia

• Northern Yuan dynasty (complete list) –

• Dayan, Khan (1478–1516)
• Bars Bolud Jinong, Khan (1516–1519)
• Bodi Alagh, Khan (1519–1547)
• Daraisung Guden, Khan (1547–1557)
• Tümen Jasagtu, Khan (1557–1592)
• Buyan Sechen, Khan (1592–1603)

Brunei

• Bruneian Empire (complete list) –

• Bolkiah, Sultan (1485–1524)
• Abdul Kahar, Sultan (1524–1530)
• Saiful Rijal, Sultan (1533–1581)
• Shah Berunai, Sultan (1581–1582)
• Muhammad Hassan, Sultan (1582–1598)
• Abdul Jalilul Akbar, Sultan (1598–1659)

Cambodia

• Kingdom of Cambodia: Middle Period (complete list) –

• Thommo Reachea I, King (1476–1504)
• Srey Sukonthor, King (1504–1512)
• Sdach Korn, King (1512–1521)
• Ang Chan I, King (1516–1566)
• Barom Reachea I, King (1566–1576)
• Chey Chettha I, King (1576–1594)
• Preah Ram I, King (1594–1596)
• Preah Ram II, King (1596–1597)
• Barom Reachea II, King (1597–1599)
• Barom Reachea III, King (1599–1600)
• Ponhea Nhom, King (1600–1603)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java

• Sunda Kingdom (complete list) –

• Sri Baduga, Maharaja (1482–1521)
• Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa, Maharaja (1521–1535)
• Ratu Dewata, Maharaja (1535–1543)
• Ratu Sakti, Maharaja (1543–1551)
• Nilakendra, Maharaja (1551–1567)
• Raja Mulya, Maharaja (1567–1579)

• Majapahit: Rajasa dynasty (complete list) –

• Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)

• Tuban –

• Raden Arya Wilatikta, King (fl.1513)
• Kyai Arya Ngrasena, King (early 16th century)
• Kyai Arya Gegelang, King (early 16th century)
• Kyai Arya Batubang, King (mid 16th century)
• Pangeran Arya Balewot, King (mid 16th century)
• Pangeran Sekar Tanjung, King (late 16th century)
• Pangeran Ngangsar, King (late 16th century)
• Pangeran Arya Pamalad, King (fl.1587)
• Arya Salempe, King (16th/17th century)

• Demak Sultanate (complete list) –

• Raden Patah, Sultan (1475–1518)
• Pati Unus, Sultan (1518–1521)
• Trenggana, Sultan (1521–1546)
• Sunan Mukmin, Sultan (1546–1549)
• Arya Penangsang, Sultan (1549–1554)

• Giri –

• Sunan Giri, Sultan (1485–1506)
• Sunan Dalem, Sultan (1506–1545/46)
• Sunan Seda Margi, Sultan (1545/46–1548)
• Sunan Prapen, Sultan (1548–1605)

• Kingdom of Pajang (complete list) –

• Joko Tingkir, Sultan (c.1568–1586)

• Kalinyamat Sultanate –

• Hadlirin, Sultan (1527–1549)
• Ratu Kalinyamat, Queen (1549–1579)
• Pangeran Arya Jepara, Raja (1579–1599)

• Duchy of Surabaya (complete list) –

• Kyai Sinuhun Ngampeldenta, Adipati (fl.c.1500)[25]
• Pecat Tanda Terung, Adipati (fl.c.1513)
• Pangeran Tundungmusuh, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Lena, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Jebuk, Adipati (16th century)
• Pangeran Wanakrama, Adipati (late 16th century)
• Panembahan Rama, Adipati (16th/17th century)
• Pangeran Surabaya, Adipati (16th/17th century)

• Blambangan Kingdom (complete list) –

• Bima Koncar/Minak Sumedhe, King (15th/16th century)[26]
• Menak Pentor, King (fl.1513)
• Santaguna, King (fl.c.1575)
• N.N., King (fl.1588)
• N.N., King (?–1597)

• Pasuruan –

• Menak Sepetak, King (fl.1513)[27]
• Adipati Dengkol, King (16th century)

• Banten Sultanate (complete list) –

• Maulana Hasanuddin (c.1552–1570)[28]
• Maulana Yusuf, Sultan (c.1570–1580)
• Maulana Muhammad, Sultan (c.1580–1596)
• Pangeran Ratu, Sultan (1596–1651)

• Sultanate of Cirebon (complete list) –

• Sunan Gunungjati, Sultan (1479–1568)
• Fatahillah, General (1568–1570)
• Panembahan Ratu, Sultan (c.1570–1649)

• Bangkalan –

• Ki Pragalba, Sultan (?–1531)[29]
• Raden Pratanu, Sultan (1531–1592/96)
• Raden Kara, Sultan (1592/6–1621)

• Sumenep –

• Raden Tumenggung Kanduruwan, Sultan (?–1579)[30]
• Pangeran Ellor I, Sultan (c.1579–?)
• Pangeran Wetan, Sultan (c.1600)

• Mataram Sultanate (complete list) –

• Senopati, Sultan (1587–1601)

Indonesia: Sumatra

• Samudera Pasai Sultanate (complete list) –

• Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)
• Muhammad Syah III, Sultan (1506–1507)
• Abdullah, Sultan (1507–1509)
• Ahmad V, Sultan (1509–1514)
• Zainal Abidin IV, Sultan (1514–1517)

• Aceh Sultanate (complete list) –

• Ali Mughayat Syah, Sultan (c.1514–1530)
• Salahuddin, Sultan (1530–c.1537/39)
• Alauddin al-Kahar, Sultan (c.1537/39–1571)
• Ali Ri'ayat Syah I, Sultan (1571–1579)
• Muda, Sultan (1579)
• Sri Alam, Sultan (1579)
• Zainul Abidin, Sultan (1579)
• Alauddin Mansur Syah, Sultan (1579–1585/86)
• Buyung, Sultan (1585/86–1589)
• Alauddin Ri'ayat Syah Sayyid al-Mukammal, Sultan (1589–1604)

• Sultanate of Langkat –

• Panglima Dewa Shahdan, Raja (1568–1580)
• Panglima Dewa Sakti, Raja (1580–1612)

• Riau-Lingga Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah II, Sultan (1528–1564)
• Muzaffar Shah II, Sultan (1564–1570)
• Abdul Jalil Shah I, Sultan (1570–1571)
• Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II, Sultan (1571–1597)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)

• Sultanate of Banjar (complete list) –

• Suriansyah, Sultan (1520–1546)
• Rahmatullah, Sultan (1546–1570)
• Hidayatullah I, Sultan (1570–1595)
• Mustain Billah, Sultan (1595–1638)

• Sultanate of Bulungan –

• Datuk Mencang (Seorang bangsawan dari Brunei), beristrikan Asung Luwan, ruler (1555–1594)
• Singa Laut, Menantu dari Datuk Mencang, ruler (1594–1618)

• Negara Daha –

• Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)
• Tumenggung, Maharaja (?–1526)

• Sultanate of Sambas (complete list) –

• Timbang Paseban, Governor, Sultan (1600–1609)

• Sultanate of Sintang –

• Abang Samat Semah, Prince (?)
• Abang Ismail Zubair Mail Jubairi Irawan II, Prince (?)
• Abang Suruh, Prince of Sintang, son of Abang Ismail Zubair Mail Jubairi Irawan II, Prince (?)
• Abang Tembilang Ari, Prince (?)
• Abang Pencin Pontin, Prince (c.1600–1643)

Indonesia: Sulawesi

• Sultanate of Gowa –

• Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)
• Pakere Tau Tunijallo ri Passukki, King (c.1510)
• Tumapa'risi', King (c.1510–1546)
• Lakiung, King (1546–1565)
• Marompa, King (1565)
• Bontolangkasa, King (late 16th century)
• Tuni Pasulu, King (c.1593)
• Alau'ddin, Sultan (1593–1639)

• Luwu –

• Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)
• Dewaraja, Datu (1507–1541)
• Tosangkawana, Datu (1541–1556)
• Maoge, Datu (1556–1571)
• E Tenri Rawe’, Datu (1571–1587)
• Andi Pattiware’ Daeng Parabung, Datu (1587–1615)

Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands

• Bali Kingdom: Gelgel (complete list) –

• Dalem Ketut, King (c.1520)
• Dalem Baturenggong, King (mid 16th century)
• Dalem Bekung, King (fl.1558–1578/1630s)
• Dalem Seganing, King (c.1580–1623 or ?–1650)

Indonesia: Maluku Islands

• Sultanate of Bacan (complete list) –

• Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[31]
• Zainal Abidin, Sultan (pre-1512–c.1557)
• Bayansirullah/ Dom João, Sultan (c.1557–1578/79)
• Dom Henrique, Sultan (1578/79–1581)
• Alauddin I, Sultan (1581–c.1609)

• Sultanate of Jailolo –

• Kaicil Yusuf, Sultan (fl.1514–1521)[32]
• Kaicil Firuz Alauddin, Sultan (c.1532–1536)
• Katarabumi, Sultan (1536–1552)
• Kaicili Guzarate, Sultan (1552–?)

• Sultanate of Tidore (complete list) –

• Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)[33]
• Al-Mansur I, Sultan (before 1512–1526)
• Amiruddin Iskandar Dul-Karna’in, Sultan (1526–c.1560)
• Kie Mansur, Sultan (c.1560–?)
• Kaicili Bungua, Sultan (fl.1570)
• Gaua, Iskandar Sani, Sultan (pre-1582)
• Gapi Baguna, Sultan (pre-1582–1599)
• Mole Majimu, Sultan (1599–1627)

• Sultanate of Ternate (complete list) –

• Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)
• Hidayatullah, Sultan (1522–1529)
• Abu Hayat, Sultan (1529–1533)
• Tabariji, Sultan (1533–1534)
• Khairun Jamil, Sultan (1535–1570)
• Babullah Datu Shah, Sultan (1570–1583)
• Said Barakat Shah, Sultan (1583–1606)

Laos

• Lan Xang (complete list) –

• Somphou, King (1496–1501)
• Visoun, King (1500–1520)
• Photisarath I, King (1520–1548)
• Setthathirath, King (1548–1571)
• Sen Soulintha, King (1571–1575)
• Voravongsa I, King (1575–1579)
• Sen Soulintha, King (1511–1580)
• Nakhon Noi, King (1582–1583)
• Nokeo Koumane, King (1591–1598)
• Voravongsa II, King (1598–1622)

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia

• Kedah Sultanate (complete list) –

• Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin Mu'adzam Shah I, Sultan (1473–1506)
• Mahmud Shah II, Sultan (1506–1547)
• Mudzaffar Shah III, Sultan (1547–1602)

• Kelantan Sultanate (complete list) –

Jambi dynasty

• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)
• Gombak, Sultan (1522–1526)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1526–1547)
• Mansur Shah, Sultan (1547–1561)
• Ibrahim, Sultan (1561–1565, 1570–1579)
• Umar bin Raja Ahmad, Raja (1565–1570)

Champa dynasty

• Addil ud-din, Sultan (1579–1597, 1602–1605)
• Muhammad ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan (1597–1602)

• Malacca Sultanate

• Sultans –

• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1488–1511, 1513–1528)
• Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1511–1513)

• Bendaharas –

• Tun Perpatih Putih, Bendahara (1498–1500)
• Tun Mutahir of Malacca, Bendahara (1500–1510)
• Paduka Tuan, Bendahara (1510–1511)

• Pahang Sultanate (complete list) –

• Abdul Jamil Shah, Sultan (1495–1512)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1495–1519)
• Mahmud Shah, Sultan (1519–1530)
• Muzaffar Shah, Sultan (1530–1540)
• Zainal Abidin Shah, Sultan (1540–1555)
• Mansur Shah II, Sultan (1555–1560)
• Abdul Jamal Shah, Sultan (1560–1575)
• Abdul Kadir Alauddin Shah, Sultan (1575–1590)
• Ahmad Shah II, Sultan (1590–1592)
• Abdul Ghafur Muhiuddin Shah, Sultan (1592–1614)

• Johor Sultanate (complete list) –

• Alauddin Riayat Shah II, Sultan (1528–1564)
• Muzaffar Shah II, Sultan (1564–1570)
• Abdul Jalil Shah I, Sultan (1570–1571)
• Ali Jalla Abdul Jalil Shah II, Sultan (1571–1597)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah III, Sultan (1597–1615)

• Perak Sultanate: Malacca dynasty (complete list) –

• Muzaffar Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1528–1549)
• Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1549–1577)
• Ahmad Tajuddin Shah, Sultan (1577–1584)
• Tajul Ariffin Shah, Sultan (1584–1594)
• Alauddin Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1594–1603)

Malaysian Borneo

• Sultanate of Sarawak –

• Tengah, Sultan (1599–1641)

Myanmar / Burma

• Kingdom of Ava (complete list) –

• Minkhaung II, King (1480–1501)
• Thihathura II, Co-King (1485–1501)
• Shwenankyawshin, King (1501–1527)
• Thohanbwa, King (1527–1542)
• Hkonmaing, King (1542–1545)
• Mobye Narapati, King (1545–1551)
• Sithu Kyawhtin, King (1551–1555)

• Hanthawaddy Kingdom (complete list) –

• Binnya Ran II, King (c.1492–1526)
• Takayutpi, King (1526–1539)
• Smim Sawhtut, King (1550)
• Smim Htaw, King (1550–1552)

• Kengtung (complete list) –

• Ai Lao (艾劳), Saopha (1474–1501)
• Sao Naojiang, Saopha (1501–1503)

• Mongyang State –

• Sawlon, Saopha (1500s–1533)

• Kingdom of Mrauk U (complete list) –

• Salingathu, King (1494–1502)
• Raza, King (1502–1513)
• Gazapati, King (1513–1515)
• Saw O, King (1515–1515)
• Thazata, King (1515–1521)
• Minkhaung, King (1521–1531)
• Min Bin, King (1531–1554)
• Dikkha, King (1554–1556)
• Saw Hla, King (1556–1564)
• Sekkya, King (1564–1572)
• Hpalaung, King (1572–1593)
• Razagri, King (1593–1612)

• Prome Kingdom (complete list) –

• Bayin Htwe, King (1526–1532)
• Narapati, King (1532–1539)
• Minkhaung, King (1539–1542)

• First Toungoo Empire: Toungoo dynasty (complete list) –

• Mingyi Nyo, King (1510–1530)
• Tabinshwehti, King (1530–1550)
• Bayinnaung, King (1550–1581)
• Nanda Bayin, King (1581–1599)

• Toungoo dynasty, Nyaungyan Restoration (complete list) –

• Nyaungyan Min, King (1599–1605)

Philippines

• Tondo (complete list) –

• Dayang Kalangitan, Queen (1450–c.1515)
• Sulaiman, Rajah (early 1500s)
• Ysmeria,[34] Princess (early 1500s)
• Matanda, Rajah (c.1521–1572)
• Lakandula, Lakan (c.1558–1571)
• Sulayman, Rajah (1571–1575)
• Magat Salamat, Datu (1575–1589)

• Rajahnate of Butuan (complete list) –

• Siagu, Rajah (?–1521)

• Namayan (complete list) –

• Tagkan, Lakan (15th/16th century)
• Palaba, ruler (mid 16th century)
• Laboy, ruler (mid 16th century)
• Kalamayin, Rajah (1570s)

• Dailisan, Datu (c.1563)

• Madja-as (complete list) –

• Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)
• Kabnayag, Datu (?–1565)
• Lubay, Datu (16th century)

• Rajahnate of Maynila (complete list) –

• Salalila, Rajah (pre-1521)
• unnamed, Queen (c.1521)
• Matanda, Rajah (pre-1521–1572)
• Sulayman, Rajah (c.1571)

• Rajahnate of Cebu –

• Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)
• Humabon, Rajah (c.1521)
• Tupas, Rajah (?–1565)

• Sultanate of Sulu (complete list) –

• Kamal ud-Din, Sultan (1480–1505)
• Ala ud-Din, Sultan (?)
• Amir ul-Umara, Sultan (1505–1527)
• Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in, Sultan (1527–1548)
• Nasir ud-Din I, Sultan (1548–1568)
• Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan (1568–1596)
• Batarah Shah Tengah, Sultan (1596–1608)

• Sultanate of Maguindanao (complete list) –

• Sharif Kabungsuwan, Sultan (1520–1543)
• Maka-alang Saripada, Sultan (1543–?)
• Datu Bangkaya, Sultan (?–1578)
• Dimasangcay Adel, Sultan (1578–1585)
• Gugu Sarikula, Sultan (1585–1597)
• Kapitan Laut Buisan, Sultan (1597–1619)

• Spanish East Indies, part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines (complete list) –

Colony, 1565–1901

For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Thailand

• Ayutthaya Kingdom (complete list) –

Suphannaphum dynasty

• Ramathibodi II, King (1491–1529)
• Borommarachathirat IV, King (1529–1533)
• Ratsadathirat, King (1533/34)
• Chairachathirat, King (1534–1546)
• Yotfa, King (1546–1548)
• Worawongsathirat, King (1548)
• Maha Chakkraphat, King (1548–1564, 1568–1564)
• Mahinthrathirat, Vassal King (1564–1568), King (1569)

Sukhothai dynasty

• Mahathammarachathirat, King of Sukhothai (1548–1569), King of Ayutthaya (1569–1590)
• Naresuan, King of Sukhothai (1570–1590), King of Ayutthaya (1590–1605)

• Lan Na (complete list) –

Mangrai dynasty

• Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)
• Ket or Muangketklao, King (1525–1538, 1543–1545)
• Saikham, King (1538–1543)
• Chiraprapha, Queen (1545–1546)
• Setthathirat, King (1546–1547)
• Mekuti, King (1551–1558)

Burmese rule

• Mekuti, independent King (1551–1558), King (1558–1564)
• Wisutthithewi, King (1565–1578)
• Nawrahta Minsaw, King (1579–1607/08)

• Pattani Kingdom: Inland Dynasty (complete list) –

• Intera / Phaya Tu Nakpa / Sultan Ismail Shah, Raja (?–c.1530)
• Mudhaffar Shah, Sultan (c.1530–1564)
• Manzur Shah, Sultan (1564–1572)
• Patik Siam, Sultan (1572–1573)
• Bahdur, Sultan (1573–1584)
• Ratu Hijau, Queen (1584–1616)

Vietnam

• Đại Việt: Later Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Hiến Tông, Emperor (1497–1504)
• Lê Túc Tông, Emperor (1504–1504)
• Lê Uy Mục, Emperor (1505–1509)
• Lê Tương Dực, Emperor (1510–1516)
• Lê Quang Trị, Emperor (1516–1516)
• Lê Chiêu Tông, Emperor (1516–1522)
• Lê Bảng, Emperor (1518–1519)
• Lê Do, Emperor (1519–1519)
• Lê Cung Hoàng, Emperor (1522–1527)

• Đại Việt: Mạc dynasty (complete list) –

• Mạc Thái Tổ, Emperor (1527–1529)
• Mạc Thái Tông, Emperor (1530–1540)
• Mạc Hiến Tông, Emperor (1541–1546)
• Mạc Chính Trung, Emperor (1546–1547)
• Mạc Tuyên Tông, Emperor (1546–1561)
• Mạc Mậu Hợp, Emperor (1562–1592)
• Mạc Toàn, Emperor (1592)
• Mạc Kính Chỉ, Emperor (1592–1593)
• Mạc Kính Cung, Emperor (1593–1625)

• Đại Việt: Revival Lê dynasty (complete list) –

• Lê Trang Tông, Emperor (1533–1548)
• Lê Trung Tông, Emperor (1548–1556)
• Lê Anh Tông, Emperor (1556–1573)
• Lê Thế Tông, Emperor (1573–1599)
• Lê Kính Tông, Emperor (1600–1619)

• Nguyễn lords (complete list) –

• Nguyễn Hoàng, Lord (1558–1613)

• Trịnh lords (complete list) –

• Trịnh Kiểm, Lord (1545–1570)
• Trịnh Tùng, Lord (1570–1623)

See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century south Asia

Iran

• Safavid Iran (complete list) –

• Ismail I, Shah (1501–1524)
• Tahmasp I, Shah (1524–1576)
• Ismail II, Shah (1576–1577)
• Mohammad Khodabanda, Shah (1577–1587)
• Abbas I, Shah (1587–1629)

Oman

• Nabhani dynasty (complete list) –

• Muhammad bin Ismail, Malik (1500–1529)
• Barakat bin Muhammad, Malik (1529–1560)
• Abdulla bin Muhammad, Malik (1560–1624)

Turkey

• Ottoman Empire

• Sultans –

• Bayezid II, Sultan (1481–1512)
• Selim I, Sultan (1512–1520)
• Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan (1520–1566)
• Selim II, Sultan (1566–1574)
• Murad III, Sultan (1574–1595)
• Mehmed III, Sultan (1595–1603)

• Grand Viziers –

• Yakub Pasha, Grand Vizier (1499–1501)
• Mesih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1501)
• Hadim Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1501–1503)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1503–1506)
• Hadim Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1509–1511)
• Koca Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1511–1512)
• Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1512–1515)
• Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1515–1516)
• Hadım Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1516–1517)
• Yunus Pasha, Grand Vizier (1517)
• Piri Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1517–1523)
• Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1523–1536)
• Ayas Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1536–1539)
• Lütfi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1539–1541)
• Hadım Suleiman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1541–1544)
• Rüstem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1544–1553)
• Kara Ahmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1553–1555)
• Rüstem Pasha, Grand Vizier (1555–1561)
• Semiz Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier (1561–1565)
• Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1565–1579)
• Şemsi Pasha, Grand Vizier (1579–1580)
• Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha, Grand Vizier (1580)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1580–1582)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1582–1584)
• Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha, Grand Vizier (1584–1585)
• Hadim Mesih Pasha, Grand Vizier (1585–1586)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1586–1589)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1589–1591)
• Serdar Ferhad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1591–1592)
• Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha, Grand Vizier (1592–1593)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1593–1595)
• Serdar Ferhad Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595)
• Lala Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595)
• Koca Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1595–1596)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596)
• Cigalazade Yusuf Sinan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1596–1597)
• Hadım Hasan Pasha, Grand Vizier (1597–1598)
• Cerrah Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier (1598–1599)
• Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier (1599–1601)

Yemen

• Kathiri State of Seiyun –

• Badr ibn 'Abdallah, Sultan (c.1516–c.1565)

• Yemeni Zaidi State (complete list) –

• al-Mansur Muhammad, Imam (1475–1504)
• an-Nasir al-Hasan, Imam (1495–1523)
• al-Mutawakkil Yahya Sharaf ad-Din, Imam (1506–1555)
• al-Mutahhar, Imam (1547–1572)
• an-Nasir al-Hasan bin Ali, Imam (1579–1585)
• al-Mansur al-Qasim, Imam (1597–1620)

• Hospitaller Rhodes: Knights Hospitaller (complete list) –

• Pierre d'Aubusson, Grand Master (1476–1503)
• Emery d'Amboise, Grand Master (1503–1512)
• Guy de Blanchefort, Grand Master (1512–1513)
• Fabrizio del Carretto, Grand Master (1513–1521)

• Duchy of the Archipelago (complete list) –

• Francesco III, Duke (1500–1511)
• Giovanni IV, Duke (1517–1564)
• Giacomo IV, Duke (1564–1566)

• Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (complete list) –

• Vavila, Prince-bishop (1516–1520)
• German II, Prince-bishop (1520–1530)
• Pavle, Prince-bishop (1530–1532)
• Vasilije I, Prince-bishop (1532–1540)
• Nikodim, Prince-bishop (1540)
• Romi, Prince-bishop (1540–1559)
• Makarije, Prince-bishop (1560–1561)
• Ruvim I, Prince-bishop (1561–1569)
• Pahomije II, Prince-bishop (1569–1579)
• Gerasim, Prince-bishop (1575–1582)
• Venijamin, Prince-bishop (1582–1591)
• Nikanor and Stefan, Prince-bishop (1591–1593)
• Ruvim II, Prince-bishop (1593–1636)

England and Ireland

• Kingdom of England and Lordship/ Kingdom of Ireland (complete list) –

• Henry VII, King and Lord (1485–1509)
• Henry VIII, King of England (1509–1547), Lord of Ireland (1509–1541), King of Ireland (1541–1547)
• Edward VI, King (1547–1553)
• Lady Jane Grey, Queen (1553)
• Mary I, Queen (1553–1558)
• Elizabeth I, Queen (1558–1603)

Scotland

• Kingdom of Scotland (complete list) –

• James IV, King (1488–1513)
• James V, King (1513–1542)
• Mary I, Queen (1542–1567)
• James VI, King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625)

Ireland

• Airgíalla (complete list) –

• Rossa mac Maghnusa, King (1497–1513)
• Reamonn mac Glaisne, King (1513–1521)
• Glaisne Óg mac Reamoinn, King (1521–1551?)
• Art Maol mac Reamoinn, King (1551–1560)
• Aodh mac Briain, King (1560–1562)
• Art Ruadh mac Briain, King (1562–1578)
• Sir Rossa Buidhe mac Airt, King (1579–1589)
• Hugh Roe McMahon, King (1589–1590)

• East Breifne (complete list) –

• John, son of Cathal O'Reilly, ruler (1491–1510)
• Hugh, ruler (1514)
• Owen, ruler (1526)
• Farrell, ruler (1526–1536)
• Maelmordha, ruler (1537–1565)
• Hugh Conallagh O'Reilly, ruler (1583)
• John Roe, ruler (1583–1596)
• Philip, ruler (1596–1596)
• Edmond, ruler (1596–1601)

• West Breifne (complete list) –

• Eóghan Ó Ruairc, King (1500–1528)
• Feidhlimidh Ó Ruairc, King (1528–1536)
• Brian ballach mór Ó Ruairc, King (1528–1559, 1560–1562)
• Tadhg Ó Ruairc, King (1559–1560)
• Aodh gallda Ó Ruairc, King (1562–1564)
• Aodh buidhe Ó Ruairc, King (1564–1566)
• Brian O'Rourke, King (1566–1591)
• Brian Oge O'Rourke, King (1591–1600)
• Tadhg Ó Ruairc, Lord (1600–1605)

• Leinster (complete list) –

• Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)
• Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1512–1517)
• Gerald mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1517–1523)
• Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
• Muircheartach mac Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1547)
• Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
• Murchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1557)
• Criomthann mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1557–1582)
• Domhnall Spáinneach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1582–1603)

• Magh Luirg (complete list) –

• Cormac mac Diarmata, King (1499–1528)
• Dermot an Einigh mac Diarmata, King (1528–1533)
• Eoghan mac Diarmata, King (1533–1534)
• Aedh na Ab mac Diarmata, King (1534–1549)
• Ruaidri mac Diarmata, King (1549–1568)
• Turlough mac Diarmata, King (1568–1576)
• Tadhg mac Diarmata, King (1576–1585)

• Síol Anmchadha (complete list) –

• Breasal Ó Madadhan, Lord (c.1479–1526)
• Domhnall Ó Madadhan, Lord (1567–1612)

See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany

• Emperors Elect, Kings –

• Maximilian I, Emperor Elect (1508–1519), King (1486–1519)
• Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1530–1556), King (1519–1556)
• Ferdinand I, Emperor Elect (1558–1564), King (1531–1564)
• Maximilian II, Emperor Elect (1564–1576), King (1562–1576)
• Rudolph II, Emperor Elect (1576–1612), King (1575–1612)

• Reichsvizekanzlers: Vice Chancellors –

• Balthasar Merklin, Vice Chancellor (1527–1531)
• Matthias von Held, Vice Chancellor (1531–1541)
• Johann von Naves, Vice Chancellor (1541–1547)
• Jakob von Jonas, Vice Chancellor (1547–1558)
• Georg Sigmund Seld, Vice Chancellor (1559–1563)
• Johann Ulrich Zasius, Vice Chancellor (1566–1570)
• Siegmund Vieheuser, Vice Chancellor (1577–1587)
• Jacob Kurz von Senftenau, Vice Chancellor (1587–1594)
• Johann Wolfgang Freymann, Vice Chancellor (1594–1597)
• Rudolf Coraduz von und zu Nußdorf, Vice Chancellor (1597–1606)

Hungary

• Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526) (complete list) –

• Vladislaus II, King (1490–1516)
• Louis II, King (1516–1526)

• Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (complete list) –

• John Zápolya, King (1526–1540)
• John Sigismund, King (1540–1570)

• Royal Hungary (complete list) –

• Ferdinand I, King (1526–1564)
• Maximilian, King (1564–1576)

• Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867) (complete list) –

• Rudolph, King (1576–1608)

Poland

• Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

• John I Albert, King (1492–1501)
• Alexander, King (1501–1506), Grand Duke (1492–1506)
• Sigismund I the Old, King (1506–1548), Grand Duke (1506–1548)
• Sigismund II Augustus, King (1530–1572), Grand Duke (1530–1572)

• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Kingdom of Poland (complete list) –

• Sigismund II Augustus, King and Grand Duke (1530–1572)
• Henry of Valois, King and Grand Duke (1573–1575)
• Anna Jagiellon, Queen and Grand Duchess (1575–1586)
• Stephen Báthory, King and Grand Duke (1576–1586)
• Sigismund III Vasa, King and Grand Duke (1587–1632)

• State of the Teutonic Order (complete list) –

• Frederick, Duke of Saxony, Grand Master (1497–1510)
• Albert, Grand Master (1510–1525), Duke (1525–1568)

• Duchy of Prussia (complete list) –

• Albert, Grand Master (1510–1525), Duke (1525–1568)
• Albert Frederick, Duke (1568–1618)

• Crimean Khanate (complete list) –

• Meñli I Giray, Khan (1478–1515)
• Mehmed I Giray, Khan (1515–1523)
• Ğazı I Giray, Khan (1523–1524)
• Saadet I Girai, Khan (1524–1532)
• İslâm I Giray, Khan (1532)
• Sahib I Giray, Khan (1532–1551)
• Devlet I Giray, Khan (1551–1577)
• Mehmed II Giray, Khan (1577–1584)
• Saadet II Giray, Khan (1584)
• İslâm II Giray, Khan (1584–1588)
• Ğazı II Giray, Khan (1588–1596)
• Fetih I Giray, Khan (1596)
• Ğazı II Giray, Khan (1596–1607)

• Khanate of Kazan (complete list) –

• Ghabdellatif, Khan (1496–1502)
• Möxämmädämin, Khan (1484–1485, 1487–1495, 1502–1518)
• Shahghali, Khan (1518–1521, 1546, 1551–1552)
• Sahib I Giray, Khan (1521–1525)
• Safa Giray, Khan (1525–1532, 1535–1546, 1546–1549)
• Canghali, Khan (1532–1535)
• Utameshgaray, Khan (1549–1551)
• Yadegar Mokhammad, Khan (1552)

• Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth: Grand Duchy of Lithuania (complete list) –

• Sigismund II Augustus, King and Grand Duke (1530–1572)
• Henry of Valois, King and Grand Duke (1573–1575)
• Anna Jagiellon, Queen and Grand Duchess (1575–1586)
• Stephen Báthory, King and Grand Duke (1576–1586)
• Sigismund III Vasa, King and Grand Duke (1587–1632)

• Moldavia (complete list) –

• Ștefan III the Great, Voivode (1457–1504)
• Bogdan III The One-Eyed, Voivode (1504–1517)
• Luca Arbore, Regent (1517–1523)
• Ștefan IV the Younger, Voivode (1523–1527)
• Petru V Rareș, Voivode (1527–1538, 1541–1546)
• Ștefan V Lăcustă, Voivode (1538–1540)
• Alexandru III the Evil, Voivode (1540–1541)
• Ilie II Rareș, Voivode (1546–1551)
• Ștefan VI Rareș, Voivode (1551–1552)
• Ioan Joldea, Voivode (1552)
• Alexandru IV Lăpușneanu, Voivode (1552–1561, 1564–1568)
• Ioan II Iacob Heraclid, Voivode (1561–1563)
• Ștefan VII Tomșa, Voivode (1563–1564)
• Ruxandra of Moldavia, Regent (1568–1570)
• Bogdan IV, Voivode (1570–1572)
• Ioan III the Terrible, Voivode (1572–1574)
• Petru VI the Lame, Voivode (1574–1577, 1578–1579, 1582–1591)
• Ioan IV Potcoavă, Voivode (1577)
• Ioan V the Saxon, Voivode (1579–1582)
• Aaron I the Tyrant, Voivode (1591–1592, 1592–1595)
• Alexandru V the Wrongdoer, Voivode (1592)
• Petru VII the Cossack, Voivode (1592)
• Ștefan VIII Răzvan, Voivode (1595)
• Ieremia Movilă, Voivode (1595–1600, 1600–1606)
• Mihail I Viteazul, Voivode (1600)

• Grand Duchy of Moscow (complete list) –

• Ivan III the Great, Grand prince (1462–1505)
• Vasily III, Grand prince (1505–1533)
• Ivan IV the Terrible, Grand prince (1533–1547), Tsar (1547–1584)

• Qasim Khanate (complete list) –

• Satylghan ibn Nur Daulat, Sultan (1491–1506)
• Janai ibn Nur Daulat, Sultan (1506–1512)
• Shaykh Allahyar, Khan (1512–1516)
• Shahghali, Khan (1516–1519)
• Canghali of Kazan, Khan (1519–1531)
• Shahghali, Khan (1535–1567)
• Simeon Bekbulatovich, Khan (1567–1573)
• Mustafa Ali Khan, Khan (1584–1590)
• Eid al-Muhammad, Khan (1600–1610)

• Tsardom of Russia (complete list) –

• Ivan IV the Terrible, Grand prince (1533–1547), Tsar (1547–1584)
• Feodor I, Tsar (1584–1598)
• Boris Godunov, Tsar (1598–1605)

• Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711) (complete list) –

• John Sigismund Zápolya, Prince (1570–1571)[35][36]
• Stephen Báthory, Prince (1576–1586)[37][38][39]
• Sigismund Báthory, Prince (1586–1598, 1598–1599, 1601–1602)[37][40][41]
• Imperial commissioners, (1598)
• Andrew Báthory, Prince (1599)[42][43]
• Michael the Brave of Wallachia, imperial governor (1599–1600)[44][45][46]
• Giorgio Basta, commissioner (1600–1601, 1601–1603)[44][47]

• Principality of Wallachia (complete list) –

• Radu IV the Great, Prince (1495–1508)
• Mihnea I the Bad, Prince (1508–1509)
• Mircea III (IV) Miloș, Prince (1509–1510)
• Vlad V the Younger, Prince (1510–1512)
• Neagoe Basarab V, Prince (1512–1521)
• Milica of Serbia, Regent
• Branković/ Craiovești, Regent (1521–1522)
• Milica Despina, Regent (1521–1522)
• Teodosie of Wallachia, Prince (1521–1522)
• Radu V, Prince (1522–1523, 1524, 1524–1525, 1525–1529)
• Vladislav III, Prince (1523, 1524, 1525)
• Radu VI Bădica, Prince (1523–1524)
• Basarab VI, Prince (1529)
• Moise, Prince (1529–1530)
• Vlad VI the Drowned, Prince (1530–1532)
• Vlad VII Vintilă de la Slatina, Prince (1532–1535)
• Radu VII Paisie, Prince (1535–1545)
• Mircea IV the Shepherd, Prince (1545–1552, 1553–1554, 1558–1559)
• Radu VIII Ilie the Cowherd, Prince (1552–1553)
• Pătrașcu the Good, Prince (1554–1558)
• Chiajna of Moldavia, Regent (1559–1564)
• Petru I the Younger, Prince (1564–1568)
• Alexandru II Mircea, Prince (1568–1574 , 1574–1577)
• Vintilă, Prince (1574)
• Catherine Salvaresso, Regent (1577–1583)
• Petru II of the Earring, Prince (1583–1585)
• Mihnea II the Turk (Mihnea Turcitul), Prince (1585–1591)
• Ștefan I Surdul, Prince (1591–1592)
• Alexandru III cel Rău, Prince (1592–1593)
• Mihail II Viteazul, Prince (1593–1600)
• Nicolae Pătrașcu, Prince (1599–1600)
• Simion Movilă, Prince (1600–1601, 1602)

Kalmar Union

• Kalmar Union of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway (complete list, complete list, complete list) –

• John, King of Denmark (1481–1513), of Norway (1483–1513), of Sweden (1497–1501)
• Sten Sture the Elder, Regent of Sweden (1470–1497, 1501–1503)
• Svante Nilsson, Regent of Sweden (1504–1512)
• Eric Trolle, Regent of Sweden (1512)
• Sten Sture the Younger, Regent of Sweden (1512–1520)
• Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway (1513–1523), of Sweden (1520–1521)

Denmark–Norway

• Denmark–Norway (complete list / complete list) –

• Frederick I, King (1523–1533)
• Olav Engelbrektsson, Regent (1533–1537)
• Christian III, King (1533–1559)
• Frederick II, King (1559–1588)
• Christian IV, King (1588–1648)

Sweden

• History of Sweden (1523–1611) (complete list) –

• Gustav I, King (1523–1560)
• Eric XIV, King (1560–1568)
• John III, King (1568–1592)
• Sigismund, King (1592–1599)
• Charles IX, Regent (1599–1604), King (1604–1611)

States of Italy in 1494.

See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire#Italy

• Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire) (complete list) –

• Charles V, King (1530–1556)

• Republic of Florence (complete list) –

• Piero Soderini, de facto ruler (1502–1512)
• Giovanni (Leo X), Lord (1512–1513)
• Giuliano, Lord (1513–1516)
• Lorenzo II, Lord (1516–1519)
• Giulio (Clement VII), Lord (1519–1523)
• Ippolito, Lord (1523–1527)
• Alessandro the Moor, Lord (1527–1532), Duke (1532–1537)
• Cosimo I, Duke (1537–1569), Grand Duke (1569–1574)

• Margraviate / Duchy of Mantua (complete list) –

• Francis II, Marquess (1484–1519)
• Federico II, Marquess (1519–1530), Duke (1530–1540)
• Francesco III, Duke (1540–1550)
• Guglielmo, Duke (1550–1587)
• Vincenzo, Duke (1587–1612)

• Margraviate/Principality of Massa and Margraviate of Carrara (complete list) –

• Alberico II Malaspina, Marquis (1481–1519)
• Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina, Marquis (1519–1546, 1547–1553)
• Giulio I Cybo-Malaspina, Marquis (1546–1547)
• Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina, Marquis (1554–1623), Prince and Marquis (1558–1623)

• Duchy of Modena, Reggio, and Ferrara (complete list) –

• Ercole I, Duke (1471–1505)
• Alfonso I, Duke (1505–1534)
• Ercole II, Duke (1534–1559)
• Alfonso II, Duke (1559–1597)

• March / Duchy of Montferrat (complete list) –

• William IX, Marquis (1494–1518)
• Anne of Alençon, Regent (1518–1530) for Boniface IV, Marquis (1518–1530)
• John George, Marquis (1530–1533)
• Spanish occupation, 1533–1536.
• Frederick Gonzaga, Marquis (1536–1540)
• Francis I, Marquis (1540–1550)
• Guglielmo Gonzaga, Marquis (1550–1574), Duke (1574–1574)
• Vincent I, Duke (1587–1612)

• Papal States (complete list) –

• Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503)
• Pius III, Pope (1503)
• Julius II, Pope (1503–1513)
• Leo X, Pope (1513–1521)
• Adrian VI, Pope (1522–1523)
• Clement VII, Pope (1523–1534)
• Paul III, Pope (1534–1549)
• Julius III, Pope (1550–1555)
• Marcellus II, Pope (1555)
• Paul IV, Pope (1555–1559)
• Pius IV, Pope (1559–1565)
• Pius V, Pope (1566–1572)
• Gregory XIII, Pope (1572–1585)
• Sixtus V, Pope (1585–1590)
• Urban VII, Pope (1590)
• Gregory XIV, Pope (1590–1591)
• Innocent IX, Pope (1591)
• Clement VIII, Pope (1592–1605)

• Duchy of Parma (complete list) –

• Pier Luigi, Duke (1545–1547)
• Ottavio, Duke (1556–1586)
• Alexander, Duke (1586–1592)
• Ranuccio I, Duke (1592–1622)

• San Marino

• Captains Regent (1500–1700) –

• Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1500–1501)
• Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Captains Regent (1501)
• Cristoforo di Giacomino di Bartolo, Biagio di Bartolo Pasini, Captains Regent (1501–1502)
• Antonio di Girolamo, Gabriele di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1502)
• Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Angelo di Paolo Fabbri, Captains Regent (1502–1503)
• Antonio di Bianco, Bartolo di Antonio, Captains Regent (1503)
• Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Giovanni di Cristoforo di Vita, Captains Regent (1503)
• Francesco di Girolamo, Bonifazio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1503–1504)
• Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Captains Regent (1504)
• Antonio di Girolamo, Francesco di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1504–1505)
• Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Captains Regent (1505)
• Antonio di Bianco, Antonio di Marino Giannini, Captains Regent (1505–1506)
• Andrea di Giorgio Loli, Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1506)
• Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1506–1507)
• Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1507)
• Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Leonardo di Giovanni di Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1507–1508)
• Cristoforo Martelli, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1508)
• Antonio di Girolamo, Francesco di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1508–1509)
• Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Antonio di Benetto, Captains Regent (1509)
• Andrea di Giorgio Loli, Antonio di Marino Giannini, Captains Regent (1509–1510)
• Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Andrea di Marino Speranza, Captains Regent (1510)
• Antonio di Bianco, Barnaba di Matteo da Valle, Captains Regent (1510–1511)
• Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Biagio di Bartolo Pasini, Captains Regent (1511)
• Antonio di Girolamo, Giovanni di Cristoforo Vita, Captains Regent (1511–1512)
• Andrea Giangi, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1512)
• Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1512–1513)
• Cristoforo di Girolamo, Cristoforo Martelli, Captains Regent (1513)
• Antonio di Benetto, Benedetto di Marino Benettini, Captains Regent (1513–1514)
• Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Francesco Giangi, Captains Regent (1514)
• Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1514–1515)
• Carlo di Cristofaro, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1515)
• Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1515–1516)
• Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1516)
• Diotallevo Corbelli, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1516–1517)
• Carlo di Cristofaro, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1517)
• Andrea di Bonifazio, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1517–1518)
• Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1518)
• Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Captains Regent (1518–1519)
• Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Pietro di Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1519)
• Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Francesco di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1519–1520)
• Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1520)
• Andrea di Bonifazio, Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1520–1521)
• Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1521)
• Cristofaro Martelli, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1521–1522)
• Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Captains Regent (1522)
• Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Marino di Antonio, Captains Regent (1522–1523)
• Bartolomeo di Antonio, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1523)
• Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Francesco di Sante di Biagio, Captains Regent (1523–1524)
• Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1524)
• Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Captains Regent (1524–1525)
• Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1525)
• Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1525–1526)
• Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Federigo di Brandano Calcigni, Captains Regent (1526)
• Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1526–1527)
• Andrea Sabbatini, Carlo di Cristofaro, Captains Regent (1527)
• Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1527–1528)
• Melchiorre di Francesco, Diottalevo Corbelli, Giuliano di Marino Righi, Captains Regent (1528)
• Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1528–1529)
• Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Bartolo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1529)
• Lodovico di Pietro Calcigni, Antonio di Pietro Tosini, Captains Regent (1529–1530)
• Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Giacomo di Lodovico Pinti, Captains Regent (1530)
• Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1530–1531)
• Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1531)
• Polinoro di Antonio Lunardini, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1531–1532)
• Carlo di Cristofaro, Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1532)
• Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1532–1533)
• Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1533)
• Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1533–1534)
• Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Giuliano di Marino Righi, Captains Regent (1534)
• Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1534–1535)
• Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Antonio di Pietro Tontini, Captains Regent (1535)
• Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1535–1536)
• Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1536)
• Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1536–1537)
• Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Girolamo di Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1537)
• Giuliano di Marino Righi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1537–1538)
• Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1538)
• Carlo di Cristofaro Gianolini, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1538–1539)
• Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Niccolò di Sante di Biagio, Captains Regent (1539)
• Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1539–1540)
• Gio. Antonio di Francesco Belluzzi, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1540)
• Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Vincenzo di Bartolo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1540–1541)
• Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Stanghelino di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1541)
• Giuliano di Marino Righi, Giacomo di Lodovico Pinti, Captains Regent (1541–1542)
• Polinoro Lunardini, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1542)
• Carlo Gianolini, Marino Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1542–1543)
• Antonio di Pietro Tontini, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1543)
• Girolamo Giannini, Carlo di Francesco Lunardini, Captains Regent (1543–1544)
• Polinoro Lunardini, Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1544)
• Giovanni Antonio Belluzzi, Vincenzo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1544–1545)
• Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Innocenzo Brancuti, Captains Regent (1545)
• Giuliano di Marino Righi, Marino Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1545–1546)
• Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1546)
• Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Bernardino Giannini, Captains Regent (1546–1547)
• Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Stanghelino di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1547)
• Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1547–1548)
• Bartolo Belluzzi, Giovanni Antonio Belluzzi, Sante di Marco Gori, Captains Regent (1548)
• Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1548–1549)
• Giuliano di Marino Righi, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1549)
• Bartolo Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1549–1550)
• Polinoro Lunardini, Biagio di Matteo Tura, Captains Regent (1550)
• Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1550–1551)
• Girolamo Giannini, Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1551)
• Pier Leone Corbelli, Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1551–1552)
• Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1552)
• Antonio di Piero Tontini, Vincenzo di Giovanni di Andrea, Captains Regent (1552–1553)
• Vincenzo Gombertini, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1553)
• Gio. Antonio Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1553–1554)
• Innocenzo Brancuti, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1554)
• Marc'Antonio Gozi, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1554–1555)
• Giuliano di Marino Righi, Gio. Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1555)
• Bartolo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1555–1556)
• Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Captains Regent (1556)
• Antonio Brancuti, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1556–1557)
• Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1557)
• Pier Paolo Bonelli, Vincenzo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1557–1558)
• Girolamo Giannini, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1558)
• Innocenzo Brancuti, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1558–1559)
• Bartolo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1559)
• Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1559–1560)
• Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Vincenzo di Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1560)
• Pier Leone Corbelli, Giovanni Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1560–1561)
• Vincenzo Gombertini, Bernardino Giannini, Captains Regent (1561)
• Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Francesco di Pier Paolo Martelli, Captains Regent (1561–1562)
• Girolamo Giannini, Claudio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1562)
• Pier Paolo Bonelli, Marc'Antonio Gozi, Captains Regent (1562–1563)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1563)
• Ludovico Belluzzi, Marc'Antonio Bonetti, Captains Regent (1563–1564)
• Gio. Andrea Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1564)
• Antonio Brancuti, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1564–1565)
• Vincenzo Gombertini, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1565)
• Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Marino Bonelli, Captains Regent (1565–1566)
• Marc'Antonio Gozi, Giovanni Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1566)
• Girolamo Giannini, Sebastiano di Cristofaro Giangi, Captains Regent (1566–1567)
• Francesco di Pier Paolo Martelli, Marino di Cristofaro Giangi, Captains Regent (1567)
• Giuliano Corbelli, Giovanni Andrea Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1567–1568)
• Pier Paolo Bonelli, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1568)
• Antonio Brancuti, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1568–1569)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1569)
• Ippolito Gombertini, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1569–1570)
• Marc'Antonio Gozi, Marc'Antonio Bonetti, Captains Regent (1570)
• Girolamo Giannini, Ascanio di Giacomo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1570–1571)
• Giovanni Antonio Leonardelli, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1571)
• Pier Paolo Corbelli, Giovanni Paolo di Giuliano, Captains Regent (1571–1572)
• Innocenzo Brancuti, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1572)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Antonio di Angelo Bellini, Captains Regent (1572–1573)
• Antonio Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1573)
• Lodovico Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1573–1574)
• Marc'Antonio Gozi, Gio. Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1574)
• Giambattista Belluzzi, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1574–1575)
• Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1575)
• Girolamo Giannini, Vincenzo di Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1575–1576)
• Pier Paolo Corbelli, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1576)
• Innocenzo Brancuti, Francesco Onofri, Captains Regent (1576–1577)
• Francesco di Paolo di Giuliano, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1577)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1577–1578)
• Ippolito Gombertini, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1578)
• Liberio Gabrielli, Ascanio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1578–1579)
• Girolamo Giannini, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1579)
• Lodovico Belluzzi, Giovanni Calcigni, Captains Regent (1579–1580)
• Pier Paolo Corbelli, Marino Bonelli, Captains Regent (1580)
• Giambattista Belluzzi, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1580–1581)
• Innocenzo Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1581)
• Giuliano Corbelli, Gio. Paolo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1581–1582)
• Ippolito Gombertini, Pier Marino Cionini, Captains Regent (1582)
• Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1582–1583)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Marc'Antonio Gozi, Captains Regent (1583)
• Pier Paolo Corbelli, Francesco Martelli, Captains Regent (1583–1584)
• Federico Sinibaldi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1584)
• Innocenzo Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1584–1585)
• Bonetto Bonetti, Gio. Maria Giangi, Captains Regent (1585)
• Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1585–1586)
• Ascanio Belluzzi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1586)
• Paol'Antonio Onofri, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1586–1587)
• Lodovico Belluzzi, Pier Marino Cionini, Captains Regent (1587)
• Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1587–1588)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1588)
• Marc'Aurelio Brancuti, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1588–1589)
• Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1589)
• Federico Sinibaldi, Marino Pellicieri, Captains Regent (1589–1590)
• Francesco Giannini, Giambattista Fabbri, Captains Regent (1590)
• Orazio Giannini, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1590–1591)
• Lodovico Belluzzi, Ascanio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1591)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Ottaviano Gozi, Captains Regent (1591–1592)
• Pier Marino Cionini, Giuliano Gozi, Camillo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1592)
• Giovanni Paolo Belluzzi, Paol'Antonio Onofri, Captains Regent (1592–1593)
• Giuliano Corbelli, Annibale Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1593)
• Giambattista Belluzzi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1593–1594)
• Liberio Gabrielli, Innocenzo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1594)
• Federico Brandani, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1594–1595)
• Fabrizio Belluzzi, Francesco Maria Corbelli, Captains Regent (1595)
• Pier Marino Cionini, Lattanzio Valli, Captains Regent (1595–1596)
• Orazio Belluzzi, Matteo Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1596)
• Camillo Bonelli, Annibale Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1596–1597)
• Paolo Antonio Onofri, Gio. Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1597)
• Camillo Bonelli, Annibale Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1597–1598)
• Giuliano Gozi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1598)
• Giambattista Belluzzi, Innocenzo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1598–1599)
• Pier Marino Cionini, Giambattista Fabbri, Captains Regent (1599)
• Orazio Belluzzi, Lattanzio Valli, Captains Regent (1599–1600)
• Pier Francesco Bonetti, Belluzzo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1600)
• Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Fabrizio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1600–1601)

• Grand Duchy of Tuscany (complete list) –

• Cosimo I, Duke (1537–1569), Grand Duke (1569–1574)
• Francesco I, Grand Duke (1574–1587)
• Ferdinando I, Grand Duke (1587–1609)

• Republic of Venice (complete list) –

• Agostino Barbarigo, Doge (1486–1501)[48]
• Leonardo Loredan, Doge (1501–1521)
• Antonio Grimani, Doge (1521–1523)
• Andrea Gritti, Doge (1523–1538)
• Pietro Lando, Doge (1538–1545)
• Francesco Donato, Doge (1545–1553)
• Marcantonio Trevisan, Doge (1553–1554)
• Francesco Venier, Doge (1554–1556)
• Lorenzo Priuli, Doge (1556–1559)
• Girolamo Priuli, Doge (1559–1567)
• Pietro Loredan, Doge (1567–1570)
• Alvise I Mocenigo, Doge (1570–1577)
• Sebastiano Venier, Doge (1577–1578)
• Nicolò da Ponte, Doge (1578–1585)
• Pasqual Cicogna, Doge (1585–1595)
• Marino Grimani, Doge (1595–1606)

Southern Italy

• Kingdom of Naples (complete list) –

• Frederick I, King (1496–1501)
• Louis III, King (1501–1504)
• Ferdinand III, King (1504–1516)
• Joanna III, Queen (1516–1555)
• Charles IV, King (1516–1554)
• Philip I, King (1554–1598)
• Philip II, King (1598–1621)

• Kingdom of Trinacria: Sicily (complete list) –

• Ferdinand II, King (1468–1516)
• Joanna, Queen (1516–1555)
• Charles I, King (1516–1556)
• Philip II, King (1554–1598)
• Philip III, King (1598–1621)

Malta

• Hospitaller Malta (complete list) –

• Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, Grand Master (1521–1534)
• Piero de Ponte, Grand Master (1534–1535)
• Didier de Saint-Jaille, Grand Master (1535–1536)
• Juan de Homedes, Grand Master (1536–1553)
• Claude de la Sengle, Grand Master (1553–1557)
• Jean Parisot de Valette, Grand Master (1557–1568)
• Pierre de Monte, Grand Master (1568–1572)
• Jean de la Cassière, Grand Master (1572–1581)
• Mathurin Romegas, Lieutenant (1577–1581)
• Mathurin Romegas, anti-Grand Master (1581)
• Hugues Loubenx de Verdalle, Grand Master (1581–1595)
• Martín Garzés, Grand Master (1595–1601)

Andorra

• Andorra

• Episcopal Co-Princes (complete list) –

• Pedro Folc de Cardona / Pere de Cardona, Episcopal Co-Prince (1472–1512, 1513–1515)
• Joan d'Espés, Episcopal Co-Prince (1515–1530)
• Pedro Jordán de Urries, Episcopal Co-Prince (1532–1533)
• Francisco de Urríes, Episcopal Co-Prince (1533–1551)
• Miquel Despuig, Episcopal Co-Prince (1552–1556)
• Juan Pérez Garcia de Oliván, Episcopal Co-Prince (1556–1560)
• Pere de Castellet, Episcopal Co-Prince (1561–1571)
• Joan Dimes Lloris, Episcopal Co-Prince (1571–1576)
• Miquel Jeroni Morell, Episcopal Co-Prince (1578–1579)
• Hug Ambrós de Montcada, Episcopal Co-Prince (1579–1586)
• Andreu Capella, Episcopal Co-Prince (1588–1609)

• French Co-Princes (complete list) –

• Catherine, French Co-Princess (1483–1512, 1513–1517)
• Henry II, French Co-Prince (1517–1555)
• Joan III, French Co-Princess (1555–1572)
• Henry IV, French Co-Prince (1572–1610)

Navarre

• Kingdom of Navarre (complete list) –

• Catherine, Queen (1483–1517)
• John III, King (1484–1516)
• Henry II, King (1517–1555)
• Jeanne III, Queen (1555–1572)
• Antoine, King (1555–1562)
• Henry III, King (1572–1610)

• County of Ribagorza (complete list) –

• John, Count (1485–1512)
• Alfonso, Count (1512–1533)
• Martin, Count (1533–1565, 1573–1581)
• John Alfonso, Count (1565–1573)
• Ferdinand, Count (1581–1592)
• Francis, Count (1592–1598)

Portugal

• Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves / Portugal (complete list) –

• Manuel I, King (1495–1521)
• John III, King (1521–1557)
• Sebastian I, King (1557–1578)
• Henry I, King (1578–1580)
• Philip I, King (1581–1598)
• Philip II, King (1598–1621)

Spain

• Trastámara Spain: Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon (complete list, complete list) –

• Isabella I the Catholic, Queen of Castile (1474–1504)
• Ferdinand the Catholic, King of Castile (1474–1504), of Aragon (1479–1516)
• Philip I the Handsome, King of Castile (1506)
• Joanna the Mad, Queen of Castile (1504–1555), of Aragon (1516–1555)
• Charles I, King (1516–1556)

• Habsburg Spain: Crown of Castile and Crown of Aragon

• Monarchs (complete list) –

• Joanna the mad, Queen (1504–1555)
• Charles I, King (1516–1556)
• Philip II the Prudent, King (1556–1598)
• Philip III the Pious, King (1598–1621)

France

• Kingdom of France: Ancien Régime (complete list) –

• Charles VIII the Affable, King (1483–1515)
• Louis XII, King (1498–1515)
• Francis I, King (1515–1547)
• Henry II, King (1547–1559)
• Francis II, King (1559–1560)
• Charles IX, King (1560–1574)
• Henry III, King (1574–1589)
• Henry IV, King (1589–1610)

• Anjou (complete list) –

• Louise, Duke (1476–1531)
• Henry II, Duke (1566–1576)

• Auvergne (complete list) –

• John III, Count of Auvergne, Count (1494–1501)
• Anne de La Tour d'Auvergne, Count (1501–1524)
• Catherine de' Medici, Count (1524–1589)
• Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, Count (1589–1608)

• County of Boulogne (complete list) –

• John V, Count (1497–1501)

• Duchy of Brittany (complete list) –

• Anne, Duchess (1488–1514)
• Claude, Duchess (1514–1524)
• Francis III, Duke (1524–1536)
• Henry, Duke (1536–1547)

• County of Maine (complete list) –

• Charles VI of Maine, Count (?–1611)

• Monaco (complete list) –

• Jean II, Lord (1494–1505)
• Lucien, Lord (1505–1523)
• Honoré I, Lord (1523–1581)
• Charles II, Lord (1581–1589)
• Ercole, Lord (1589–1604)

• County / Duchy of Nevers (complete list) –

• Engelbert of Cleves, Count (1491–1506)
• Charles II, Count of Nevers, Count (1506–1521)
• François I, Duke (1521–1562)
• François II, Duke (1562–1563)
• Jacques, Duchess (1563–1564)
• Henriette of Cleves, Duke (1564–1601)
• Louis Gonzaga, Duke (1566–1595)
• Charles III Gonzaga, Duke (1595–1637)

Low Countries

• United Provinces: Dutch Republic

For the preceding rulers, look under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Stadtholders (complete list) –

• Maurice, Stadtholder (1585–1625)

• Grand pensionaries (complete list) –

• Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Grand Pensionary (1586–1619)

• County of Drenthe (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the County of Drenthe under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• Frederik van den Bergh, in name only, Stadtholder (1595–1618)
• William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg, Stadtholder (1595–1620)

• County of Flanders (complete list) –

• Philip IV the Handsome, Count (1482–1506)
• Charles III, Count (1506–1555)
• Philip V, Count (1555–1598)
• Isabella Clara Eugenia, Countess (1598–1621)

• Lordship of Frisia (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Frisia under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• William I, Stadtholder (1580–1884)
• William Louis, Stadtholder (1584–1620)

• Lordship of Groningen (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Groningen under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• William Louis, Stadtholder (1584–1620)

• Duchy of Guelders (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Duchy of Guelders under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• William IV of Bergh, Stadtholder (1581–1585)
• Claude de Berlaymont, Stadtholder (1585–1587)
• Florent de Berlaymont, Stadtholder (1587–1626)
• Adolf van Nieuwenaar, Stadtholder (1584–1589)
• Maurice, Stadtholder (1590–1625)

• County of Holland, Lordship of Utrecht, County of Zeeland (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, look under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• William I, Stadtholder (1572–1584)
• Adolf van Nieuwenaar, Stadtholder (1584–1589)
• Maurice, Stadtholder (1585–1625)

• Lordship of Overijssel (complete list) –

For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Overijssel under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

• Francisco Verdugo, Stadtholder (1581–1594)
• Adolf van Nieuwenaar, Stadtholder (1584–1589)
• Frederik van den Bergh, Stadtholder (1594–1618)

Azerbaijan

• Quba Khanate (complete list) –

• Huseyn Ali, Khan (1680–1721)

Georgia

• Kingdom of Imereti (complete list) –

• Alexander II, King (1478–1510)
• Bagrat III, King (1510–1565)
• George II, King (1565–1585)
• Leon, King (1585–1588)
• Rostom, King (1588–1589, 1590–1605)
• Bagrat IV, King (1589–1590)

• Kingdom of Kakheti (complete list) –

• Alexander I, King (1476–1511)
• George II the Bad, King (1511–1513)

rule by the Kingdom of Kartli (1513–1520)

• Levan, King (1520–1574)
• Alexander II (Ottoman vassal after 1578), King (1574–1602, 1602–1605)

• Kingdom of Kartli (complete list) –

• Constantine II, King (1478–1505)
• David X, King (1505–1525)
• George IX, King (1525–1527/34)
• Luarsab I, King (1527/34–1556/58)
• Simon I, King (1556–1569, 1578–1599)
• David XI, King (1562/69–1578)
• George X, King (1599–1606)

Russia: Dagestan

• Gazikumukh Khanate (complete list) –

• Surkhay II ibn Chopan, Shamkhal (1605–1614)
• Andia ibn Chopan, Shamkhal (1614–1623)
• Eldar ibn Surkhay, Shamkhal (1623–1635)
• Aidemir ibn Sultan Mahmud, Shamkhal (1635–1640)
• Alibek II ibn Tuchilav, Khan (1642–1700)
• Surkhay ibn Garai-Bek, Khan (1700–1741)