List of state leaders in the 16th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 16th century (1501–1600) AD, except for the leaders within the Holy Roman Empire, and the leaders within South Asia.

State leaders in the 15th centuryState leaders in the 17th centuryState leaders by year

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 16th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

Kilukeni dynasty
Kwilu dynasty
  • Kambolo Matamba, King (fl.1590s)
Colony, 1575–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Cameroon

  • Feurlu, King (1516–1552)
  • Nebasi Suh, King (1552–1570)
  • Ambebi Ferh, King (1570–1635)
  • Mengap, Mfon (1498–1519)
  • Ngouh I, Mfon (1519–1544)
  • Fifen, Mfon (1544–1568)
  • Ngouh II, Mfon (1568–1590)
  • Ngapna, Mfon (1590–1629)

Chad

  • Birni Besse, Mbangi (1522–1536)
  • Lubatko, Mbangi (1536–1548)
  • Malo, Mbangi (1548–1568)
  • ‘Abdallah, Mbangi (1568–1608)

Congo: Belgian

  • Lushanjela Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
  • Bo Shanga, Nyim (16th century)
  • Shamba Bolongongo, Nyim (c.1600)
  • Nkonda Matit, Mwaantaangaand (late 16th century)

Congo: French

  • Moe Poaty I Kamangou, King (16th or 17th century)

São Tomé and Príncipe

Colony, 1470–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Burundi
  • Ntare I Rushatsi Cambarantama, King (c.1530–c.1550)
  • Mwezi I Baridamunka, King (c.1550–c.1580)
  • Mutaga I Mutabazi, King (c.1580–c.1600)
Rwanda
Uganda

Horn of Africa area

Eritrea
Ethiopia
  • Ambiraj, Tato (1567–1600)
  • Sadi, King (1495–1530)
  • Madi Gafine/Gafo, King (1530–1565)
  • Bong-he, King (1565–1605)
  • Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)
  • Sepenihi, Hinnare-tato (mid 16th century)
  • La'ashonhi, Hinnare-tato (c.1570–1580)
  • Badancho, Hinnare-tato (c.1580–1603)
Somalia
  • Warsangali Sultanate (complete list) –
  • Garaad Ali Dable, King (1491–1503)
  • Garaad Liban, King (1503–1525)
  • Garaad Yuusuf, King (1525–1555)
  • Garaad Mohamud III, King (1555–1585)
  • Garaad Abdale, King (1585–1612)

Madagascar

Africa: Northcentral

Ifriqiya

  • Muhammad IV, Khalif (1494–1526)
  • Muhammad V, Khalif (1526–1543)
  • Ahmad III, Khalif (1543–1570)
  • Muhammad VI, Khalif (1574–1574)
  • Jafari "Jafari the Clean" Yahya, Khalif (1574–1581)
  • Alem Nafirr, Khalif (1581)

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

Sudan

  • Amara Dunqas, Sultan (1503–1533/4)[5][6]
  • Nayil, Sultan (1533/4–1550/1)
  • Abd al-Qadir I, Sultan (1550/1–1557/8)
  • Abu Sakikin, Sultan (1557/8–1568)
  • Dakin, Sultan (1568–1585/6)
  • Dawra, Sultan (1585/6–1587/8)
  • Tayyib, Sultan (1587/8–1591)
  • Unsa I, Sultan (1591–1603/4)

Africa: Northwest

Morocco

Africa: South

Angola

  • Kiluanji Kia Samba, Ngola (c. 1515–1556)
as an independent state
  • Ndambi, Ngola (1556–1561)
  • Kiluanji kia Ndambi, Ngola (1561–1575)
  • Kilombo kia Kasenda, Ngola (1575–1592)
  • Mbandi a Ngola, Ngola (1592–1617)

Mozambique

Colony, 1498–1972
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Zimbabwe

  • Chikuyo Chisamarengu, Mwenemutapa (1494–c.1530)
  • Neshangwe Munembire, Mwenemutapa (c.1530–c.1550)
  • Chivere Nyasoro, Mwenemutapa (c.1550–1560)
  • Negomo Chirisamhuru, Mwenemutapa (1560–1589)
  • Gatsi Rusere, Mwenemutapa (1589–1623)

Africa: West

Benin

  • Ozolua, Oba (1480–1504)[7]
  • Esigie, Oba (1504–1547)
  • Orhogbua, Oba (1547–1580)
  • Ehengbuda, Oba (1580–1602)

Burkina Faso

  • Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)
  • Gori, Nunbado (1520–1553)
  • Bogora, Nunbado (1553–1571)
  • Kampadiboaghi, Nunbado (1571–1615)

Cape Verde

Colony, 1462–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Ghana

  • Mumunumfi, Agonahene (1588–1620)

Guinea-Bissau

  • Sama Koli, ruler (1537–?)
Colony, 1474–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Mali

Niger

  • Muhammad Gao, Askiya (1592)
  • Nuh I, Askiya (c.1592–1599)[10]
  • al-Mustafa, Askiya (c.1600)

Nigeria

  • Idris Katarkamabi, Mai (1487–1509)[11]
  • Muhammad V Aminami, Mai (1509–1538)
  • Ali II of Bornu, Mai (1538–1539)
  • Dunama V Ngumarsmma, Mai (1539–1557)
  • Dala, Mai (1557–1564)
  • Idris Alooma, Mai (1564–1596)[12]
  • Muhammed VI Bukalmarami, Mai (1596–1612)
  • Onigbogi, Alaafin (c.1500–?)
  • Ofirin, Alaafin (16th century)
  • Eguguojo, Alaafin (16th century)
  • Orompoto, Alaafin (?–c.1600)
  • Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)
  • Muhammad Kisoki, Sultan (1509–1565)
  • Yakubu, Sultan (1565)
  • Abu-Bakr Kado, Sultan (1565–1573)
  • Muhammad Shashere, Sultan (1573–1582)
  • Muhammad Zaki, Sultan (1582–1618)

Senegal

  • Malaw tane Joof, (variation: Maléotane Diouf - French spelling in Senegal), Maad Saloum (1567)[13]

Americas

Americas: North

Mexico

Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
  • Zuangua, Cazonci (1479–1520)
  • Tangáxuan II, Cazonci (1520–1530)

Americas: South

Colombia

Peru

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

  • Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
  • Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)
  • Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1503–1508), of All Moghulistan (1508–1514), of Eastern Moghulistan (1514–1548)
  • Shah, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1543–1560)
  • Muhammad ibn Mansur, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1570)
  • Burunduk, Khan (1480–1511)
  • Kasym, Khan (1511–1521)
  • Mamash, Khan (1521–1523)
  • Tahir, Khan (1523–1533)
  • Buidash, Khan (1533–1534)
  • Qozhamqut, Khan (1534–1535)
  • Togym, Khan (1535–1537)
  • Khaqnazar, Khan (1538–1580)
  • Shygai, Khan (1580–1582)
  • Tauekel, Khan (1582–1598)
  • Esim, Khan (1598–1628)
  • Šamba, Khan (1492–1493, 1497–1505)
  • Beyazıt, Khan (1505–1513)

Russia

  • Shayk Ahmad, Khan (1481–1498, 1499–1502)
  • Abalak of Sibir, Khan (1496–1501)
  • Muhammad Taibuga, Khan (1495–1502)
  • Aguish, Khan (1502–1503)
  • Kuluk Sultan, Khan (1502–1530)
  • Qasim, Khan (1504–1530)
  • Yadgar bin Qasim, Khan (1530–1563)
  • Kuchum, Khan (1563–1598)

Tajikistan

Tibet

  • sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post-1499)
  • Shakya 'od, King (early 16th century)
  • Jig rten dBang phyug Pad kar lde, King (fl.1537–1555)
  • Ngag gi dBang phyug, King (16th century)
  • Nam mkha dBang phyug, King (16th century)
  • Khri Nyi ma dBang phyug, King (late 16th century)
  • Khri Grags pa'i dBang phyug, King (c.1600)

Uzbekistan

The battle between Shah Ismail I and Muhammad Shaybani in 1510.
  • Muhammad Shayabani, Khan (1500–1510)
  • Kochkunju Muhammad bin Abul-Khayr, Khan (1512–1531)
  • Abu Sa'id bin Kochkunju, Khan (1531–1534)
  • Ubaydullah, Khan (1534–1539)
  • Abdullah I, Khan (1539–1540)
  • Abdal-Latif bin Kochkunju, Khan (1540–1552)
  • Nawruz Ahmed, Khan (1552–1556)
  • Pir Muhammad I, Khan (1556–1561)
  • Iskander bin Jani Beg, Khan (1561–1583)
  • Abdullah II, Khan (1583–1598)
  • Abdul-Mo'min bin Abdullah, Khan (1598)
  • Pir Muhammad, Khan (1598–1599)
  • Baqi Muhammad, Khan (1599–1605)
  • Ilbars I, Khan (1511–1518)
  • Sultan Haji, Khan (1518–1519)
  • Hasan Quli, Khan (1519–1524)
  • Sufyan, Khan (1529–1535)
  • Bujugha, Khan (1524–1529)
  • Avnik, Khan (1535–1538)
  • Qal, Khan (1539–1549)
  • Aqatay, Khan (1549–1557)
  • Dust Muhammad, Khan (1557–1558)
  • Haji Muhammad I, Khan (1558–1602)

Asia: East

China: Ming dynasty

Japan

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644

Korea

Mongolia

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

Cambodia

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java
  • Sri Baduga, Maharaja (1482–1521)
  • Prabu Surawisesa Jayaperkosa, Maharaja (1521–1535)
  • Ratu Dewata, Maharaja (1535–1543)
  • Ratu Sakti, Maharaja (1543–1551)
  • Nilakendra, Maharaja (1551–1567)
  • Raja Mulya, Maharaja (1567–1579)
  • Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)
  • Raden Arya Wilatikta, King (fl.1513)
  • Kyai Arya Ngrasena, King (early 16th century)
  • Kyai Arya Gegelang, King (early 16th century)
  • Kyai Arya Batubang, King (mid 16th century)
  • Pangeran Arya Balewot, King (mid 16th century)
  • Pangeran Sekar Tanjung, King (late 16th century)
  • Pangeran Ngangsar, King (late 16th century)
  • Pangeran Arya Pamalad, King (fl.1587)
  • Arya Salempe, King (16th/17th century)
  • Raden Patah, Sultan (1475–1518)
  • Pati Unus, Sultan (1518–1521)
  • Trenggana, Sultan (1521–1546)
  • Sunan Mukmin, Sultan (1546–1549)
  • Arya Penangsang, Sultan (1549–1554)
  • Sunan Giri, Sultan (1485–1506)
  • Sunan Dalem, Sultan (1506–1545/46)
  • Sunan Seda Margi, Sultan (1545/46–1548)
  • Sunan Prapen, Sultan (1548–1605)
  • Kyai Sinuhun Ngampeldenta, Adipati (fl.c.1500)[25]
  • Pecat Tanda Terung, Adipati (fl.c.1513)
  • Pangeran Tundungmusuh, Adipati (16th century)
  • Pangeran Lena, Adipati (16th century)
  • Pangeran Jebuk, Adipati (16th century)
  • Pangeran Wanakrama, Adipati (late 16th century)
  • Panembahan Rama, Adipati (16th/17th century)
  • Pangeran Surabaya, Adipati (16th/17th century)
  • Bima Koncar/Minak Sumedhe, King (15th/16th century)[26]
  • Menak Pentor, King (fl.1513)
  • Santaguna, King (fl.c.1575)
  • N.N., King (fl.1588)
  • N.N., King (?–1597)
  • Menak Sepetak, King (fl.1513)[27]
  • Adipati Dengkol, King (16th century)
  • Sunan Gunungjati, Sultan (1479–1568)
  • Fatahillah, General (1568–1570)
  • Panembahan Ratu, Sultan (c.1570–1649)
  • Ki Pragalba, Sultan (?–1531)[29]
  • Raden Pratanu, Sultan (1531–1592/96)
  • Raden Kara, Sultan (1592/6–1621)
  • Raden Tumenggung Kanduruwan, Sultan (?–1579)[30]
  • Pangeran Ellor I, Sultan (c.1579–?)
  • Pangeran Wetan, Sultan (c.1600)
Indonesia: Sumatra
  • Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)
  • Muhammad Syah III, Sultan (1506–1507)
  • Abdullah, Sultan (1507–1509)
  • Ahmad V, Sultan (1509–1514)
  • Zainal Abidin IV, Sultan (1514–1517)
  • Panglima Dewa Shahdan, Raja (1568–1580)
  • Panglima Dewa Sakti, Raja (1580–1612)
Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)
  • Suriansyah, Sultan (1520–1546)
  • Rahmatullah, Sultan (1546–1570)
  • Hidayatullah I, Sultan (1570–1595)
  • Mustain Billah, Sultan (1595–1638)
  • Datuk Mencang (Seorang bangsawan dari Brunei), beristrikan Asung Luwan, ruler (1555–1594)
  • Singa Laut, Menantu dari Datuk Mencang, ruler (1594–1618)
  • Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)
  • Tumenggung, Maharaja (?–1526)
  • Timbang Paseban, Governor, Sultan (1600–1609)
  • Abang Samat Semah, Prince (?)
  • Abang Ismail Zubair Mail Jubairi Irawan II, Prince (?)
  • Abang Suruh, Prince of Sintang, son of Abang Ismail Zubair Mail Jubairi Irawan II, Prince (?)
  • Abang Tembilang Ari, Prince (?)
  • Abang Pencin Pontin, Prince (c.1600–1643)
Indonesia: Sulawesi
  • Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)
  • Pakere Tau Tunijallo ri Passukki, King (c.1510)
  • Tumapa'risi', King (c.1510–1546)
  • Lakiung, King (1546–1565)
  • Marompa, King (1565)
  • Bontolangkasa, King (late 16th century)
  • Tuni Pasulu, King (c.1593)
  • Alau'ddin, Sultan (1593–1639)
  • Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)
  • Dewaraja, Datu (1507–1541)
  • Tosangkawana, Datu (1541–1556)
  • Maoge, Datu (1556–1571)
  • E Tenri Rawe’, Datu (1571–1587)
  • Andi Pattiware’ Daeng Parabung, Datu (1587–1615)
Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
Indonesia: Maluku Islands
  • Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[31]
  • Zainal Abidin, Sultan (pre-1512–c.1557)
  • Bayansirullah/ Dom João, Sultan (c.1557–1578/79)
  • Dom Henrique, Sultan (1578/79–1581)
  • Alauddin I, Sultan (1581–c.1609)
  • Kaicil Yusuf, Sultan (fl.1514–1521)[32]
  • Kaicil Firuz Alauddin, Sultan (c.1532–1536)
  • Katarabumi, Sultan (1536–1552)
  • Kaicili Guzarate, Sultan (1552–?)
  • Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)[33]
  • Al-Mansur I, Sultan (before 1512–1526)
  • Amiruddin Iskandar Dul-Karna’in, Sultan (1526–c.1560)
  • Kie Mansur, Sultan (c.1560–?)
  • Kaicili Bungua, Sultan (fl.1570)
  • Gaua, Iskandar Sani, Sultan (pre-1582)
  • Gapi Baguna, Sultan (pre-1582–1599)
  • Mole Majimu, Sultan (1599–1627)
  • Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)
  • Hidayatullah, Sultan (1522–1529)
  • Abu Hayat, Sultan (1529–1533)
  • Tabariji, Sultan (1533–1534)
  • Khairun Jamil, Sultan (1535–1570)
  • Babullah Datu Shah, Sultan (1570–1583)
  • Said Barakat Shah, Sultan (1583–1606)

Laos

Malaysia

Peninsular Malaysia
Jambi dynasty
  • Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)
  • Gombak, Sultan (1522–1526)
  • Ahmad Shah, Sultan (1526–1547)
  • Mansur Shah, Sultan (1547–1561)
  • Ibrahim, Sultan (1561–1565, 1570–1579)
  • Umar bin Raja Ahmad, Raja (1565–1570)
Champa dynasty
  • Addil ud-din, Sultan (1579–1597, 1602–1605)
  • Muhammad ibni al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim, Sultan (1597–1602)
  • Bendaharas –
  • Muzaffar Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1528–1549)
  • Mansur Shah I, Sultan (1549–1577)
  • Ahmad Tajuddin Shah, Sultan (1577–1584)
  • Tajul Ariffin Shah, Sultan (1584–1594)
  • Alauddin Riayat Shah I, Sultan (1594–1603)
Malaysian Borneo

Myanmar / Burma

  • Ai Lao (艾劳), Saopha (1474–1501)
  • Sao Naojiang, Saopha (1501–1503)

Philippines

  • Siagu, Rajah (?–1521)
  • Tagkan, Lakan (15th/16th century)
  • Palaba, ruler (mid 16th century)
  • Laboy, ruler (mid 16th century)
  • Kalamayin, Rajah (1570s)
  • Dailisan, Datu (c.1563)
  • Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)
  • Kabnayag, Datu (?–1565)
  • Lubay, Datu (16th century)
  • Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)
  • Humabon, Rajah (c.1521)
  • Tupas, Rajah (?–1565)
  • Kamal ud-Din, Sultan (1480–1505)
  • Ala ud-Din, Sultan (?)
  • Amir ul-Umara, Sultan (1505–1527)
  • Muizz ul-Mutawadi-in, Sultan (1527–1548)
  • Nasir ud-Din I, Sultan (1548–1568)
  • Muhammad ul-Halim, Sultan (1568–1596)
  • Batarah Shah Tengah, Sultan (1596–1608)
Colony, 1565–1901
For details see Spain in southwest Europe

Thailand

Suphannaphum dynasty
Sukhothai dynasty
  • Mahathammarachathirat, King of Sukhothai (1548–1569), King of Ayutthaya (1569–1590)
  • Naresuan, King of Sukhothai (1570–1590), King of Ayutthaya (1590–1605)
Mangrai dynasty
  • Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)
  • Ket or Muangketklao, King (1525–1538, 1543–1545)
  • Saikham, King (1538–1543)
  • Chiraprapha, Queen (1545–1546)
  • Setthathirat, King (1546–1547)
  • Mekuti, King (1551–1558)
Burmese rule
  • Intera / Phaya Tu Nakpa / Sultan Ismail Shah, Raja (?–c.1530)
  • Mudhaffar Shah, Sultan (c.1530–1564)
  • Manzur Shah, Sultan (1564–1572)
  • Patik Siam, Sultan (1572–1573)
  • Bahdur, Sultan (1573–1584)
  • Ratu Hijau, Queen (1584–1616)

Vietnam

Asia: South

See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century south Asia

Asia: West

Iran

Oman

  • Muhammad bin Ismail, Malik (1500–1529)
  • Barakat bin Muhammad, Malik (1529–1560)
  • Abdulla bin Muhammad, Malik (1560–1624)

Turkey

Yemen

  • Badr ibn 'Abdallah, Sultan (c.1516–c.1565)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

  • Vavila, Prince-bishop (1516–1520)
  • German II, Prince-bishop (1520–1530)
  • Pavle, Prince-bishop (1530–1532)
  • Vasilije I, Prince-bishop (1532–1540)
  • Nikodim, Prince-bishop (1540)
  • Romi, Prince-bishop (1540–1559)
  • Makarije, Prince-bishop (1560–1561)
  • Ruvim I, Prince-bishop (1561–1569)
  • Pahomije II, Prince-bishop (1569–1579)
  • Gerasim, Prince-bishop (1575–1582)
  • Venijamin, Prince-bishop (1582–1591)
  • Nikanor and Stefan, Prince-bishop (1591–1593)
  • Ruvim II, Prince-bishop (1593–1636)

Europe: British Isles

England and Ireland

Scotland

  • James IV, King (1488–1513)
  • James V, King (1513–1542)
  • Mary I, Queen (1542–1567)
  • James VI, King of Scotland (1567–1625), King of England and Ireland (1603–1625)

Ireland

  • Rossa mac Maghnusa, King (1497–1513)
  • Reamonn mac Glaisne, King (1513–1521)
  • Glaisne Óg mac Reamoinn, King (1521–1551?)
  • Art Maol mac Reamoinn, King (1551–1560)
  • Aodh mac Briain, King (1560–1562)
  • Art Ruadh mac Briain, King (1562–1578)
  • Sir Rossa Buidhe mac Airt, King (1579–1589)
  • Hugh Roe McMahon, King (1589–1590)
  • John, son of Cathal O'Reilly, ruler (1491–1510)
  • Hugh, ruler (1514)
  • Owen, ruler (1526)
  • Farrell, ruler (1526–1536)
  • Maelmordha, ruler (1537–1565)
  • Hugh Conallagh O'Reilly, ruler (1583)
  • John Roe, ruler (1583–1596)
  • Philip, ruler (1596–1596)
  • Edmond, ruler (1596–1601)
  • Eóghan Ó Ruairc, King (1500–1528)
  • Feidhlimidh Ó Ruairc, King (1528–1536)
  • Brian ballach mór Ó Ruairc, King (1528–1559, 1560–1562)
  • Tadhg Ó Ruairc, King (1559–1560)
  • Aodh gallda Ó Ruairc, King (1562–1564)
  • Aodh buidhe Ó Ruairc, King (1564–1566)
  • Brian O'Rourke, King (1566–1591)
  • Brian Oge O'Rourke, King (1591–1600)
  • Tadhg Ó Ruairc, Lord (1600–1605)
  • Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)
  • Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1512–1517)
  • Gerald mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1517–1523)
  • Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
  • Muircheartach mac Art Buidhe mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1547)
  • Muiris mac Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1523–1531)
  • Murchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1531–1557)
  • Criomthann mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1557–1582)
  • Domhnall Spáinneach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1582–1603)
  • Cormac mac Diarmata, King (1499–1528)
  • Dermot an Einigh mac Diarmata, King (1528–1533)
  • Eoghan mac Diarmata, King (1533–1534)
  • Aedh na Ab mac Diarmata, King (1534–1549)
  • Ruaidri mac Diarmata, King (1549–1568)
  • Turlough mac Diarmata, King (1568–1576)
  • Tadhg mac Diarmata, King (1576–1585)

Europe: Central

See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
  • Maximilian I, Emperor Elect (1508–1519), King (1486–1519)
  • Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1530–1556), King (1519–1556)
  • Ferdinand I, Emperor Elect (1558–1564), King (1531–1564)
  • Maximilian II, Emperor Elect (1564–1576), King (1562–1576)
  • Rudolph II, Emperor Elect (1576–1612), King (1575–1612)
  • Balthasar Merklin, Vice Chancellor (1527–1531)
  • Matthias von Held, Vice Chancellor (1531–1541)
  • Johann von Naves, Vice Chancellor (1541–1547)
  • Jakob von Jonas, Vice Chancellor (1547–1558)
  • Georg Sigmund Seld, Vice Chancellor (1559–1563)
  • Johann Ulrich Zasius, Vice Chancellor (1566–1570)
  • Siegmund Vieheuser, Vice Chancellor (1577–1587)
  • Jacob Kurz von Senftenau, Vice Chancellor (1587–1594)
  • Johann Wolfgang Freymann, Vice Chancellor (1594–1597)
  • Rudolf Coraduz von und zu Nußdorf, Vice Chancellor (1597–1606)

Hungary

Poland

Europe: East

Europe: Nordic

Kalmar Union

Denmark–Norway

Sweden

Europe: Southcentral

States of Italy in 1494.
See also List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire#Italy
  • Alberico II Malaspina, Marquis (1481–1519)
  • Ricciarda Cybo-Malaspina, Marquis (1519–1546, 1547–1553)
  • Giulio I Cybo-Malaspina, Marquis (1546–1547)
  • Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina, Marquis (1554–1623), Prince and Marquis (1558–1623)
  • Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1500–1501)
  • Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Captains Regent (1501)
  • Cristoforo di Giacomino di Bartolo, Biagio di Bartolo Pasini, Captains Regent (1501–1502)
  • Antonio di Girolamo, Gabriele di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1502)
  • Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Angelo di Paolo Fabbri, Captains Regent (1502–1503)
  • Antonio di Bianco, Bartolo di Antonio, Captains Regent (1503)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Giovanni di Cristoforo di Vita, Captains Regent (1503)
  • Francesco di Girolamo, Bonifazio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1503–1504)
  • Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Captains Regent (1504)
  • Antonio di Girolamo, Francesco di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1504–1505)
  • Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Captains Regent (1505)
  • Antonio di Bianco, Antonio di Marino Giannini, Captains Regent (1505–1506)
  • Andrea di Giorgio Loli, Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1506)
  • Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1506–1507)
  • Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1507)
  • Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Leonardo di Giovanni di Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1507–1508)
  • Cristoforo Martelli, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1508)
  • Antonio di Girolamo, Francesco di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1508–1509)
  • Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Antonio di Benetto, Captains Regent (1509)
  • Andrea di Giorgio Loli, Antonio di Marino Giannini, Captains Regent (1509–1510)
  • Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Andrea di Marino Speranza, Captains Regent (1510)
  • Antonio di Bianco, Barnaba di Matteo da Valle, Captains Regent (1510–1511)
  • Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Biagio di Bartolo Pasini, Captains Regent (1511)
  • Antonio di Girolamo, Giovanni di Cristoforo Vita, Captains Regent (1511–1512)
  • Andrea Giangi, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1512)
  • Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1512–1513)
  • Cristoforo di Girolamo, Cristoforo Martelli, Captains Regent (1513)
  • Antonio di Benetto, Benedetto di Marino Benettini, Captains Regent (1513–1514)
  • Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Francesco Giangi, Captains Regent (1514)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1514–1515)
  • Carlo di Cristofaro, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1515)
  • Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1515–1516)
  • Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1516)
  • Diotallevo Corbelli, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1516–1517)
  • Carlo di Cristofaro, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1517)
  • Andrea di Bonifazio, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1517–1518)
  • Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1518)
  • Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Captains Regent (1518–1519)
  • Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Pietro di Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1519)
  • Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Francesco di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1519–1520)
  • Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1520)
  • Andrea di Bonifazio, Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1520–1521)
  • Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1521)
  • Cristofaro Martelli, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1521–1522)
  • Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Giuliano di Bartolomeo, Captains Regent (1522)
  • Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Marino di Antonio, Captains Regent (1522–1523)
  • Bartolomeo di Antonio, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1523)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Francesco di Sante di Biagio, Captains Regent (1523–1524)
  • Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Leonardo di Giovanni Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1524)
  • Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Captains Regent (1524–1525)
  • Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1525)
  • Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1525–1526)
  • Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Federigo di Brandano Calcigni, Captains Regent (1526)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Marino di Severo, Captains Regent (1526–1527)
  • Andrea Sabbatini, Carlo di Cristofaro, Captains Regent (1527)
  • Bartolomeo di Antonio Amanti, Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Captains Regent (1527–1528)
  • Melchiorre di Francesco, Diottalevo Corbelli, Giuliano di Marino Righi, Captains Regent (1528)
  • Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1528–1529)
  • Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Bartolo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1529)
  • Lodovico di Pietro Calcigni, Antonio di Pietro Tosini, Captains Regent (1529–1530)
  • Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Giacomo di Lodovico Pinti, Captains Regent (1530)
  • Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1530–1531)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1531)
  • Polinoro di Antonio Lunardini, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1531–1532)
  • Carlo di Cristofaro, Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1532)
  • Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1532–1533)
  • Giacomo di Lodovico Calcigni, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1533)
  • Camillo di Menetto Bonelli, Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1533–1534)
  • Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Giuliano di Marino Righi, Captains Regent (1534)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1534–1535)
  • Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Antonio di Pietro Tontini, Captains Regent (1535)
  • Innocenzo di Menetto Bonelli, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1535–1536)
  • Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Sammaritano di Andrea Tini, Captains Regent (1536)
  • Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1536–1537)
  • Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Girolamo di Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1537)
  • Giuliano di Marino Righi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1537–1538)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Captains Regent (1538)
  • Carlo di Cristofaro Gianolini, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1538–1539)
  • Melchiorre di Francesco Belluzzi, Niccolò di Sante di Biagio, Captains Regent (1539)
  • Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1539–1540)
  • Gio. Antonio di Francesco Belluzzi, Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Captains Regent (1540)
  • Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Vincenzo di Bartolo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1540–1541)
  • Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Stanghelino di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1541)
  • Giuliano di Marino Righi, Giacomo di Lodovico Pinti, Captains Regent (1541–1542)
  • Polinoro Lunardini, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1542)
  • Carlo Gianolini, Marino Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1542–1543)
  • Antonio di Pietro Tontini, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1543)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Carlo di Francesco Lunardini, Captains Regent (1543–1544)
  • Polinoro Lunardini, Bartolo di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1544)
  • Giovanni Antonio Belluzzi, Vincenzo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1544–1545)
  • Girolamo di Giuliano Gozi, Innocenzo Brancuti, Captains Regent (1545)
  • Giuliano di Marino Righi, Marino Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1545–1546)
  • Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1546)
  • Pier Leone di Fabrizio Corbelli, Bernardino Giannini, Captains Regent (1546–1547)
  • Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Stanghelino di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1547)
  • Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1547–1548)
  • Bartolo Belluzzi, Giovanni Antonio Belluzzi, Sante di Marco Gori, Captains Regent (1548)
  • Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1548–1549)
  • Giuliano di Marino Righi, Girolamo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1549)
  • Bartolo Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1549–1550)
  • Polinoro Lunardini, Biagio di Matteo Tura, Captains Regent (1550)
  • Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Cristofaro di Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1550–1551)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1551)
  • Pier Leone Corbelli, Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1551–1552)
  • Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1552)
  • Antonio di Piero Tontini, Vincenzo di Giovanni di Andrea, Captains Regent (1552–1553)
  • Vincenzo Gombertini, Giacomo di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1553)
  • Gio. Antonio Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1553–1554)
  • Innocenzo Brancuti, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1554)
  • Marc'Antonio Gozi, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1554–1555)
  • Giuliano di Marino Righi, Gio. Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1555)
  • Bartolo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1555–1556)
  • Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Captains Regent (1556)
  • Antonio Brancuti, Baldo di Gaspare, Captains Regent (1556–1557)
  • Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1557)
  • Pier Paolo Bonelli, Vincenzo Gombertini, Captains Regent (1557–1558)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Captains Regent (1558)
  • Innocenzo Brancuti, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1558–1559)
  • Bartolo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1559)
  • Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1559–1560)
  • Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Vincenzo di Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1560)
  • Pier Leone Corbelli, Giovanni Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1560–1561)
  • Vincenzo Gombertini, Bernardino Giannini, Captains Regent (1561)
  • Francesco di Sebastiano Onofri, Francesco di Pier Paolo Martelli, Captains Regent (1561–1562)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Claudio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1562)
  • Pier Paolo Bonelli, Marc'Antonio Gozi, Captains Regent (1562–1563)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1563)
  • Ludovico Belluzzi, Marc'Antonio Bonetti, Captains Regent (1563–1564)
  • Gio. Andrea Belluzzi, Rinaldo di Giovanni Baldi, Captains Regent (1564)
  • Antonio Brancuti, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1564–1565)
  • Vincenzo Gombertini, Giacomo di Evangelista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1565)
  • Bonetto di Marino Bonetti, Marino Bonelli, Captains Regent (1565–1566)
  • Marc'Antonio Gozi, Giovanni Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1566)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Sebastiano di Cristofaro Giangi, Captains Regent (1566–1567)
  • Francesco di Pier Paolo Martelli, Marino di Cristofaro Giangi, Captains Regent (1567)
  • Giuliano Corbelli, Giovanni Andrea Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1567–1568)
  • Pier Paolo Bonelli, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1568)
  • Antonio Brancuti, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1568–1569)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1569)
  • Ippolito Gombertini, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1569–1570)
  • Marc'Antonio Gozi, Marc'Antonio Bonetti, Captains Regent (1570)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Ascanio di Giacomo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1570–1571)
  • Giovanni Antonio Leonardelli, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1571)
  • Pier Paolo Corbelli, Giovanni Paolo di Giuliano, Captains Regent (1571–1572)
  • Innocenzo Brancuti, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1572)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Antonio di Angelo Bellini, Captains Regent (1572–1573)
  • Antonio Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1573)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1573–1574)
  • Marc'Antonio Gozi, Gio. Antonio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1574)
  • Giambattista Belluzzi, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1574–1575)
  • Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1575)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Vincenzo di Marino di Andrea, Captains Regent (1575–1576)
  • Pier Paolo Corbelli, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1576)
  • Innocenzo Brancuti, Francesco Onofri, Captains Regent (1576–1577)
  • Francesco di Paolo di Giuliano, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1577)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1577–1578)
  • Ippolito Gombertini, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1578)
  • Liberio Gabrielli, Ascanio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1578–1579)
  • Girolamo Giannini, Benedetto di Bianco, Captains Regent (1579)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Giovanni Calcigni, Captains Regent (1579–1580)
  • Pier Paolo Corbelli, Marino Bonelli, Captains Regent (1580)
  • Giambattista Belluzzi, Sinibaldo Sinibaldi, Captains Regent (1580–1581)
  • Innocenzo Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico di Matteo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1581)
  • Giuliano Corbelli, Gio. Paolo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1581–1582)
  • Ippolito Gombertini, Pier Marino Cionini, Captains Regent (1582)
  • Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1582–1583)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Marc'Antonio Gozi, Captains Regent (1583)
  • Pier Paolo Corbelli, Francesco Martelli, Captains Regent (1583–1584)
  • Federico Sinibaldi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1584)
  • Innocenzo Brancuti, Gio. Lodovico Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1584–1585)
  • Bonetto Bonetti, Gio. Maria Giangi, Captains Regent (1585)
  • Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1585–1586)
  • Ascanio Belluzzi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1586)
  • Paol'Antonio Onofri, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1586–1587)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Pier Marino Cionini, Captains Regent (1587)
  • Gio. Antonio Leonardelli, Pier Paolo Corbelli, Captains Regent (1587–1588)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1588)
  • Marc'Aurelio Brancuti, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1588–1589)
  • Giuliano Corbelli, Liberio Gabrielli, Captains Regent (1589)
  • Federico Sinibaldi, Marino Pellicieri, Captains Regent (1589–1590)
  • Francesco Giannini, Giambattista Fabbri, Captains Regent (1590)
  • Orazio Giannini, Giambattista Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1590–1591)
  • Lodovico Belluzzi, Ascanio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1591)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Ottaviano Gozi, Captains Regent (1591–1592)
  • Pier Marino Cionini, Giuliano Gozi, Camillo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1592)
  • Giovanni Paolo Belluzzi, Paol'Antonio Onofri, Captains Regent (1592–1593)
  • Giuliano Corbelli, Annibale Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1593)
  • Giambattista Belluzzi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1593–1594)
  • Liberio Gabrielli, Innocenzo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1594)
  • Federico Brandani, Vincenzo Giannini, Captains Regent (1594–1595)
  • Fabrizio Belluzzi, Francesco Maria Corbelli, Captains Regent (1595)
  • Pier Marino Cionini, Lattanzio Valli, Captains Regent (1595–1596)
  • Orazio Belluzzi, Matteo Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1596)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Annibale Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1596–1597)
  • Paolo Antonio Onofri, Gio. Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1597)
  • Camillo Bonelli, Annibale Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1597–1598)
  • Giuliano Gozi, Francesco Giannini, Captains Regent (1598)
  • Giambattista Belluzzi, Innocenzo Bonelli, Captains Regent (1598–1599)
  • Pier Marino Cionini, Giambattista Fabbri, Captains Regent (1599)
  • Orazio Belluzzi, Lattanzio Valli, Captains Regent (1599–1600)
  • Pier Francesco Bonetti, Belluzzo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1600)
  • Pier Matteo Belluzzi, Fabrizio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1600–1601)

Southern Italy

Malta

Europe: Southwest

Andorra

  • Pedro Folc de Cardona / Pere de Cardona, Episcopal Co-Prince (1472–1512, 1513–1515)
  • Joan d'Espés, Episcopal Co-Prince (1515–1530)
  • Pedro Jordán de Urries, Episcopal Co-Prince (1532–1533)
  • Francisco de Urríes, Episcopal Co-Prince (1533–1551)
  • Miquel Despuig, Episcopal Co-Prince (1552–1556)
  • Juan Pérez Garcia de Oliván, Episcopal Co-Prince (1556–1560)
  • Pere de Castellet, Episcopal Co-Prince (1561–1571)
  • Joan Dimes Lloris, Episcopal Co-Prince (1571–1576)
  • Miquel Jeroni Morell, Episcopal Co-Prince (1578–1579)
  • Hug Ambrós de Montcada, Episcopal Co-Prince (1579–1586)
  • Andreu Capella, Episcopal Co-Prince (1588–1609)
  • Catherine, French Co-Princess (1483–1512, 1513–1517)
  • Henry II, French Co-Prince (1517–1555)
  • Joan III, French Co-Princess (1555–1572)
  • Henry IV, French Co-Prince (1572–1610)

Navarre

  • John, Count (1485–1512)
  • Alfonso, Count (1512–1533)
  • Martin, Count (1533–1565, 1573–1581)
  • John Alfonso, Count (1565–1573)
  • Ferdinand, Count (1581–1592)
  • Francis, Count (1592–1598)

Portugal

Spain

Europe: West

France

Low Countries

For the preceding rulers, look under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the County of Drenthe under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Frisia under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Groningen under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Duchy of Guelders under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, look under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire
For the preceding rulers, see the Lordship of Overijssel under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

Eurasia: Caucasus

Azerbaijan

  • Huseyn Ali, Khan (1680–1721)

Georgia

rule by the Kingdom of Kartli (1513–1520)
  • Levan, King (1520–1574)
  • Alexander II (Ottoman vassal after 1578), King (1574–1602, 1602–1605)

Russia: Dagestan

  • Surkhay II ibn Chopan, Shamkhal (1605–1614)
  • Andia ibn Chopan, Shamkhal (1614–1623)
  • Eldar ibn Surkhay, Shamkhal (1623–1635)
  • Aidemir ibn Sultan Mahmud, Shamkhal (1635–1640)
  • Alibek II ibn Tuchilav, Khan (1642–1700)
  • Surkhay ibn Garai-Bek, Khan (1700–1741)

Oceania

Hawaii

  • Hākau, supreme high chief (1495–1510)
  • 'Umi-a-Līloa, supreme high chief (1510–1525)
  • Kealiʻiokaloa, supreme high chief (1525–1545)
  • Keawenuiaʻumi, supreme high chief (1545–1575)
  • Kaikilani, supreme high chief (female) (1575–1605)

References

  1. Joyce (M.A.) & Torday (E.), Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples communément appelés Bakuba, ainsi que sur les peuplades apparentées, les Bushongo. Bruxelles 1910 ;page 17–19
  2. Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia) (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), p. 64.
  3. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
  4. Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.
  5. MacMichael, H. A. (1922). "Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings". A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr. Volume II. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. OCLC 264942362.
  6. Holt, Peter Malcolm (1999). "Genealogical Tables and King-Lists". The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871. Islamic History and Civilization, 26. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 182–186. ISBN 978-90-04-11256-8.
  7. Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. p. 32.
  8. Kâti 1913, p. 217
  9. Hunwick 2003, pp. 336-337.
  10. The Tarikh al-Sudan states that Askiya Nuh ruled for 7 years.
  11. Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 77-94; id., Kingdoms, 552.
  12. From now on dates follow Lange, Diwan, 80-94.
  13. Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. "Ahuítzotl, "El espinoso del agua" (1486–1502)" [Ahuítzotl, "Thorny Water" (1486–1502)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  15. "Juan Velázquez, 12th Aztec Emperor". Geni.com. February 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  16. "Los gobernantes que siguieron a Moctezuma, Cuitláhuac y Cuahutémoc" [The governors of Mexico who followed Moctezuma, Cuitláhuac, and Cuauhtémoc]. El Bable (in Spanish). December 16, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  17. "Cortes Meets Xicotencatl, Tlaxcala Chief". American Historical Association. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  18. "Zapotecs (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  19. Istmeño Oaxaqueño, Xhuncu (April 24, 2011). "COSIJOEZA Y COSIJOPÍ SICASIBI..REYES ZAPOTECAS!!!" [Cosijoeza and Cosijoi Sicasibi... Zapoteca Kings!]. Zapotecos del Mundo (in Spanish). Retrieved June 7, 2019.
  20. "Tawantinsuyu / Emperors of the Incas". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  21. L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
  22. Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls. [Rome 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, Deb T'er Dmar Po Gsarma. Rome 1971; Per K. Sørensen & Guntram Hazod, Rulers on the Celestial Plain. Wien 2007; Olaf Czaja, Medieval rule in Tibet, Vol. I-II. Wien 2013.
  23. Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, 1971; Olaf Czaja, 2013.
  24. Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Hugh E. Richardson, A Short History of Tibet. New York 1962.
  25. De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 156–68; Truhart (2003), p. 1235.
  26. Arifin (1995); De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 192–8.
  27. De Graaf & Pigeaud (1974), p. 179–84.
  28. Hall (1981), p. 972; Stokvis, Sultan (1888); Truhart (2003), p. 1228–9..
  29. Sutherland (1973–1974).
  30. Nagtegaal (1995); Werdisastra (1996).
  31. Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
  32. The pedigree and chronology of the sultans is only partly known; see Schurhammer, F. (1973–1982) Francis Xavier; His Life, His Times, Vol. I–IV. Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute; Jacobs, Hubert (1974–1984) Documenta Malucensia, Vol. I–III. Rome: Jesuit Historical Society; Fraassen, c.van (1987) Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische Archipel. Leiden: Leiden University (PhD Thesis).
  33. Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
  34. de Aganduru Moriz, Rodrigo (1882). Historia general de las Islas Occidentales a la Asia adyacentes, llamadas Philipinas. Colección de Documentos inéditos para la historia de España, v.78–79. Madrid: Impr. de Miguel Ginesta.
  35. Markó 2000, p. 110.
  36. Barta 1994, pp. 252., 259-260.
  37. Szegedi 2009, p. 101.
  38. Markó 2000, pp. 99-100.
  39. Barta 1994, pp. 260., 264-265.
  40. Markó 2000, pp. 101-102.
  41. Barta 1994, pp. 263., 293-297.
  42. Markó 2000, pp. 97-98.
  43. Barta 1994, pp. 295-296.
  44. Barta 1994, p. 296.
  45. Markó 2000, pp. 112-113.
  46. Pop 2009, pp. 82-83.
  47. Barta 1994, p. 297.
  48. Norwich, John J. (1983). A History of Venice. Penguin Books. p. 363. ISBN 0140066233.
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