List of state leaders in the 15th century

This is a list of state leaders in the 15th century (1401–1500) AD, except for the leaders within the Holy Roman Empire, and the leaders within South Asia.

State leaders in the 14th centuryState leaders in the 16th centuryState leaders by year

These polities are generally sovereign states, but excludes minor dependent territories, whose leaders can be found listed under territorial governors in the 15th century. For completeness, these lists can include colonies, protectorates, or other dependent territories that have since gained sovereignty.

Africa

Africa: Central

Angola

Cameroon

  • Nchare Yen, Mfon (1394–1418)
  • Ngoupou, Mfon (1418–1461)
  • Monjou, Mfon (1461–1498)
  • Mengap, Mfon (1498–1519)

São Tomé and Príncipe

Colony, 1470–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Africa: East

Great Lakes area

Rwanda
Uganda
  • Kimera, Kabaka (c.1374–c.1404)
  • Ttembo, Kabaka (c.1404–c.1434)
  • Kiggala, Kabaka (c.1434–c.1464, c.1484–c.1494)
  • Kiyimba, Kabaka (c.1464–c.1484)
  • Kayima, Kabaka (c.1494–c.1524)

Horn of Africa area

Ethiopia
  • Shongetato (also known as the Girra king), King (1425–1460)
  • Odhe/Addiotato, King (1460–1495)
  • Sadi or Shaddi/Shaditato, King (1495–1530)
  • Shongetato (also known as the Girra king), King (1425–1460)
  • Odhe/Addiotato, King (1460–1495)
  • Sadi or Shaddi/Shaditato, King (1495–1530)
  • Kaba Seyon, Hinnare-tato (c.1450–1530)
Somalia
  • Garaad Siciid, King (1392–1409)
  • Garaad Ahmed, King (1409–1430)
  • Garaad Siciid II, King (1430–1450)
  • Garaad Mohamud II, King (1450–1479)
  • Garaad Ciise II, King (1479–1487)
  • Garaad Omar, King (1487–1495)
  • Garaad Ali Dable, King (1491–1503)

Africa: Northeast

Egypt

Africa: Northcentral

Ifriqiya

Africa: Northwest

Morocco

Marinid dynasty
Idrisid interlude
  • Muhammad ibn Ali Amrani-Joutey, Sultan (1465–1471)
Wattasid dynasty
  • Muhammad ibn Yahya, Sultan (1472–1505)

Africa: South

Mozambique

Colony, 1498–1972
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Zimbabwe

  • Nyatsimba Mutota, Mwenemutapa (c.1430)
  • Matope Nyanhehwe Nebedza, Mwenemutapa (c.1450–1480)
  • Mavura Maobwe, Mwenemutapa (1480)
  • Nyahuma Mukombero, Mwenemutapa (1480–1490)
  • Changamire, Mwenemutapa (1490–1494)
  • Chikuyo Chisamarengu, Mwenemutapa (1494–c.1530)

Africa: West

Benin

  • Orobiru, Oba (1397–1434)[4]
  • Uwaifiokun, Oba (1434–1440)
  • Ezoti, Oba (1473–1474) [5]
  • Ewuare I, Oba (1440–1473)
  • Olua, Oba (1475–1480)
  • Ozolua, Oba (1480–1504)

Burkina Faso

  • Tenin, Nunbado (1395–1425)
  • Tokurma, Nunbado (1425–1470)
  • Gima, Nunbado (1470–1520)

Cape Verde

Colony, 1462–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Guinea-Bissau

Colony, 1474–1951
For details see the Kingdom of Portugal under Southwest Europe

Mali

Sonni Dynasty
  • Sunni Souleïmân-Dâma, King (?–c.1464)
  • Sonni Ali, King (1464–1492)
  • Sonni Baru, King (1492–1493)
Askiya Dynasty

Nigeria

  • Bir III, Mai (1383–1415)
  • Uthman III Kaliwama, Mai (1415–1415)
  • Dunama III, Mai (1415–1417)
  • Abdallah III Dakumuni, Mai (1417–1425)
  • Ibrahim II, Mai (1425–1433)
  • Kaday III, Mai (1433–1434)
  • Ahmad Dunama IV, Mai (1434–1438)
  • Muhammad II, Mai (1438)
  • Amr, Mai (1438–1439)
  • Muhammad III, Mai (1439)
  • Ghazi, Mai (1439–1444)
  • Uthman IV, Mai (1444–1449)
  • Umar II, Mai (1449–1450)
  • Muhammad IV, Mai (1450–1455)
  • Ali Gazi, Mai (1455–1487)
  • Idris Katarkamabi, Mai (1487–1509)
  • Kori, Alaafin (c.1400–?)
  • Oluaso, Alaafin (?–c.1500)
  • Kanejeji, Sultan (1390–1410)
  • Umaru, Sultan (1410–1421)
  • Daud, Sultan (1421–1438)
  • Abdullah Burja, Sultan (1438–1452)
  • Dakauta, Sultan (1452)
  • Atuma, Sultan (1452)
  • Yaquled (1452–1463)
  • Muhammad Rumfa, Sultan (1463–1499)
  • Abdullahi dan Rumfa, Sultan (1499–1509)

Senegal

  • Mbegan Ndour, Maad Saloum (c.1493)[7]

Americas

Americas: North

Mexico

  • Tezozomoc, Tlatoani (1353/71–1426)
  • Tayatzin, Tlatoani (1426)
  • Maxtla, Tlatoani (1426–1428/31)
  • Temozomoc II, Tlatoani (1474–1499)
  • Don Carlos Oquiztzin, Tlatoani (1499–c.1520)
  • Dzawindanda / Atonal (II), ruler (?–1458)[8]
  • Hiripan, Cazonci (?–c.1430)
  • Tangáxuan I, Cazonci (1430–1454)
  • Tzitzipandáquare, Cazonci (1454–1479)
  • Zuangua, Cazonci (1479–1520)
under the Tepanec suzerainty
Emperors of the Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire)
  • Tetzotzomoc, Tlatoani (1367–1426)[17]
  • Tayauh, Tlatoani (1426)[17]
  • Maxtla, Tlatoani (1426–1428)[17]
  • Totoquilhuaztli, Tlatoani (c.1400–1430)[18]
  • Totoquilhuaztli, Tlatoani (1430–1469)[18]
  • Chimalpopoca, Tlatoani (1469–?)[18]
  • Zaachila Yoo, King (1386–1415)
  • Zaachila II, King (1415–1454)
  • Zaachila III, King (1454–1487)
  • Cocijoeza / Cosijoeza, King (1487–1521)

Americas: South

Incas

Asia

Asia: Central

Kazakhstan

From 1370 on, the Chagatai Khans were puppets of Timur
  • Yunus, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1462–1469)
  • Dost Muhammad, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1462–1468)
  • Kebek Oghlan, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1469)
  • Yunus, Khan of All Moghulistan (1469–1487)
  • Ahmad Alaq, Khan of Eastern Moghulistan (1487–1503)
  • Mahmud, Khan of Western Moghulistan (1487–1508)
  • Engke Temür, Khan (1393–1405)
Vassal of China, 1404–1430s
  • Toqto, Khan (1405–1411)
  • Mengli Temür, Khan (1411–1425)
Vassal of the Northern Yuan dynasty, 1430s–1455
  • Budaširi, Khan (1425–1439)
  • Khalīl sulṭān, Khan (1439–1457)
Vassal of China, 1455–1457
  • Bürege, Khan (1457–1460)
  • Nugandaširi, Khan (1460–1472)
  • Baγ Temür, Rival Khan (1466–1472)
  • Qanšin, Khan (1472–1488)
  • Engke Bolad, Khan (1488–1492, 1493–1497)
  • Šamba, Khan (1492–1493, 1497–1505)

Russia

  • Mahmud, Khan (1459–1465)
  • Ahmed, Khan (1465–1481)
  • Shayk Ahmad, Khan (1481–1498, 1499–1502)
  • Murtada, Khan (1498–1499)
  • Tokhtamysh, Khan (1396–1406)
  • Chekre Khan, Khan (1407–1413)
  • Hadji Muhammad, Khan (1420–1428)
  • Abu'l-Khayr, Khan (1428–1468)
  • Mar, Khan (1468–1480)
  • Ibak, Khan (1468–1495)
  • Mamuq of Kazan, Khan (1495–1496)
  • Abalak of Sibir, Khan (1496–1501)
  • Muhammad Taibuga, Khan (1495–1502)
  • Baraq, Khan (1423–1428)
  • Muhammed, Khan (1428–1431)
  • Mustafa, Khan (1431–1446)

Tibet

  • rNam rgyal lde, King (1396?–1424)
  • Nam mkha'i dBang po Phun tshogs lde, King (1424–1449)
  • rNam ri Sang rgyas lde, King (1449–?)
  • bLo bzang Rab brtan, King (?–c.1485)
  • sTod tsha 'Phags pa lha, King (c.1485–post–1499)

Uzbekistan

Asia: East

China: Ming dynasty

Japan: Main

Japan: Ryukyu

Tributary state of the Ming dynasty
  • Bunei, Chief (1398–1406)
Tributary state of the Ming dynasty
  • Oueishi, Chief (1388–1402)
  • Ououso, Chief (1403–1413)
  • Tafuchi, Chief (1413–1414)
  • Taromai, Chief (1415–1429)
Tributary state of the Ming dynasty
First Shō Dynasty
Tributary state of the Ming dynasty, 1429–1644
Second Shō Dynasty

Korea

Mongolia

  • Batula, leader (1399–1408)
  • Togoon Taishi, leader (1408–1438)
  • Esen, leader (1438–1454)
  • Amasanj, leader (1454–1455)
  • Ishtömör (Ush-Temür), leader (1455–1469)

Asia: Southeast

Brunei

Cambodia

  • In Reachea, King (1394–c.1421)
  • Ponhea Yat, King of Khmer Empire (1405–1431), King of Cambodia (1431–1463)
  • Ponhea Yat, King of Khmer Empire (1405–1431), King of Cambodia (1431–1463)
  • Noreay Ramathipatei, King (1463–1469)
  • Reachea Ramathipatei, King (1469–1475)
  • Srei Soriyotei II, King (1472–1475)
  • Thommo Reachea I, King (1476–1504)

Indonesia

Indonesia: Java
  • Prabu Raja Wastu, Maharaja (1371–1475)
  • Prabu Susuk tunggal, Maharaja (1475–1482)
  • Sri Baduga, Maharaja (1482–1521)
  • Wikramawardhana,[24]:241 King (1389–1429)
  • Suhita, Queen (1429–1447)[24]:242
  • Kritavijaya, King (1447–1451)[24]:242
  • Rajasavardhana,[24]:242 King (1451–1453)
  • Bhre Wengker, Purvavisesha,[24]:242 King (1456–1466)
  • Singhavikramavardhana,[24]:242 King (1466–1468/78[25](p18))
  • Bhre Kertabhumi, King (1468–1478)
  • Girindrawardhana, King (1478–1489)
  • Prabu Udara, King (1489–1517)
  • Sira Lena, King (14th/15th century)
  • Raden Arya Dikara, King (15th century)
  • Arya Teja, King (15th century)
Indonesia: Sumatra
  • Zainal Abidin I, Sultan (1349–1406)
  • Nahrasyiyah, Queen (1406–1428)
  • Zainal Abidin II, Sultan (1428–1438)
  • Shalahuddin, Sultan (1438–1462)
  • Ahmad II, Sultan (1462–1464)
  • Abu Zaid Ahmad III, Sultan (1464–1466)
  • Ahmad IV, Sultan (1466–1466)
  • Mahmud, Sultan (1466–1468)
  • Zainal Abidin III, Sultan (1468–1474)
  • Muhammad Syah II, Sultan (1474–1495)
  • Al-Kamil, Sultan (1495–1495)
  • Adlullah, Sultan (1495–1506)
Indonesia: Kalimantan (Borneo)
  • Sari Kaburangan, Maharaja (15th century)
  • Sukarama, Maharaja (15th century)
  • Mangkubumi, Maharaja (15th/16th century)
Indonesia: Sulawesi
  • I Puang Lowe Lembang, King (14th/15th century)
  • I Tuniatabanri, King (15th century)
  • Karampang ri Gowa, King (15th century)
  • Tunatangka Lopi, King (15th century)
  • Batara Gowa, King (15th/16th century)
  • Tanra Balusu, Datu (1365–1402)
  • Toampanangi, Datu (1402–1426)
  • Batara Guru II, Datu (1426–1458)
  • La Mariawa, Datu (1458–1465)
  • Risaolebbi, Datu (1465–1507)
Indonesia: Lesser Sunda Islands
Indonesia: Maluku Islands
  • Muhammad Bakir, Sultan (c.1500)[26]
  • Matagena, King (1372–1405)[27]
  • Jamaluddin/Ciri Leliati, Sultan (1495–1512)
  • Komala Pulu/ Bessi Muhammad Hassan, King (1377–1432)
  • Marhum/ Gapi Baguna II, King (1432–1486)
  • Zainal Abidin, Sultan (1486–1500)
  • Bayanullah, Sultan (1500–1522)

Laos

Malaysia: Peninsular

  • Parameswara Teluk Chini, Maharaja (c.1411)
  • Dewa Sura, Maharaja (?–1454)
  • Baki Shah, Sultan (1362–1418)
  • Sadik Muhammad Shah, Sultan (1418–1429)
  • Iskandar Shah, Sultan (1429–1467)
  • Mansur Shah, Sultan (1467–1522)
  • Bendaharas –
  • Tun Perpatih Permuka Berjajar, Bendahara (1400–1412)
  • Tun Perpatih Sedang, Bendahara (?–1445)
  • Tun Ali, Bendahara (1445–1456)
  • Tun Perak, Bendahara (1456–1498)
  • Tun Perpatih Putih, Bendahara (1498–1500)

Myanmar / Burma

  • 艾乌萨, Saopha (1390–1403)
  • 伊康伽, Saopha (1403–1416)
  • Sao Shan, Saopha (1416–1441)
  • Sao Shan Sili, Saopha (1441–1456)
  • 艾劳康, Saopha (1456–1474)
  • Ai Lao (艾劳), Saopha (1474–1501)
  • Sawlon the Elder,[note 1] Saopha (c.1482–?)

Philippines

  • Kalantiaw, Datu (1365–1437)
  • Manduyog, Datu (1437–?)
  • Padojinog, Datu (15th/16th century)
  • Bantug, Rajah (c.15th century)
  • Parang the Limp, Rajah (15th/16th century)
  • Kamayin, King (1406–1408)
  • Taymey, King (1408–1409)
  • Liyu, King (1409–?)

Thailand

  • Saenmueangma, King (1385–1401)
  • Samfangkaen, King (1402–1441)
  • Tilokkarat, King (1441–1487)
  • Yotchiangrai, King (1487–1495)
  • Kaeo or Mueangkaeo, King (1495–1525)
Uthong dynasty
Suphannaphum dynasty

Vietnam

  • Jaya Simhavarman V, King (1400–1441)
  • Maija Vijaya, King (1441–1446)
  • Moho Kouei-Lai, King (1446–1449)
  • Moho Kouei-Yeou, King (1449–1458)
  • Moho P'an-Lo-Yue, King (1458–1460)
  • P'an-Lo T'ou-Ts'iuan, King (1460–1471)

Asia: South

See also List of state leaders in the 15th-century south Asia

Asia: West

Oman

  • Makhzum bin al Fallah, Malik (1406–1435)
  • Abul Hassan of Oman, Malik (1435–1451)
  • Omar bin al Khattab, Malik (1451–1490)
  • Omar al Sharif, Malik (1490–1500)
  • Muhammad bin Ismail, Malik (1500–1529)

Turkey

Yemen

  • Badr as-Sahab ibn al-Habrali Bu Tuwairik, Sultan (1395–1430)
  • Muhammad ibn 'Ali, Sultan (c.1430–c.1450)
  • Dscha'far ibn 'Abdallah, Sultan (c.1493)

Europe

Europe: Balkans

Europe: British Isles

Scotland

England and Ireland

Ireland

  • Pilib Ruadh mac Briain, King (1371–1403)
  • Ardghal mac Briain, King (1403–1416)
  • Brian mac Ardghail, King (1416–1442)
  • Ruaidhri mac Ardghail, King (1442–1446)
  • Aodh Ruadh mac Ruaidhri, King (1446–1453)
  • Feidhlimidh mac Briain, King (1453–1466)
  • Eochan mac Ruaidhri, King (1466–1467)
  • Reamonn mac Ruaidhri, King (1467–1484)
  • Aodh Óg mac Aodha Ruaidh, King (1485–1496)
  • Brian mac Reamoinn, King (1496–1497)
  • Rossa mac Maghnusa, King (1497–1513)
  • Maelmordha, ruler (1403–1411)
  • Richard, ruler (1411–1418)
  • Owen, ruler (1418–1449)
  • Farrell, ruler (1450)
  • John, ruler (1450–1460)
  • Cathal O'Reilly, ruler (1467)
  • Turlough, ruler (1468–1487)
  • John, son of Turlough O'Reilly, ruler (1487–1491)
  • John, son of Cathal O'Reilly, ruler (1491–1510)
  • Tigernán mór Ó Ruairc, King (1376–1418)
  • Aodh buidhe Ó Ruairc, King (1418–1419)
  • Tadhg Ó Ruairc, King (1419–1424)
  • Art Ó Ruairc, King (1419–1424)
  • Tadhg Ó Ruairc, King (1424–1435)
  • Lochlann Ó Ruairc, King (1435–1458)
  • Donnchadh bacagh Ó Ruairc, King (1435–1445)
  • Donnchadh Ó Ruairc, King (1445–1449)
  • Tigernán óg Ó Ruairc, King (1449–1468)
  • Donnchadh losc Ó Ruairce, King (1468–1476)
  • Domnall Ó Ruairc, King (1468–1476,)
  • Feidhlimidh Ó Ruairc, King (1476–1500)
  • Eóghan Ó Ruairc, King (1500–1528)
  • Art Óg mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1375–1417)
  • Donnchadh mac Art mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1417–1478)
  • Domhnall Riabhach mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478)
  • Muircheartach mac Donnchadh mac Murchadha Caomhánach, King (1478–1512)
  • Conchobair Óg mac Diarmata, King (1398–1404)
  • Ruaidri Caech mac Diarmata, King (1404–1421)
  • Tomaltach an Einigh mac Diarmata, King (1421–1458)
  • Aedh mac Diarmata, King (1458–1465)
  • Conochobar Óg mac Diarmata, King (1456–1478)
  • Ruaidri Óg mac Diarmata, King (1478–1486)
  • Conchobair mac Diarmata, King (1486–1497)
  • Tadhg mac Diarmata, King (1497–1499)
  • Cormac mac Diarmata, King (1499–1528)

Europe: Central

See also List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire

Hungary

Poland

  • Siemowit IV the Younger, Duke of Płock and Rawa (1381–1426)
  • Trojden II, co-Duke of Płock and Rawa (1426–1427)
  • Siemowit V, co-Duke of Płock and Rawa (1426–1434), Duke of Rawa (1434–1442)
  • Casimir II, co-Duke of Płock and Rawa (1426–1434), Duke of Bełz (1434–1442)
  • Władysław I, co-Duke of Płock and Rawa (1426–1434), Duke of Płock (1434–1442), of Płock and Rawa-Rawa (1442–1455)
  • Margareta of Opava-Ráciborz, Duchess of Rawa-Gostynin (1442–1459)
  • Anna of Oleśnica, Paul Giżycki, Regents of Płock and Rawa-Rawa (1455–1459)
  • Siemowit VI, co-Duke of Płock and Rawa (1455–1462)
  • Władysław II, co-Duke of Płock and Rawa (1459–1462)
  • Casimir III, co-Duke of Warsaw (1454–1462), of Masovia (1462–1471), Duke of Płock (1471–1475)
  • Janusz II, co-Duke of Warsaw (1454–1462), of Masovia (1462–1471), Duke of Płock (1475–1495)
  • Janusz I the Elder, Duke (1381–1429)
  • Anna of Lithuania, Regent (1429–1436)
  • Bolesław IV, Duke (1429–1454)
  • Barbara Aleksandrówna, Regent (1454–1462)
  • Paul Giżycki, Regent (1454–1462)
  • Casimir III, co-Duke of Warsaw (1454–1462), of Masovia (1462–1471), Duke of Płock (1471–1475)
  • Bolesław V, co-Duke of Warsaw (1454–1462), of Masovia (1462–1471), Duke of Warsaw (1471–1488)
  • Janusz II, co-Duke of Warsaw (1454–1462), of Masovia (1462–1471), Duke of Płock (1475–1495)
  • Konrad III the Rudy, co-Duke of Warsaw (1454–1462), of Masovia (1462–1471), Duke of Czersk (1471–1495), of Warsaw (1488–1495), of Masovia (1495–1503)
  • Konrad III the Rudy, co-Duke of Warsaw (1454–1462), of Masovia (1462–1471), Duke of Czersk (1471–1495), of Warsaw (1488–1495), of Masovia (1495–1503)

Europe: East

Europe: Nordic

Kalmar Union

Europe: Southcentral

States of Italy in 1494.
See also List of state leaders in the 15th-century Holy Roman Empire#Italy
  • Antonio Malaspina, Marquis (1442–1445)
  • Iacopo Malaspina, Marquis (1445–1481)
  • Alberico II Malaspina, Marquis (1481–1519)
  • Niccolò III, Marquis of Ferrara and Modena (1393–1441), of Reggio (1405–1441)
  • Leonello, Marquis (1441–1450)
  • Borso, Marquis(1450–1452), Duke (1452–1471)[30]
  • Ugolino di Giovanni, Betto di Guerolo, Captains Regent (1400–1401)
  • Giovanni di Francesco, Bettino di Paolo, Captains Regent (1401)
  • Bartolino di Antonio, Michelino di Paoluccio, Captains Regent (1401–1402)
  • Gozio di Mucciolino, Landolino di Nicolino, Captains Regent (1402)
  • Simone di Menghino, Rigone di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1402–1403)
  • Vita di Corbello, Simone di Belluzzo, Captains Regent (1403)
  • Martino di Guerolo de' Pistorj, Antonio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1403–1404)
  • Paolino di Giovanni Bianco, Betto di Tura, Captains Regent (1404)
  • Antonio di Tegna, Antonio di Marino di Fosco, Captains Regent (1404–1405)
  • Giovanni di Guidino, Bettino di Paolo, Michele di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1405)
  • Marino di Ghino, Foschino di Benedetto Madroni, Captains Regent (1405–1406)
  • Giovanni di Francesco de' Pistorj, Giovanni di Nino de' Gherardi, Captains Regent (1406)
  • Antonio Lunardini, Giovanni di Pasino, Captains Regent (1406–1407)
  • Gozio di Mucciolino, Giovanni di Cecco di Alessandro, Captains Regent (1407)
  • Paolino di Giovanni di Bianco, Michelino di Paoluccio, Captains Regent (1407–1408)
  • Bartolino di Antonio, Michelino di Berardo, Captains Regent (1408)
  • Simone di Menghino de' Calcigni, Benedetto di Tosetto, Captains Regent (1408–1409)
  • Giovanni di Francesco, Giacomino di Paolo, Captains Regent (1409)
  • Rigone di Giovanni, Antonio di Tegna, Captains Regent (1409–1410)
  • Vita di Corbello, Bettino di Paolo, Captains Regent (1410)
  • Michelino di Paoluccio, Sante Lunardini, Captains Regent (1410–1411)
  • Simone di Belluzzo, Antonio di Marino di Fosco, Captains Regent (1411)
  • Paolo di Carbone, Giovanni di Pasino Benvegnudi, Captains Regent (1411–1412)
  • Simone di Menghino de' Calcigni, Foschino di Benedetto Madroni, Captains Regent (1412)
  • Antonio di Segna, Giovanni di Ugolino di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1412–1413)
  • Paolino di Giovanni di Bianco, Giovanni di Paolino Vitola, Captains Regent (1413)
  • Francesco di Bartoccino, Michelino di Paoluccio, Captains Regent (1413–1414)
  • Antonio Lunardini, Antonio di Marino di Fosco, Captains Regent (1414)
  • Benedetto di Tosetto, Michelino di Berardo, Captains Regent (1414–1415)
  • Bettino di Paolo, Silvestro di Cecco, Captains Regent (1415)
  • Paolino di Giovanni di Bianco, Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1415–1416)
  • Antonio Lunardini, Giovanni di Paolino Vitola, Captains Regent (1416)
  • Michelino di Paoluccio, Giovanni di Pasino Benvegnudi, Captains Regent (1416–1417)
  • Simone di Menghino Calcigni, Foschino di Benedetto Madroni, Captains Regent (1417)
  • Giovanni di Ugolino di Giovanni, Cecco di Marino di Fosco, Captains Regent (1417–1418)
  • Sante Lunardini, Bettino di Paolo, Captains Regent (1418)
  • Antonio di Marino di Fosco, Antonio di Tegna, Captains Regent (1418–1419)
  • Paolino di Giovanni di Bianco, Foschino di Benedetto Madroni, Captains Regent (1419)
  • Giovanni di Paolino Vitola, Benedetto di Tosetto, Captains Regent (1419–1420)
  • Antonio di Tegna, Cristofaro di Paolo Carboni, Captains Regent (1420)
  • Antonio di Marino di Fosco, Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1420–1421)
  • Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Giovanni di Pasino Benvegnudi, Captains Regent (1421)
  • Bettino di Paolo, Sante Lunardini, Captains Regent (1421–1422)
  • Cristofaro di Paolo Carboni, Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1422)
  • Francesco di Bartoccino, Antonio di Benedetto Tosetto, Captains Regent (1422–1423)
  • Antonio Lunardini, Simone di Menghino Calcigni, Captains Regent (1423)
  • Antonio di Marino Di Fosco, Giovanni di Paolino Vitola, Captains Regent (1423–1424)
  • Antonio di Tegna, Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1424)
  • Sante Lunardini, Baldassarre di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1424–1425)
  • Giovanni di Paolino, Antonio di Rigo, Captains Regent (1425)
  • Antonio di Marino di Fosco, Lorenzo di Piero, Captains Regent (1425–1426)
  • Francesco di Bartoccino, Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1426)
  • Sante Lunardini, Francesco di Betto, Captains Regent (1426–1427)
  • Cristofaro di Paolo, Antonio di Benedetto, Captains Regent (1427)
  • Giovanni di Pasino, Andrea di Cecco, Captains Regent (1427–1428)
  • Antonio di Tegna, Antonio di Marino di Fosco, Captains Regent (1428)
  • Sante Lunardini, Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1428–1429)
  • Antonio di Rigo, Andrea di Cecco, Captains Regent (1429)
  • Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Giovanni di Pasino Benvegnudi, Captains Regent (1429–1430)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Giovanni di Antonio, Captains Regent (1430)
  • Sante Lunardini, Benetino di Paolino, Captains Regent (1430–1431)
  • Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Antonio di Rigo, Captains Regent (1431)
  • Giovanni di Antonio, Antonio di Bartolino, Captains Regent (1431–1432)
  • Luigi di Vita, Baldassarre di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1432)
  • Sante Lunardini, Tommaso di Antonio, Captains Regent (1432–1433)
  • Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Andrea di Cecco, Captains Regent (1433)
  • Antonio di Benedetto, Barnaba di Antonio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1433–1434)
  • Andrea di Michelino, Francesco di Betto, Captains Regent (1434)
  • Benetino di Paolino, Luigi di Vita, Captains Regent (1434–1435)
  • Giovanni di Antonio Lunardini, Ciono di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1435)
  • Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1436)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Michele di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1436–1437)
  • Andrea di Cecco, Francesco di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1437)
  • Francesco di Menghino, Giovanni di Antonio, Captains Regent (1437–1438)
  • Niccolò di Michelino, Barnaba di Antonio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1438)
  • Tommaso di Antonio, Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1438–1439)
  • Luigi di Vita, Niccolò di Sabattino, Captains Regent (1439)
  • Sante Lunardini, Bianco di Antonio, Captains Regent (1439–1440)
  • Barnaba di Antonio Lunardini, Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1440)
  • Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Giacomo d'Antonio Sammaritani, Captains Regent (1440–1441)
  • Filippo di Giovanni Caccia, Niccolò di Michelino, Captains Regent (1441)
  • Marino Calcigni, Tommaso di Antonio, Captains Regent (1441–1442)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1442)
  • Michele di Giovanni di Pasino, Bianco di Antonio, Captains Regent (1442–1443)
  • Barnaba di Antonio Lunardini, Mengo di Antonio, Captains Regent (1443)
  • Luigi di Vita, Menghino di Francesco Calcigni, Captains Regent (1443–1444)
  • Francesco di Niccolò, Giacomo d'Antonio Sammaritani, Captains Regent (1444)
  • Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1444–1445)
  • Niccolò di Michelino, Bartolo di Francesco, Captains Regent (1445)
  • Cristofaro di Paolo, Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1445–1446)
  • Giacomo d'Antonio Sammaritani, Bartolo di Angelo di Ciono, Captains Regent (1446)
  • Bianco d'Antonio, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1446–1447)
  • Menghino di Francesco Calcigni, Marino di Fosco (died during his term,
    replaced by Vita di Giovanni di Paolino), Captains Regent (1447)
  • Francesco di Niccolò, Filippo di Antonio Madroni, Captains Regent (1447–1448)
  • Barnaba di Antonio Lunardini, Giacomo d'Antonio Sammaritani, Captains Regent (1448)
  • Baldassarre di Giovanni, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1448–1449)
  • Bartolo di Angelo di Ciono, Venturuccio di Lorenzo, Captains Regent (1449)
  • Bianco di Antonio, Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1449–1450)
  • Francesco di Simone Belluzzi, Matteo di Mucciolo (died during his term,
    replaced by Marino di Venturino), Captains Regent (1450)
  • Menghino di Francesco Calcigni, Mengo di Antonio, Captains Regent (1450–1451)
  • Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1451)
  • Niccolò di Michelino, Paolo di Angelo di Ciono, Captains Regent (1451–1452)
  • Giacomo d'Antonio Sammaritani, Andrea di Cecco, Captains Regent (1452)
  • Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Simone di Marino di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1452–1453)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Bartolo di Michele, Captains Regent (1453)
  • Menghino di Francesco Calcigni, Filippo di Antonio Madroni, Captains Regent (1453–1454)
  • Bartolo di Antonio Tegna, Girolamo di Francesco Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1454)
  • Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Francesco di Giuliano Righi, Captains Regent (1454–1455)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Andrea di Cecco, Captains Regent (1455)
  • Giacomo d'Antonio Samaritani, Bartolo di Giovanni di Casalino, Captains Regent (1455–1456)
  • Girolamo di Francesco Belluzzi, Riccio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1456)
  • Niccolò di Michelino, Girolamo di Antonio, Captains Regent (1456–1457)
  • Bianco di Antonio, Bartolo di Michele, Captains Regent (1457)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Marino di Venturino, Captains Regent (1457–1458)
  • Girolamo di Francesco Belluzzi, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1458)
  • Menghino di Francesco Calcigni, Andrea di Cecco (died 1459 and
    replaced by Bartolo di Michele Pasini), Captains Regent (1458–1459)
  • Bianco di Antonio, Bartolo di Antonio, Captains Regent (1459)
  • Giacomo d'Antonio Sammaritani, Polinoro di Antonio Lunardino, Captains Regent (1459–1460)
  • Marino di Venturino, Riccio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1460)
  • Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Simone di Marino di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1460–1461)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Francesco di Giovanni Sabattini, Captains Regent (1461)
  • Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Bianco di Antonio, Captains Regent (1461–1462)
  • Bartolo di Antonio, Marino di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1462)
  • Giacomo di Antonio Sammaritani, Riccio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1462–1463)
  • Girolamo di Francesco Belluzzi, Maurizio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1463)
  • Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Pasquino di Antonio, Captains Regent (1463–1464)
  • Marino Venturini, Simone di Cecco di Benetto, Captains Regent (1464)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Giovanni Calcigni, Captains Regent (1464–1465)
  • Bianco di Antonio, Paolo di Angelo di Ciono, Captains Regent (1465)
  • Bartolo di Antonio, Simone di Baldo, Captains Regent (1465–1466)
  • Pasquino di Antonio, Marino di Venturino, Captains Regent (1466)
  • Girolamo di Francesco Belluzzi, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1466–1467)
  • Giacomo di Marino, Riccio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1467)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Maurizio di Antonio, Captains Regent (1467–1468)
  • Marino di Venturino, Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1468)
  • Lodovico di Marino Calcigni, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1468–1469)
  • Bianco di Antonio, Simone di Marino di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1469)
  • Bartolo di Antonio, Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Captains Regent (1469–1470)
  • Girolamo di Francesco Belluzzi, Paolo di Angelo di Ciono, Captains Regent (1470)
  • Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Riccio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1470–1471)
  • Giacomo di Marino, Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Captains Regent (1471)
  • Giacomo d'Antonio Sammaritani, Marino di Venturino, Captains Regent (1471–1472)
  • Maurizio di Antonio, Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1472)
  • Girolamo di Francesco Belluzzi, Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1472–1473)
  • Cecco di Giovanni da Valle, Serafino di Michele, Captains Regent (1473)
  • Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1473–1474)
  • Bartolo di Antonio, Pasquino di Antonio, Captains Regent (1474)
  • Serafino di Michele, Marino di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1474–1475)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Simone di Cecco di Benetto, Captains Regent (1475)
  • Antonio di Marino, Simone di Marino di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1475–1476)
  • Bianco di Antonio, Giovanni di Menghino Calcigni, Captains Regent (1476)
  • Bartolo di Antonio, Marino di Venturino, Captains Regent (1476–1477)
  • Simone di Cecco Benetto, Marino di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1477)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Lodovico di Michele Pasini, Captains Regent (1477–1478)
  • Giovanni di Menghino Calcigni, Simone di Marino di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1478)
  • Marino di Venturino, Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1478–1479)
  • Antonio di Marino, Evangelista di Girolamo Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1479)
  • Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Captains Regent (1479–1480)
  • Riccio di Andrea, Marino Samaritani, Captains Regent (1480)
  • Evangelista di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Captains Regent (1480–1481)
  • Marino di Venturino, Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Captains Regent (1481)
  • Bartolo di Antonio, Maurizio di Antonio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1481–1482)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Marino Sammaritani, Captains Regent (1482)
  • Evangelista di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Captains Regent (1482–1483)
  • Antonio di Marino, Marino di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1483)
  • Giovanni di Menghino Calcigni, Antonio di Girolamo, Captains Regent (1483–1484)
  • Riccio di Andrea di Antonio, Simone di Marino di Giovanni, Captains Regent (1484)
  • Giacomo di Marino, Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1484–1485)
  • Maurizio di Antonio Lunardini, Bartolo di Pasquino, Captains Regent (1485)
  • Sabatino di Bianco, Cristoforo di Cecco di Vita, Captains Regent (1485–1486)
  • Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Valente di Paolo, Captains Regent (1486)
  • Antonio di Bianco, Marino Sammaritani, Captains Regent (1486–1487)
  • Evangelista di Girolamo Belluzzi, Marino di Simone Muccioli, Captains Regent (1487)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Captains Regent (1487–1488)
  • Bartolo di Antonio, Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Captains Regent (1488)
  • Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Francesco di Antonio di Anastasio, Captains Regent (1488–1489)
  • Giacomo di Marino, Antonio di Girolamo, Captains Regent (1489)
  • Marino di Antonio Giannini, Gabriele di Bartolo, Captains Regent (1489–1490)
  • Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1490)
  • Giovanni di Menghino Calcigni, Marino Giangi, Captains Regent (1490–1491)
  • Antonio di Bianco, Marino di Simone Muccioli, Captains Regent (1491)
  • Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Matteo Tura, Captains Regent (1491–1492)
  • Riccio di Andrea, Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Captains Regent (1492)
  • Cristoforo di Cecco di Vita, Bonifazio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1492–1493)
  • Evangelista di Girolamo Belluzzi, Valente di Paolo, Captains Regent (1493)
  • Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Francesco di Antonio di Anastasio, Captains Regent (1493–1494)
  • Antonio di Girolamo, Marino di Simone Muccioli, Captains Regent (1494)
  • Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Captains Regent (1494–1495)
  • Evangelista di Girolamo Belluzzi, Antonio di Polinoro Lunardini, Captains Regent (1495)
  • Marino di Antonio Giannini, Antonio di Simone Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1495–1496)
  • Fabrizio di Pier Leone Corbelli, Sabatino di Bianco, Captains Regent (1496)
  • Cristofaro di Cecco di Vita, Bonifazio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1496–1497)
  • Antonio di Bianco, Andrea di Giorgio Loli, Captains Regent (1497)
  • Matteo Tura, Antonio di Bartolomeo, Captains Regent (1497–1498)
  • Giovanni di Menghino Calcigni, Valente di Paolo, Captains Regent (1498)
  • Antonio di Girolamo, Marino di Antonio Giannini, Captains Regent (1498–1499)
  • Marino di Niccolò di Giovanetto, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1499)
  • Cristoforo di Cecco di Vita, Bonifazio di Andrea, Captains Regent (1499–1500)
  • Menetto di Menetto Bonelli, Antonio di Maurizio Lunardini, Captains Regent (1500)
  • Francesco di Girolamo Belluzzi, Simone di Antonio Belluzzi, Captains Regent (1500–1501)

Southern Italy

Europe: Southwest

Iberian Peninsula: Christian

  • Henry IV, claimant king (1462–1463)
  • Peter V, claimant king (1463–1466)
  • René, claimant king (1466–1472)

Marca Hispanica

Europe: West

France

  • John III, Count (1386–1404)
  • Joanna II, Countess (1404–1424)
  • John IV, Count (1404–1416)
  • George, Count (1416–1424)
  • Mary II, Countess (1424–1437)
  • Bertrand I, Count (1437–1461)
  • Bertrand II, Count (1461–1497)
  • John V, Count (1497–1501)

Low Countries

For the succeeding rulers, see the County of Artois under the List of state leaders in the 16th-century Holy Roman Empire

Eurasia: Caucasus

  • Surkhay I, Shamkhal (16th century)
  • Umal-Muhammad I, Shamkhal (1551)
  • Budai I ibn Umal-Muhammad, Shamkhal (1566–1567)
  • Surkhay I ibn Umal-Muhammad, Shamkhal (1567–1569)
  • Chopan ibn Budai, Shamkhal (1569–?)

Oceania

Hawaii

  • Kahoukapu, supreme high chief (1375–1405)
  • Kauholanuimahu, supreme high chief (1405–1435)
  • Kihanuilulumoku, supreme high chief (1435–1465)
  • Līloa, supreme high chief (1465–1495)
  • Hākau, supreme high chief (1495–1510)

Notes

  1. According to (Fernquest 2006: 36) Sawlon became saopha of Mohnyin c. 1482 and died in 1532, meaning he ruled for 50 years. Zatadawbon Yazawin (Zata 1960: 47) says Sawlon was born only in 1486. It means the Sawlon who came to power in 1482 was likely Sawlon's father.

References

  1. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
  2. C.F. Beckingham and G.W.B. Huntingford, Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1954), p. lvi. Amnon Orent, "Refocusing on the History of Kafa prior to 1897: A Discussion of Political Processes" in African Historical Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2. (1970), p. 268.
  3. Information about pre-Oromo kings from Werner J. Lange, History of the Southern Gonga (Southwestern Ethiopia), (Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1982), pp. 28–30.
  4. "Oba Ewuare II Coronation Speech 2016". Retrieved 2017-07-09.
  5. Ben-Amos (1995). The Art of Benin Revised Edition. p. 32.
  6. Dates calculated on the basis of Lange, Diwan, 77-94; id., Kingdoms, 552.
  7. Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-09.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  8. "Mixtecs of Coixtlahuaca (Mixteca)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  9. "Huitzilíhuitl, "Pluma de colibrí" (1396–1417)" [Huitzilíhuitl, “Hummingbird Feather” (1396–1417)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 3, 2019.
  10. "Chimalpopoca, "Escudo humeante (1417–1426)" [Chimalpopoca, "Smoking Shield" (1417–1426)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  11. "Acamapichtli el primer Huey Tlatoani de los Mexicas" [Acamapichtli the first Supreme Leader of the Mexicas)]. Historia.com (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  12. "Itzcóatl, "Serpiente de obsidiana" (1427–1440)" [Itzcóatl, “Obsidian Serpent” (1427–1440)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  13. "Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, "El que se muestra enojado, el que flecha al cielo" (1440–1469)" [Moctezuma Ilhuicamina, "He who shows anger, He who shoots to heaven)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  14. Castañeda de la Paz, María). "Axayácatl". Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  15. "Tízoc, "El que hace sacrificio" (1481–1486)" [Tízoc, “He who makes sacrifices” (1481–1486)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  16. "Ahuítzotl, "El espinoso del agua" (1486–1502)" [Ahuítzotl, "Thorny Water" (1486–1502)]. Archeologia Mexicana (in Spanish). Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  17. "Tepanec (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  18. "Tlacopan / Tacuba (Aztecs) (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  19. "Zapotecs (Mesoamerica)". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  20. "Qosqo of the Incas". The History Files. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  21. L. Petech (1980), 'Ya-ts'e, Gu-ge, Pu-rang: A new study', The Central Asiatic Journal 24, pp. 85–111; R. Vitali (1996), The kingdoms of Gu.ge Pu.hrang. Dharamsala: Tho.ling gtsug.lag.khang.
  22. Giuseppe Tucci, Tibetan Painted Scrolls. [Rome 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, Deb T'er Dmar Po Gsarma. Rome 1971; Per K. Sørensen & Guntram Hazod, Rulers on the Celestial Plain. Wien 2007; Olaf Czaja, Medieval rule in Tibet, Vol. I-II. Wien 2013.
  23. Giuseppe Tucci, 1949; Giuseppe Tucci, 1971; Olaf Czaja, 2013.
  24. Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized states of Southeast Asia. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824803681.
  25. Ricklefs (1991)
  26. Coolhaas, W.Ph. (1923) "Kronijk van het rijk Batjan", Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 63.
  27. Katoppo, Elvianus (1957) Nuku, Sulthan Sadul Djehad Muhammad el Mabus Amirudin Sjah, Kaitjili Paparangan, Sulthan Tidore. Kilatmadju Bina Budhaja; Widjojo, Muridan (2009) The revolt of Prince Nuku: Cross-cultural alliance-making in Maluku, c.1780–1810. Leiden: Brill. The exact genealogy of the rulers before the mid-17th century is not known by the local historical tradition; for the known details, see Clercq, F.S.A. de (1890) Bijdragen tot de kennis der Residentie Ternate. Leiden: Brill.
  28. Radu Praznaglava
  29. Radu Praznaglava
  30. Tuohy, Thomas (2002). Herculean Ferrara : Ercole d'Este, 1471–1505, and the invention of a Ducal capital (1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, published with the assistance of the Istituto di Studi Rinascimentali, Ferrara. p. 211. ISBN 978-0521522632.
  31. Secondotto, John III and Theodore, who were the sons of Elisabeth, daughter of James III of Majorca, and of John II of Montferrat, have been called dukes. Historiae et Urbium Regionum Italiae rariores, Volume 114, Cronica del Montferrato, Benvenuto Sangiorgio, Arnaldo Forni Editore 1780.
  32. "Battle of the Centuries". Science Reference Services. Library of Congress. 25 July 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  33. Casola, Pietro; Newett, Mary Margaret (1907). "Notes". Canon Pietro Casola's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the Year 1494. Manchester University Press. p. 371.
  34. Norwich, John J. (1983). A History of Venice. Penguin Books. p. 363. ISBN 0140066233.
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