List of armed conflicts involving the United States
The history of armed conflicts involving the United States of America spans a period of more than four centuries. A period ranging from the early era of European colonization and the formation of the new national polity that would become the United States, to its evolvement through technological and political upheavals into a decisively modern republic and military force, and ascent onto the world stage, through the calamities of the 20th century, as the largely unrivaled imperial superpower that it is today.[1]
Colonial and early national period
The lines of conflict demarcating the wars, rebellions, and revolutions in the North American colonial and national period can be traced far back into early pre-Columbian times. However, due to the scarcity of written sources, not least resulting from the Spanish colonizers destroying a sizable amount of original Maya writings, deeming them to be heretical, historians typically make the early European settlements as their initial point of departure, of which sources are more plentiful.[2]
A further concern highlighted by historians, relating to the history of slavery and colonialism in particular, is the inherent unevenness of the terrain in which conflicts erupt, and often tremendous disproportionality of means by which they are fought and settled. As historian Ira Berlin points out slavery, by its very definition, poses a profound asymmetry of power: "For three centuries, slave masters mobilized enormous resources that stretched across continents and oceans and employed them with great ferocity in an effort to subdue their human property. Slaves, for their part, had little to depend upon but themselves."[3]
As such, four distinctive lines of conflict can be identified weaving through the colonial and early national period. Firstly, the conflicts between the European colonists and the Native American tribes. Secondly, the rival conflicts between the European states over control of the Americas. Thirdly, the mounting tensions and armed conflicts between the settlers and their rulers in Europe. And lastly, as violence between the white people grew, so too did the revolutionary fervor of the African slaves in their quest for freedom through armed insurrection.[4]
Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Results and assessment of outcome |
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Expedition of Juan Ponce de León
(1521) Location: Southwest Florida![]() 17th century engraving of Ponce de León (unauthenticated) |
Spanish conquistadors | Calusa People | Conquistador defeat
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Rebellion in San Miguel de Guadalupe
(1526) |
Spanish settlers | Guale People | Spanish settlers defeat
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Mutiny at Charlesfort
(1562-1563) |
French colonists | French mutineers
|
French colonist blunder
|
Spanish assault on French Florida
(1565) Location: Fort Caroline, Florida; Matanzas Inlet![]() Image of French settlement in Florida in 1562. |
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French Huguenot defeat
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Raid on St. Augustine
(1586) Location: St. Augustine, Florida |
![]() Apalachee People |
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Roanoke Colony
(1587–1590) Part of the American Indian Wars |
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Anglo-Powhatan Wars
(1610–1646) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colony of Virginia |
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First Indian attack on Jamestown
(1622) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colony of Virginia![]() A 1628 woodcut by Matthaeus Merian published along with Theodore de Bry's earlier engravings in 1628 book on the New World. The engraving shows the March 22, 1622 massacre when Powhatan Indians attacked Jamestown and outlying Virginia settlements. |
Powhatan Indians | Virginian settlers | Virginian settlers defeat |
Beaver Wars
(1629–1701) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Lakes region |
Iroquois |
Huron Erie Neutral Odawa Ojibwe Mississaugas Potawatomi Algonquin Shawnee Wenro Mahican Innu Abenaki Miami Illinois Confederation Supported by: ![]() |
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Pequot War
(1637–1638) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southern New England |
Pequot tribe | New England colonists * ![]() * Plymouth Colony * Saybrook Colony * Connecticut Colony Allies: * Narragansett tribe * Mohegan tribe |
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Kieft's War
(1643–1645) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Netherland |
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Lenape | |
Second Indian attack on Jamestown
(1644) Part of the American Indian Wars |
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Peach Tree War
(1655) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pavonia, New Amsterdam, Staten Island, Bronx |
Susquehannock and allied tribes | ![]() New Netherland |
Native American victory
|
Esopus Wars
(1659–1663) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Netherland |
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Virginia's Indentured Servants' Plot
(1661) Location: Virginia |
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King Philip's War
(1675–1678) Part of the American Indian Wars![]() An artist's rendition of Indians attacking a garrison house |
![]() Mohegans Pequots |
Wampanoags Nipmucks Podunks Narragansetts Nashaway |
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Bacon's Rebellion
(1675–1676) |
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King William's War
(1689–1697) |
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Queen Anne's War
(1702–1713) Part of the War of the Spanish Succession Location: North America |
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Comanche Wars
(1706–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: South-central United States and northern Mexico |
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Tuscarora War
(1711–1715) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Eastern North Carolina |
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New York slave revolt of 1712
(1712) Location: New York City |
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Yamasee War
(1715–1717) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: eastern South Carolina |
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Dummer's War
(1722–1727) Part of the American Indian Wars |
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War of Jenkin's Ear–King George's War
(1739–1744–1748) |
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Stono slave rebellion
(1739) |
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New York Conspiracy of 1741
(1741) Location: New York City |
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French and Indian War
(1754–1763) |
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Pontiac's War
(1763) Part of the American Indian Wars![]() The Siege of the Fort at Detroit, depicting of the 1763 Siege of Fort Detroit by Frederic Remington. |
Ottawas Ojibwas Potawatomis Hurons Miamis Weas Kickapoos Mascoutens Piankashaws Delawares Shawnees Wyandots Mingos ![]() |
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Stalemate
|
Conestoga Massacre
(1763) Location: Pennsylvania |
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War of the Regulation
(1765–1771) Location: North Carolina![]() British Royal Governor William Tryon confronts the North Carolina Regulators in 1771. |
Regulators | ![]() |
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Boston Massacre
(1770) Part of the American Revolution Location: Boston, Massachusetts, British America |
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Battle of Alamance Creek
(1771) |
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American Revolutionary War
(1775–1783) Location: Eastern North America, Gibraltar, India, Caribbean Sea, and the Atlantic ![]() The Battle of Long Island, 27 August 1776 |
![]() ![]() Watauga Association |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Lord Dunmore's War
(1774) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Upper Ohio Valley |
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Cherokee–American wars (1776–1795) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Old Southwest ![]() Abduction of Daniel Boone's daughter by the Cherokee |
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U.S. victory |
Baylor Massacre
(1778) Part of the American Revolutionary War Location: River Vale, New Jersey |
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Northwest Indian War (1785–1793) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Northwest Territory |
![]() Chickasaw Choctaw |
Western Confederacy
List
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U.S. allied victory
|
Shays' Rebellion (1786–1787) Location: Massachusetts ![]() Shays' troops are repulsed from the armory at Springfield, Massachusetts in early 1787. |
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Anti-Government Protesters | U.S. victory
|
Whiskey Rebellion (1791–1794) Location: Western Pennsylvania ![]() George Washington reviews troops before their march to suppress the rebellion in western Pennsylvania. |
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Frontier tax protesters | U.S. victory
|
Battle of Fallen Timbers
(1794) |
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Nickajack Expedition
(1794-) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southwest Territory |
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Quasi-War (1798–1800) Part of the French Revolutionary Wars Location: Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean |
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Mixed
|
Fries's Rebellion
(1799) Location: Pennsylvania |
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Tax protesters | U.S. victory
|
19th-century
Conflict | U.S. and allies | Opponents | Results and assessment of outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Gabriel's slave rebellion
(1800) |
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First Barbary War (1801–1805) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Tripoli. ![]() Lieutenant Presley O'Bannon at Derna, April 1805 |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Sabine Expedition
(1806) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana) |
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1811 German Coast Uprising (1811) Location: Territory of Orleans |
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Rebel slaves Supported by: |
U.S. victory
|
Tecumseh's War (1811) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Northwest River Ohio |
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Tecumseh's Confederacy | U.S. victory
|
War of 1812 (1812–1815) Location: Eastern and Central North America ![]() General Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking Highlanders, by painter Edward Percy Moran in 1910. |
![]() Choctaw Cherokee Nation Creek Allies |
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Stalemate
Treaty of Ghent; Status quo ante bellum with no boundary changes
|
Creek War (1813–1814) Part of the American Indian Wars and the War of 1812 Location: Southern United States ![]() The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, 1814 |
![]() Lower Creeks Cherokee Nation Choctaw |
Red Stick Creek | U.S. allied victory
|
Second Barbary War (1815) Part of the Barbary Wars Location: Mediterranean Sea and the Barbary states. |
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U.S. victory
|
First Seminole War (1817–1818) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars ![]() Barracks and tents at Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay |
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Seminole
|
Victory
|
Long Expedition (1819) |
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Mixed
|
Texas–Indian wars (1820–1875) Part of the American Indian Wars and the Mexican Indian Wars Location: Texas ![]() A Kiowa ledger drawing depicting a battle between Southern Plains Indians and the U.S. Army during the Red River War |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Arikara War (1823) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Missouri River |
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Arikara | Mixed[6]
|
Aegean Sea Anti-Piracy Operations of the United States (1825–1828) Part of Piracy in the Mediterranean Location: Off Greece, Aegean Sea ![]() Greek pirate boats attacking HMS Comet |
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U.S. victory
|
Winnebago War (1827) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory |
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Prairie La Crosse Ho-Chunks with a few allies |
U.S. victory
|
First Sumatran expedition (1832) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Aceh Sultanate ![]() U.S. infantry assaulting the Acehnese forts at Kuala Batu in 1832 |
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Chiefdom of Kuala Batee | U.S. allied victory
|
Black Hawk War (1832) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Illinois and Michigan Territory ![]() Native women and children fleeing the Battle of Bad Axe |
![]() Ho-Chunk Menominee ![]() Potawatomi |
Black Hawks British Band Ho-Chunk and Potawatomi allies |
U.S. allied victory
|
Second Seminole War (1835–1842) Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars Location: Florida, United States ![]() U.S. Marines search for Seminoles in the Everglades |
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Seminole | Victory
|
Second Creek War
(1836) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Alabama |
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Caroline affair
(1837) Location: Niagara River |
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Mixed |
Osage Indian War
(1837) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Plains |
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Second Sumatran expedition (1838) Part of the Sumatran expeditions Location: Aceh Sultanate |
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Chiefdom of Kuala Batee | U.S. allied victory
|
Haun's Mill massacre
(1838) Part of Missouri Mormon War Location: Caldwell County, Missouri |
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Aroostook War (1838) Location: Maine and New Brunswick |
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Compromise Webster–Ashburton Treaty
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Creole case
(1841) Location: Nassau, Bahamas – New Orleans, Louisiana |
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Ivory Coast Expedition (1842) Part of the African Slave Trade Patrol Location: Ivory Coast ![]() Veterans of the expedition on board Saratoga in 1842 |
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U.S. victory
|
Mexican–American War (1846–1848) Location: Texas, New Mexico, California and Mexico ![]() 2nd Dragoons charge the enemy at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma, 1846 |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Conquest of California
(1846–1847) Location: California![]() "Protecting The Settlers" Illustration by JR Browne for his work "The Indians Of California" 1864 |
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Catastrophe
|
Cayuse War (1847–1855) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Oregon |
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Cayuse | U.S. victory
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Ute Wars
(1849–1923) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico |
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Yuma War
(1850–1853) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Southern California |
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Johanna Expedition (1851) Location: Matsamudu, Johanna Island |
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U.S. victory
|
Apache Wars (1851–1900) Part of the Texas–Indian wars Location: Southwestern United States ![]() U.S. Cavalry dash for cover while fighting Apaches, by F. Remington |
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Apache Ute Yavapai |
U.S. victory
|
Erie Railroad War
(1853–1854) Location: Pennsylvania |
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Sioux Wars
(1854–1891) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Great Plains |
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Bleeding Kansas
(1854–1861) |
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Puget Sound War (1855–1856) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington |
![]() Snoqualmie |
Nisqually Muckleshoot Puyallup Klickitat Haida Tlingit |
U.S. allied victory
|
First Fiji Expedition
(1855) Part of the Fiji Expeditions Location: Fiji |
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Fiji | U.S. victory |
Bloody Monday Election Riots of 1855
(1855) Location: Louisville, Kentucky |
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Rogue River Wars (1855–1856) Location: Rogue Valley |
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Rogue River people | U.S. victory
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Third Seminole War
Part of the Seminole Wars and the American Indian Wars |
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Seminole | Stalemate[10]
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Battle of Ty-ho Bay (1855) |
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Chinese Pirates | U.S. allied victory |
Yakima War
Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Washington Territory ![]() Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as USS Decatur opens fire on advancing tribal forces. |
![]() Snoqualmie |
Yakama Walla Walla tribe Umatilla tribe Nez Perce tribe Cayuse tribe |
U.S. allied victory
|
Pottawatomie massacre
(1856) Part of the prelude to the American Civil War Location: Franklin County, Kansas |
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Second Opium War
Part of the Opium Wars Location: China ![]() Palikao's bridge, on the evening of the battle, by Émile Bayard |
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U.S. allied victory
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Spirit Lake Massacre
(1857) Location: Okoboji and Spirit Lake, Iowa |
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Utah War
Part of the Mormon wars Location: Utah Territory and Wyoming |
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Deseret/Utah Mormons (Nauvoo Legion) | Compromise
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Mountain Meadows Massacre
(1857) Part of the Mormon wars Location: Mountain Meadows, Utah Territory |
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Marais des Cygnes massacre
(1858) Part of the prelude to the American Civil War Location: Kansas Territory, Missouri |
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Navajo Wars (1858–1866) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: New Mexico |
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Navajo | U.S. victory
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Antelope Hills expedition
(1858) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Comancheria, Texas, Oklahoma |
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Mohave War
(1858–1859) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona |
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Second Fiji Expedition
(1859) Part of the Fiji Expeditions Location: Fiji |
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Fiji | U.S. victory |
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
(1859) Part of pre-Civil War conflicts Location: West Virginia ![]() Harper's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort" Teresa Baine |
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Abolitionist Insurgents | U.S. victory |
First and Second Cortina War (1859–1861) |
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U.S. allied victory |
Paiute War
(1860) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Pyramid Lake, Nevada |
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Paiute Shoshone Bannock |
U.S. victory |
American Civil War (1861–1865) Location: United States ![]() The Battle of Antietam, by Kurz & Allison. |
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U.S. victory
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Sacking of Osceola
(1861) Part of the American Civil War Location: Osceola, Missouri |
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Yavapai Wars (1861–1875) Location: Arizona |
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Yavapai Apache Yuma Mohave |
U.S. victory |
Dakota War of 1862 (1862) Location: Minnesota and Dakota ![]() The Siege of New Ulm, Minnesota on August 19, 1862 |
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U.S. victory |
Lawrence massacre
(1863) Part of the American Civil War Location: Lawrence, Douglas County, Kansas |
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Colorado War (1863–1865) |
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Victory
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Shimonoseki War (1863–1864) Location: Kanmon Straits ![]() Captured Choshu battery at Shimonoseki. |
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U.S. allied victory
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Centralia Massacre (Missouri)
(1864) Part of the American Civil War Location: Centralia, Missouri |
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Fort Pillow massacre
(1864) Part of the American Civil War Location: Lauderdale County, Tennessee |
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Snake War (1864–1868) Locations: Oregon, Nevada, California, and Idaho |
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Paiute Bannock Shoshone |
U.S. victory |
Powder River War (1865) Location: Powder River State |
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Mixed |
Hualapai War
(1865–1870) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona Territory |
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Second Franco-Mexican War (1865–1867) Location: Mexico |
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U.S. allied victory
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Red Cloud's War (1866–1868) Location: Powder River State ![]() The Fetterman Massacre |
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U.S. defeat
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Formosa Expedition (1867) Location: Southern Formosa (Taiwan) ![]() US Marines and Sailors attack Formosan pirates. |
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Paiwan | U.S. defeat
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Comanche Campaign (1867–1875) Location: Western United States ![]() Battle of Beecher Island. One soldier and three horses have fallen, while others continue to wage the battle. |
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U.S. victory |
Opelousas massacre
(1868) Location: Opelousas, Louisiana |
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Battle of Boca Teacapan
(1870) Location: Boca Teacapan, Sinaloa, Teacapan Estuary |
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U.S. victory |
Sheep Wars
(c.1870–1920) Location: Texas, Arizona and the border region of Wyoming and Colorado |
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United States expedition to Korea (1871) Location: Ganghwado ![]() American forces after capturing the Deokjin Fort during the Battle of Ganghwa in 1871. |
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Victory[12] |
Modoc War (1872–1873) Location: California and Oregon ![]() Engraving of soldiers recovering the bodies of the slain May 3, 1873. |
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U.S. victory |
Colfax massacre
(1873) Location: Colfax, Louisiana![]() Gathering the dead after the Colfax massacre, published in Harper's Weekly, May 10, 1873 |
Court attackers
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Court defenders
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Catastrophe
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Election riot of 1874
(1874) Location: Barbour County, Alabama |
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Red River War (1874–1875) Location: Texas |
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U.S. victory
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Coushatta massacre
(1874) Location: Louisiana |
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Las Cuevas War (1875) ![]() Texan soldiers. |
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U.S. victory
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Great Sioux War of 1876 (1876–1877) Location: Montana, Dakota and Wyoming ![]() Custer's last stand at Little Bighorn. |
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U.S. victory
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Hamburg massacre
(1876) Part of the Reconstruction Era Location: South Carolina |
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Buffalo Hunters' War (1876–1877) |
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U.S. victory |
Nez Perce War (1877) Location: Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana ![]() Chief Joseph's band in the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain |
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Nez Perce Palouse |
U.S. victory |
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
(1877) Location: Martinsburg, West Virginia |
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Bannock War (1878) |
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Bannock Shoshone Paiute |
U.S. victory |
Cheyenne War (1878–1879) Location: Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota and Montana ![]() Aftermath of the Battle of "The Pit." |
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U.S. victory |
Sheepeater Indian War (1879) Location: Idaho |
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Shoshone | U.S. victory |
Victorio's War (1879–1881) Location: Mexico |
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Apache | U.S. allied victory |
White River War (1879–1880) Location: Colorado |
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Ute | U.S. victory |
Tong Wars
(1880–1913) Location: San Francisco, Chicago, New York |
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Guadalupe Canyon Massacre
(1881) Location: Peloncillo Mountains – Guadalupe Mountains |
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Rock Springs massacre
(1885) Location: Rock Springs, Wyoming |
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Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886
(1886) |
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Bay View massacre
(1886) Location: Milwaukee, Wisconsin |
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Haymarket affair
(1886) Location: Chicago, Illinois |
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Hawaiian rebellions
(1887–1895) Location: Hawaii![]() The USS Boston's landing force on duty at the Arlington Hotel, Honolulu, at the time of the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, January 1893. Lieutenant Lucien Young, USN, commanded the detachment, and is presumably the officer at right.[13] |
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U.S. blunder
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Hells Canyon massacre
(1887) Location: Wallowa County, Oregon |
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Thibodaux massacre
(1887) Location: Thibodaux, Louisiana |
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Crow War
(1887) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Montana |
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Pine Ridge Campaign (1890–1891) Location: South Dakota ![]() Mass grave for the dead Lakota after the conflict at Wounded Knee Creek. |
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Mixed |
Garza Revolution (1891–1893) ![]() 3rd Cavalry Troopers searching a suspected Revolutionist, 1892 |
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Garzistas | U.S. allied victory |
Homestead Steel strike
(1892) Location: Homestead, Pennsylvania |
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1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
(1892) Location: Coeur d'Alene, Idaho |
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Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
(1894) Location: Cripple Creek, Colorado |
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Bannock War of 1895
(1895) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Jackson's Hole, Wyoming |
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Yaqui Wars (1896–1918) ![]() 10th Cavalry soldiers holding Yaqui prisoners at their camp in Bear Valley, January 9, 1918. |
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![]() Pima Opata |
U.S. allied victory |
Leadville miners' strike
(1896–1897) Location: Leadville, Colorado |
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Lattimer massacre
(1897) Location: Lattimer, Pennsylvania |
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Second Samoan Civil War (1898–1899) Location: Samoa ![]() Samoan warriors and American servicemen during the Siege of Apia in March 1899. |
Samoa![]() |
Mataafans![]() |
Mixed
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Battle of Sugar Point
(1898) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Leech Lake, Minnesota |
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Spanish–American War (1898) Location: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines and Guam ![]() Teddy Roosevelt and the "Rough Riders" charge Spanish positions during the Battle of San Juan Hill. |
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U.S. allied victory
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Illinois coal wars
(1898–1900) Part of the Coal Wars Location: Illinois |
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Philippine–American War (1899–1902) Location: Philippines ![]() Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua. |
1899-1902![]() 1902-1906 |
1899-1902![]() Limited Foreign Support: 1902-1906 |
Victory
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Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) ![]() The 8th Infantry Regiment defeat the Moros in the four-day battle of Bagsak Mountain on Jolo Island in the Philippines. |
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Victory
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Boxer Rebellion (1899–1901) Location: China ![]() Corporal Titus, of the 14th Infantry Regiment, scaling the walls of Peking. |
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U.S. allied victory
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20th-century
Conflict | U.S. and allies | Opponents | Results and assessment of outcome |
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St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
(1900) Location: St. Louis, Missouri |
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Colorado Labor Wars
(1903–1904) Location: Colorado |
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1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
(1905) Location: Chicago, Illinois |
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San Francisco streetcar strike of 1907
(1907) Location: San Francisco |
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Crazy Snake Rebellion (1909) Location: Oklahoma ![]() Creek prisoners of war. |
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Creek | U.S. victory |
Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
(1909) Location: McKees Rocks, Pennsylvania |
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Border War (1910–1919) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico–United States border ![]() American troops of the 16th Infantry Regiment rest for the night on 27 May 1916 |
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U.S. victory
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Westmoreland County coal strike
(1910–1911) Location: Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania |
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Battle of Kelley Creek
(1911) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Humboldt County, Nevada |
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Negro Rebellion (1912) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Cuba ![]() USS Mississippi in Cuba |
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U.S. allied victory
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Paint Creek Mine War
(1912–1913) Location: Cabin Creek, West Virginia |
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Occupation of Nicaragua (1912–1933) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Nicaragua ![]() US Marines holding a captured Sandinista flag. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Copper Country strike of 1913–14
(1913–1914) Location: Copper Country, Michigan |
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Bluff War (1914–1915) ![]() Prisoners of the Bluff War in Thompson, Utah, waiting to board a train for their trial in Salt Lake City. |
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Ute Paiute |
U.S. victory |
Ludlow Massacre
(1914) Location: Colorado |
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Occupation of Veracruz (1914) Part of the Mexican Revolution Location: Mexico ![]() American ships at Veracruz |
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U.S. victory
|
Occupation of Haiti (1915–1934) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Haiti ![]() 2nd Marine Regiment in Haiti |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Bayonne refinery strikes
(1915–1916) Location: Bayonne, New Jersey |
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Occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924) Part of the Banana Wars Location: Dominican Republic ![]() US Marines in the Occupation of the Dominican Republic. |
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U.S. victory
|
World War I (1914–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America ![]() Two US troops pass by dead German soldiers on a battlefield. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Everett massacre
(1916) Location: Everett, Washington |
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Battle of Bear Valley
(1918) Part of the American Indian Wars Location: Arizona |
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Russian Civil War (1918–1920) Location: Russia, Mongolia, and Iran ![]() US troops march through Russia before the Battle of Romanovka. |
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U.S. allied defeat
|
Centralia massacre (Washington)
(1919) Location: Centralia, Washington |
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Steel strike of 1919
(1919) Location: United States |
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Battle of Matewan
(1920) Location: Matewan, West Virginia |
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Ocoee massacre
(1920) Part of Racism in the United States Location: Ocoee, Florida |
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Tulsa race riot
(1921) Part of Racism in the United States Location: Greenwood, Tulsa |
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Battle of Blair Mountain
(1921) Part of Coal Wars Location: Logan County, West Virginia |
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Perry race riot
(1922) Part of Racism in the United States Location: Perry, Florida |
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Herrin massacre
(1922) Part of Coal Wars Location: Herrin, Illinois |
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Last Indian Uprising (1923) Location: Utah ![]() Ute and Paiute prisoners of war. |
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Ute Paiute |
Victory |
Rosewood massacre
(1923) Part of Racism in the United States Location: Rosewood, Florida |
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Hanapepe massacre
(1924) Location: Hanapepe, Hawaii |
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Columbine Mine massacre
(1927) Location: Serene, Colorado |
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Harlan County War
(1931–1939) Part of Coal Wars Location: Harlan County, Kentucky |
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Ford Hunger March
(1932) Location: Detroit, Michigan |
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California agricultural strikes of 1933
(1933) Location: California |
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Textile workers strike
(1934) Location: New England, the Mid-Atlantic states and the U.S. Southern states |
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Ponce massacre
(1937) Location: Ponce, Puerto Rico |
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Women's day massacre
(1937) Location: Youngstown, Ohio |
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Little Steel strike
(1937) Location: United States |
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World War II (1939–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, North and South America ![]() U.S. Army Soldiers advancing at dawn in the cover of a M4 Sherman tank, during the Battle of Bougainville, 1944. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
First Indochina War (1946–1954) Part of the Cold War Location: French Indochina |
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U.S. allied defeat
|
Korean War (1950–1953) Part of the Cold War Location: Korea ![]() American soldiers in the Korean war with the Browning M1919A6 LMG. |
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Armistice
|
Operation Ajax (1953) Location: Tehran, Imperial State of Iran ![]() Coup supporters celebrating in Tehran |
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Mixed
|
Laotian Civil War (1953–1975) Part of the Indochina Wars and Cold War Location: Laos ![]() A U.S. Air Force Bell UH-1P from the 20th Special Operations Squadron "Green Hornets" at a base in Laos, 1970. |
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U.S. allied defeat
|
Lebanon Crisis (1958) Location: Lebanon ![]() US Marine sits in a foxhole and points his machine gun toward Beirut. |
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Victory
|
Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961) Part of the Cold War Location: Cuba |
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U.S. allied defeat
|
Simba Rebellion (1964) Part of the Cold War Location: Democratic Republic of the Congo |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Vietnam War (1965–1973[lower-alpha 2], 1975[lower-alpha 3]) Part of the Cold War and Indochina Wars Location: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos ![]() 1st Cavalry Division, Battle of Ia Drang, 1965. |
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U.S. allied defeat
|
Communist insurgency in Thailand (1965-1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Thailand ![]() Ta Ko Bi Cave, a former hideout used by communist rebels. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Korean DMZ Conflict (1966–1969) Part of the Korean conflict and the Cold War Location: Korean Demilitarized Zone ![]() ROK and US troop stationed at the DMZ, 1967. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Dominican Civil War (1965–1966) Location: Dominican Republic ![]() US soldiers push a child underneath a Jeep to protect him during a firefight in Santo Domingo on May 5, 1965. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Insurgency in Bolivia (1966–1967) Part of the Cold War Location: Bolivia |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Cambodian Civil War (1967–1975) Location: Cambodia ![]() US troops and tanks entering town in Cambodia. |
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Other Supports |
U.S. allied defeat
|
Golden Dragon massacre
(1977) Part of Gangs in the United States Location: San Francisco, California |
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War in South Zaire (1978) Location: Zaire |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Soviet–Afghan War (1979) Location: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan |
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Mixed
|
Operation Eagle Claw (1980) Part of the Iranian hostage crisis Location: Iran ![]() Wreckage at the Desert One base in Iran. |
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U.S. blunder
|
Gulf of Sidra encounter (1981) Location: Gulf of Sidra |
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U.S. victory
|
Lebanese Civil War (1982–1984) Location: Lebanon ![]() US Marines on patrol in Beirut, April 1983 |
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Mixed
|
Invasion of Grenada (1983) Part of the Cold War Location: Grenada ![]() American soldiers in mortar positions in Grenada. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986) ![]() Libyan corvette obliterated after attempting to fire on US forces |
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U.S. victory
|
Bombing of Libya (1986) Location: Libya ![]() USAF F-111 taking off for Libya |
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U.S. victory
|
Tobruk encounter (1989) Location: Mediterranean Sea ![]() Gun camera depicting the last remaining MiG-23 fighters exploding after being shot down. |
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U.S. victory
|
Invasion of Panama (1989–1990) Location: Panama ![]() U.S. troops prepare to take a neighborhood in Panama City, December 1989. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Israel ![]() M1 Abrams tanks of the 3rd Armored Division advance on Medina Ridge. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Iraqi No-Fly Zone Enforcement Operations (1991–2003) Location: Iraq ![]() A Tomahawk cruise missile is fired from an Arleigh Burke-class destroyer during Operation Desert Fox in December 1998. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
First Intervention in the Somali Civil War (1992–1995) Location: Somalia ![]() US Marines on patrol in Somalia. |
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Mixed
|
Bosnian War (1992–1995) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina ![]() Russian and American troops on a joint patrol around the Bosnian town of Zvornik on the afternoon of 29 February 1996. |
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Victory
|
Intervention in Haiti (1994–1995) Location: Haiti ![]() US troops arrive in Haiti. |
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Victory
|
Kosovo War (1998–1999) Part of the Yugoslav Wars Location: Serbia ![]() Bombing of Novi Sad. |
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Victory[26][27][28][29]
|
Operation Infinite Reach (1998) Location: Sudan and Afghanistan ![]() al-Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan. |
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U.S. blunder
|
- Covertly
- Direct U.S. involvement ended in 1973 with the Paris Peace Accords. Air Force and Special Ops continued some operations until April 1975; President Ford in a televised speech on April 23, 1975 declared the end of Vietnam War.
- The war reignited on 13 December 1974 with offensive operations by North Vietnam, leading to victory over South Vietnam in under two months.
21st-century
Conflict | U.S. and allies | Opponents | Results and assessment of outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Nepalese Civil War
(2002–2006) Part of the War on Terror Location: Nepal ![]() Three Maoist rebels wait on top of a hill in the Rolpa district for orders to relocate |
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U.S. allied defeat
|
War in Afghanistan (2001–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Afghanistan ![]() American and British soldiers take a tactical pause during a combat patrol in the Sangin District area of Helmand Province. |
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Taliban splinter groups ![]()
2001 Invasion: |
Ongoing
|
Insurgency in the Maghreb
(2002–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Maghreb, Sahara desert, Sahel![]() U.S. NCO training member of Malian counter-terrorism unit in weapons marksmanship, December 2010. |
![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Supported & Trained By: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Ongoing
|
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa
(2002–present) Location: Horn of Africa, Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel![]() U.S. soldiers and French commandos marine conduct a reconnaissance patrol during joint-combined exercise in Djibouti. |
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Ongoing |
Iraq War (2003–2011) Part of the War on Terror Location: Iraq ![]() Soldiers from 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment conduct security before a cordon and search operation in Biaj, Iraq with their M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank. |
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2003 Invasion: |
Partial Victory
|
War in North-West Pakistan (2004–present) Part of the War on Terror Location: Pakistan ![]() MQ-1 Predator drones are typically used in covert bombing operations in the Federally administered tribal regions of Pakistan |
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Ongoing
|
War in Somalia (2007–present) Location: Somalia and Northeastern Kenya ![]() MQ-9 Reaper commonly used in covert drone strikes in Somalia. |
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Ongoing
|
Operation Ocean Shield (2009–2016) Location: Indian Ocean ![]() A tall plume of black smoke rises from a destroyed pirate vessel that was struck by USS Farragut in March 2010. |
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Somali pirates | U.S. allied victory
|
American-led intervention in Libya (2011) Part of the Libyan Crisis Location: Libya ![]() US vessels launch missiles in support of the Libyan Civil War. |
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U.S. allied victory
|
Operation Observant Compass
(2011-2017) Location: Uganda ![]() U.S. Marine Sgt. Joseph Bergeron, a task force combat engineer, explains combat marksmanship tactics to a group of Ugandan soldiers. |
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Victory
| |
American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Iraqi Civil War, the Spillover of the Syrian Civil War, and the International ISIS campaign Location: Iraq ![]() General Stephen J. Townsend observes a HIMARS strike that destroyed a building near Haditha, September 2016 |
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Ongoing
|
American-led intervention in Syria (2014–present) Part of Operation Inherent Resolve, the Syrian Civil War and the International ISIS campaign Location: Syria ![]() USS Ross fires Tomahawk missiles towards Shayrat Military Base, during the 2017 retaliatory strike against the Syrian government. |
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Formerly:
|
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Ongoing
|
Yemeni Civil War (2015–present) Location: Yemen ![]() U.S. Naval vessel patrolling along the coastline of Yemen enforcing the American-Saudi blockade against Iran. |
![]() Saudi-led Coalition: ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
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Ongoing
|
American intervention in Libya (2015–present) Part of the Second Libyan Civil War Location: Libya |
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Ongoing
|
2019–2020 Persian Gulf crisis (2019–present)
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Ongoing
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See also
- Military history of the United States
- American imperialism
- Indian removal
- Foreign policy of the United States
- Timeline of United States military operations
- List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
- List of massacres in the United States
- List of wars fought by the United States
- United States involvement in regime change
- United States war crimes
- Genocide of indigenous peoples
- United States military casualties of war
- List of ongoing armed conflicts
References
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- Landers, Jane (2006). Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America. UNM Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-2397-2.
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- Madley, Benjamin (2016). An American Genocide, The United States and the California Catastrophe, 1846–1873. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-18136-4.
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- U.S. Navy History site Archived 2007-03-04 at the Wayback Machine. History.navy.mil (March 22, 2005). Retrieved on 2011-07-06.
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- Moorfield, Storey; Lichauco, Marcial P. (1926). The conquest of the Philippines by the United States, 1898-1925. New York, London: G. P. Putnam's sons.
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- "Philippine-American War". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Archived from the original on October 3, 2018. Retrieved Oct 10, 2018.
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- "Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" (PDF). January 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
- Borer, Douglas A. (1999). Superpowers defeated: Vietnam and Afghanistan compared. London: Cass. p. 216. ISBN 0-7146-4851-5.
- "Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Larry Speakes". September 23, 1982. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
- "The Collapse of Lebanon's Army: U.S. Said to Ignore Factionalism". March 11, 1984. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved October 9, 2018.
- McEldowney, Nancy. "Kosovo: Redefining Victory in an Era of Limited War" (PDF). Dtic.mil. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- Publisher, Cambridge Scholars (10 October 2018). Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443876681 – via Google Books.
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- Lake, Daniel R. (1 July 2009). "The Limits of Coercive Airpower: NATO's "Victory" in Kosovo Revisited". International Security. 34 (1): 83–112. doi:10.1162/isec.2009.34.1.83. S2CID 57572298.
- "Central Asian groups split over leadership of global jihad". The Long War Journal. 24 August 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- "Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)". Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium. Archived from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
- "Sectarian divisions change Baghdad's image". NBC News. 3 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2007.
- "The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency | Combating Terrorism Center at West Point". Ctc.usma.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2014-08-02.
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George W. Bush gambled on surging thousands more troops to the embattled country. It paid off. Al-Qaeda in Iraq is now a diminished force without territory.
- Spencer C. Tucker (14 December 2015). U.S. Conflicts in the 21st Century: Afghanistan War, Iraq War, and the War on Terror. ISBN 978-1440838798.
Al Qaeda in Iraq was decimated by the end of the Iraq War in 2011
- Galbraith, Peter W. (2007). The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End. Simon & Schuster. p. 74. ISBN 978-0743294249.
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External links
- Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research (HIIK)
- Conflict Barometer – Describes recent trends in conflict development, escalations, and settlements
- A Continent Divided: The U.S.-Mexico War, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
- Timeline of wars involving the United States, Histropedia
- U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts, Congressional Research Service