Oxybutynin

Oxybutynin, sold as under the brand names Ditropan among others, is a medication used to treat overactive bladder.[1] It works similar to tolterodine, Darifenacin, and Solifenacin.[1] While used for bed wetting in children, evidence to support this use is poor.[1] It is taken by mouth or applied to the skin.[1]

Oxybutynin
Clinical data
Trade namesDitropan, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa682141
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: B1
Routes of
administration		By mouth, transdermal gel, transdermal patch
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding91–93%
Elimination half-life12.4–13.2 hours
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.158.590
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC22H31NO3
Molar mass357.494 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  (verify)

Common side effects include dry mouth, dizziness, constipation, trouble sleeping, and urinary tract infections.[1] Serious side effects may include urinary retention and an increased risk of heat stroke.[1] Use in pregnancy appears safe but has not been well studied while use in breastfeeding is of unclear safety.[2] It is an antimuscarinic and works by blocking the effects of acetylcholine on smooth muscle.[1]

Oxybutynin was approved for medical use in the United States in 1975.[1] It is available as a generic medication.[3] In 2017, it was the 100th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than seven million prescriptions.[4][5]

Medical use

The immediate and slow release versions work equally.[1]

In people with overactive bladder, transdermal oxybutynin decreased the number of incontinence episodes and increased average voided volume. There was no difference between transdermal oxybutynin and extended-release oral tolterodine.[6]

Tentative evidence supports the use of oxybutynin in hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating).[7]

Adverse effects

Common adverse effects that are associated with oxybutynin and other anticholinergics include: dry mouth, difficulty in urination, constipation, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.[8] Anticholinergics have also been known to induce delirium.[9]

Oxybutynin's tendency to reduce sweating can be dangerous. Reduced sweating increases the risk of heat exhaustion and heat stroke in apparently safe situations where normal sweating keeps others safe and comfortable.[10] Adverse effects of elevated body temperature are more likely for the elderly and for those with health issues, especially multiple sclerosis.[11]

N-Desethyloxybutynin is an active metabolite of oxybutynin that is thought responsible for much of the adverse effects associated with the use of oxybutynin.[12] N-Desethyloxybutynin plasma levels may reach as much as six times that of the parent drug after administration of the immediate-release oral formulation.[13] Alternative dosage forms have been developed in an effort to reduce blood levels of N-desethyloxybutynin and achieve a steadier concentration of oxybutynin than is possible with the immediate release form. The long-acting formulations also allow once-daily administration instead of the twice-daily dosage required with the immediate-release form. The transdermal patch, in addition to the benefits of the extended-release oral formulations, bypasses the first-pass hepatic effect that the oral formulations are subject to.[14] In those with overflow incontinence because of diabetes or neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis or spinal cord trauma, oxybutynin can worsen overflow incontinence since the fundamental problem is that the bladder is not contracting.

A large study linked the development of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia in those over 65 to the use of oxybutynin, due to its anticholinergic properties.[15]

Contraindications

Oxybutynin chloride is contraindicated in patients with untreated narrow angle glaucoma, and in patients with untreated narrow anterior chamber angles—since anticholinergic drugs may aggravate these conditions. It is also contraindicated in partial or complete obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, hiatal hernia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, paralytic ileus, intestinal atony of the elderly or debilitated patient, megacolon, toxic megacolon complicating ulcerative colitis, severe colitis, and myasthenia gravis. It is contraindicated in patients with obstructive uropathy and in patients with unstable cardiovascular status in acute hemorrhage. Oxybutynin chloride is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to the product.

Pharmacology

Oxybutynin chloride exerts direct antispasmodic effect on smooth muscle and inhibits the muscarinic action of acetylcholine on smooth muscle. It exhibits one-fifth of the anticholinergic activity of atropine on the rabbit detrusor muscle, but four to ten times the antispasmodic activity. No blocking effects occur at skeletal neuromuscular junctions or autonomic ganglia (antinicotinic effects).

Sources say the drug is absorbed within one hour and has an elimination half-life of 2 to 5 hours.[16][17][18] There is a wide variation among individuals in the drug's concentration in blood. This, and its low concentration in urine, suggest that it is eliminated through the liver.[17]

Chemistry

Oxybutynin contains one stereocenter. Commercial formulations are sold as the racemate. The (R)-enantiomer is a more potent anticholinergic than either the racemate or the (S)-enantiomer, which is essentially without anticholinergic activity at doses used in clinical practice.[19][20] However, (R)-oxybutynin administered alone offers little or no clinical benefit above and beyond the racemic mixture. The other actions (calcium antagonism, local anesthesia) of oxybutynin are not stereospecific. (S)-Oxybutynin has not been clinically tested for its spasmolytic effects, but may be clinically useful for the same indications as the racemate, without the unpleasant anticholinergic side effects.

Enantiomers of oxybutynin

CAS-Number: 119618-21-2
CAS-Number: 119618-22-3

Brandnames

Oxybutynin is available by mouth in generic formulation or as the brand-names Ditropan,[21] Lyrinel XL, or Ditrospam, as a transdermal patch under the brand name Oxytrol, and as a topical gel under the brand name Gelnique.

References
  1. "Oxybutynin Chloride Monograph for Professionals". Drugs.com. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  2. "Oxybutynin Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Drugs.com. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
  3. British National Formulary: BNF 76 (76th ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. ISBN 9780857113382.
  4. "The Top 300 of 2020". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  5. "Oxybutynin - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  6. Baldwin C, Keating GM (2009). "Transdermal Oxybutynin". Drugs. 69 (3): 327–337. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969030-00008. PMID 19275276. S2CID 33534909.
  7. Cruddas, L; Baker, DM (June 2017). "Treatment of primary hyperhidrosis with oral anticholinergic medications: a systematic review". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV. 31 (6): 952–963. doi:10.1111/jdv.14081. PMID 27976476. S2CID 4535312.
  8. Mehta D (Ed.) 2006. British National Formulary 51. Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 0-85369-668-3
  9. Andreasen NC and Black DW, "Introductory Textbook of Psychiatry." American Psychiatric Publishing Inc. 2006
  10. pmhdev. "Oxybutynin (By mouth) - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health". mmdn/DNX0064.
  11. White AT, Vanhaitsma TA, Vener J, Davis SL (2013). "Effect of passive whole body heating on central conduction and cortical excitability in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls". J Appl Physiol. 114 (12): 1697–704. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01119.2012. PMC 3680823. PMID 23599395.
  12. Allen B. Reitz; Suneel K. Gupta; Yifang Huang; Michael H. Parker & Richard R. Ryan (2007). "The preparation and human muscarinic receptor profiling of oxybutynin and N-desethyloxybutynin enantiomers". Medicinal Chemistry. 3 (6): 543–5. doi:10.2174/157340607782360353. PMID 18045203.
  13. Zobrist RH; et al. (2001). "Pharmacokinetics of the R- and S-Enantiomers of Oxybutynin and N-Desethyloxybutynin Following Oral and Transdermal Administration of the Racemate in Healthy Volunteers". Pharmaceutical Research. 18 (7): 1029–1034. doi:10.1023/a:1010956832113. PMID 11496941. S2CID 8004795.
  14. Oki T, et al. (2006). "Advantages for Transdermal over Oral Oxybutynin to Treat Overactive Bladder: Muscarinic Receptor Binding, Plasma Drug Concentration, and Salivary Secretion". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 316 (3): 1137–1145. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.094508. PMID 16282521. S2CID 30397079.
  15. Gray, Shelly L.; Anderson, Melissa L. (January 26, 2015). "Cumulative Use of Strong Anticholinergics and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study". JAMA Intern. Med. 175 (3): 401–7. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663. PMC 4358759. PMID 25621434. Retrieved January 27, 2015.
  16. "Oxybutynin" Retrieved on 30 August 2012.
  17. Douchamps J, Derenne F, Stockis A, Gangji D, Juvent M, Herchuelz A (1988). "The pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin in man". Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 35 (5): 515–20. doi:10.1007/bf00558247. PMID 3234461. S2CID 33628778.
  18. "Oxybutynin" Retrieved on 30 August 2012.
  19. Kachur JF; et al. (1988). "R and S enantiomers of oxybutynin: pharmacological effects in guinea pig bladder and intestine". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 247 (3): 867–72. PMID 2849672.
  20. Noronha-Blob L, Kachur JF (1991). "Enantiomers of oxybutynin: in vitro pharmacological characterization at M1, M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors and in vivo effects on urinary bladder contraction, mydriasis and salivary secretion in guinea pigs". Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 256 (2): 562–7. PMID 1993995.
  21. "DITROPAN®(oxybutynin chloride) Tablets and Syrup" (PDF). FDA. February 2008. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  • "Oxybutynin". Drug Information Portal. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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