Tetracyclic antidepressant

Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) are a class of antidepressants that were first introduced in the 1970s. They are named after their tetracyclic chemical structure, containing four rings of atoms, and are closely related to the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which contain three rings of atoms.

Not to be confused with Tetracycline.
Chemical structure of the TeCA mirtazapine. Notice its four rings fused together.

List of TeCAs

Marketed

Drugs that contain four rings not all fused together but are sometimes still classified as TeCAs include:

  • Amoxapine (Asendin) – often classified as a TCA and grouped with the secondary amines

Miscellaneous
  • Benzoctamine (Tacitin) – a tetracyclic compound and is closely related to maprotiline, with the two compounds differing only in the length of their side chain, but benzoctamine is not used as an antidepressant and is instead used as an anxiolytic
  • Loxapine (Adasuve, Loxitane) – a typical antipsychotic that produces amoxapine as a major metabolite and is said to have antidepressant effects, but it is not usually regarded as a TeCA

Drugs that contain four rings not all fused together but could still be classified as tetracyclic include:

Never marketed

Drugs that contain four rings not all fused together but could still be classified as tetracyclic include:

  • Ciclazindol (WY-23,409) – a close analogue of mazindol

Pharmacology
See also: Pharmacology of antidepressants

TeCAs have diverse pharmacology and differ from TCAs in a number of ways. With the exception of amoxapine, TeCAs do not inhibit the reuptake of serotonin. However, aside from mirtazapine, they do inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine. TeCAs block the serotonin 5-HT2 receptors similarly to TCAs. Besides mirtazapine, they also block the α1-adrenergic receptor. Conversely, whereas TCAs have relatively low affinity for the α2-adrenergic receptor, mianserin and mirtazapine potently antagonize this receptor, and this action is thought to be involved in their antidepressant effects. TeCAs block the histamine H1 receptor similarly to the TCAs, but tend to be even stronger antihistamines than TCAs. On the other hand, in contrast to almost all TCAs, TeCAs have only low affinity for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, and for this reason, are associated with few or no anticholinergic side effects. Mianserin and mirtazapine are far less toxic than TCAs in overdose.[1][2]

Binding profiles
See also: Tricyclic antidepressant § Binding profiles

The binding profiles of various TeCAs in terms of their affinities (Ki, nM) for various receptors and transporters are as follows:[3]

CompoundSERTNETDAT5-HT1A5-HT2A5-HT2B5-HT2C5-HT35-HT65-HT7α1α2D2H1H2mACh
Amoxapine58164,310ND0.5ND2.0ND6.0–5041502,6003.6–1607.9–25ND1,000
Maprotiline5,80011–121,000ND51ND122NDND50909,400350–6650.79–2.0776570
Mianserin4,000719,400400–2,6001.6–201.6–550.63–6.55.8–30055–8148–56343.8–73≥2,1000.30–1.7437820
Mirtazapine>10,000≥4,600>10,000≥3,3306.3–692008.9–397.9ND265316–1,81518–88>5,4540.14–1.6>10,000670
Setiptiline>10,000220>10,000NDNDNDNDNDNDNDND24NDNDNDND
Values are Ki (nM). The smaller the value, the more strongly the drug binds to the site. For assay species and references, see the individual drug articles. Most but not all values are for human proteins.

The TeCAs act as antagonists or inverse agonists of the receptors and as inhibitors of the transporters.

See also

References
  1. Shaw, W. L. (1980-01-01). "The comparative safety of mianserin in overdose". Current Medical Research and Opinion. 6 (sup7): 44–51. doi:10.1185/03007998009114803. ISSN 0300-7995.
  2. Waring, W. Stephen; Good, Alison M.; Bateman, D. Nicholas (2007-01-01). "Lack of significant toxicity after mirtazapine overdose: A five-year review of cases admitted to a regional toxicology unit". Clinical Toxicology. 45 (1): 45–50. doi:10.1080/15563650601005837. ISSN 1556-3650.
  3. Roth, BL; Driscol, J. "PDSP Ki Database". Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (PDSP). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the United States National Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
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