Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on public transport

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on public transport.

Red stickers placed every other seat in a Moscow Metro train encourage social distancing

There have been claims that the use of public transport has also led to the spread of COVID-19.[1] Results have not been conclusive on public transit's role as a substantial vector in the spread of COVID-19.[2] However its use still possesses a high risk of spread if social distancing, mask wearing and disinfection of "high touch" surfaces are not adhered to.[3]

Asia
Disinfection of Tehran Metro trains against coronavirus
Ultra-violet lights are used to disinfect trains in Moscow, Russia

China

On 23 January 2020, the entire Wuhan Metro network was shut down, along with all other public transport in the city, including national railway and air travel, to halt the spread of the virus.[4][5][6][7]

On January 24, 2020, the day after the lockdown was declared in the city of Wuhan, the Beijing Subway began testing body temperature of passengers at the entry points of 55 subway stations including the three main railway stations and the capital airport.[8] Temperature checks were expanded to all subway stations by January 27.[9] To further control the spread of the virus, certain Line 6 trains were outfitted with smart surveillance cameras that can detect passengers who are not wearing masks.[10]

On 28 March 2020, six lines of Wuhan Metro (Line 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7) resumed operation, after a two-month lockdown.[11] On 8 April 2020, Phase 1 of Line 8 resumed operation.[12] On 22 April 2020, Line 8 Phase 3, Line 11, Yangluo line resumed operations.[13]

China has largely contained the COVID-19 outbreak since June 2020, allowing for subway ridership and service to gradually recover to pre-pandemic levels.[14] Several Chinese metro networks broke historic daily ridership records on 2020's New Year's Eve.[15][16][17][18]

India

Various Indian states announced local and state level partial and incremental transport shutdown as early as March 11, 2020.[19]

Indonesia

Restrictions have been implemented to public transport in Jakarta, Indonesia.[20]

Transportation Ministry Greater Jakarta Transportation Agency (BPTJ) head Polana B. Pramesti said that Jakarta in particular had initiated various restrictions including transportation restrictions in March. "After the official, large-scale social restrictions (PSBB) status it can be ascertained that public transportation user numbers have declined as people’s mobility has been limited,” she added.[21]

Philippines

In the Philippines, public transportation has been suspended in Luzon as part of the implementing measures of the enhanced community quarantine.[22] In the absence of public transport, citizens could only resort to using their own private vehicle, but the critical role played by public transport cannot be replaced fully by private vehicles.[23] In June, several regions in Luzon that were previously in enhanced community quarantine were downgraded to general community quarantine, allowing the use of public transportation in limited capacity and subject to social distancing protocols.[24]

Turkey

On 20 March, free public transportation for people 65 years of age or older was temporarily suspended in Balıkesir, Konya and Malatya to encourage them to stay at home.[25] A day later, similar measures started to be imposed in Ankara, Antalya and İzmir.[26][27] On 24 March, it was announced that public transportation vehicles that work in and across the cities could fill up only 50% of their capacity with people at a time.[28]

Europe

Denmark

In August 2020, Denmark made face mask compulsory on public transport.[29]

France

Based on data released by Transit, France saw the largest decrease in use of public transport. This included a 92 percent decrease in Lyon and an 85 percent decrease in Nice.[30]

France will make face masks compulsory on public transport when it starts easing its coronavirus lockdown on 11 May, Prime Minister Edouard Philippe has said.[31]

Germany

In Germany, where lockdown measures have already been lifted, it's now mandatory to wear facemasks on public transport.[32]

Ireland
Main article: Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Republic of Ireland § Public transport

By April 2020, Dublin Airport was only running repatriation flights, or those with vital supplies (a reduction of more than 95% from the same week in 2019); Cork Airport was reduced to three return flights each day, all of which went to and from London, the first of which left at 4 pm and the last returning at 7:30 pm; Ireland West Airport had no commercial flights and both daily flights to and from Kerry Airport went to Dublin.[33]

On 27 March, the National Transport Authority announced that operators of public transport services are to move to a new schedule of services on a phased basis from 30 March. Revised timetables for Iarnród Éireann came into effect on 30 March, while those for Dublin Bus, Go-Ahead Ireland and Bus Éireann, came into effect on 1 April. Under the revised timetables, services ran at approximately 80% of current levels.[34] Many public transport timetables returned to normal by 29 June, but social distancing requirements meant that overall passenger capacity remained restricted.[35]

On 10 July, the Minister for Health Stephen Donnelly signed regulations to make the wearing of face coverings mandatory on public transport,[36] which came into effect on 13 July.[37] Those who refuse to comply to regulations can face fines of up to €2,500 and a possible jail sentence of six months.[38][39] Figures from the National Transport Authority showed levels of compliance of between 70% and 95% on buses, trains and trams.[40] Bus Éireann reported a compliance rate of 95% on its services, Iarnród Éireann said it was 90%, Dublin Bus reported a rate of about 80% and Luas said it was between 75% and 80%.[41] On 21 July, the Department of Health announced that face shields will be accepted as an alternative to a face covering on public transport.[42]

United Kingdom

Bus, plane and train services were reduced in the United Kingdom.[43] Public transport use has declined by around 90% in London since the national coronavirus lockdown was implemented. London's mayor Sadiq Khan has made all bus travel free from 20 April and told passengers to only board by the middle doors in a bid to protect bus drivers, after 20 of them died from Coronavirus.[32] Bus travel fares began to be reinstated from 23 May, after a conditional bailout of Transport for London by the Department for Transport.[44] From 15 June it became compulsory to wear a face covering on public transport in England.[45]

Throughout the pandemic, people had been told not to use public transport for non-essential travel, to help stop the spread of COVID-19 and allow for social distancing in carriages, for those who were unable to work from home. This advice was rescinded on 17 July, in advance of further easing of lockdown measures, including the removal of work from home advice.[46]

Based on data released by Moovit, the United Kingdom saw a significant decrease in use of public transport during April 2020. This included an 80% percent decrease in London and South East, 79% in Yorkshire, 71% in West Midlands, 80% in the South West, 76% in the North West and 78% in Scotland.[47]

North America

Canada
An almost empty SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada

Based on data released by Transit, demand for public transport in Canada dropped an average of 83 percent in late March compared to previous years.[30] On March 17, the Edmonton Transit Service started using Saturday schedules for all of its routes 7 days a week.[48] On April 1, Calgary Transit also reduced service.[49] In Saskatoon, ridership had dropped by over 80 percent by March 30.[50]

Ridership on the Toronto Area's two largest transit agencies - specifically Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) and GO Transit - had fallen 80 to 90 percent by April 13,[51] and both had reduced service and/or suspended routes. The TTC and GO Transit have suspended the ability for customers paying their fares with cash (or tokens in the case for TTC services) on their public transit buses until further notice.[52][53] On April 14, Metro Vancouver's TransLink said they were losing C$75 million per month, and would need emergency funding or be forced to cut large amounts of local services.[54] In Montreal, the Metro reported an 80 percent drop in ridership by March 26. In the northern suburb of Laval, the STL had cut 45 percent of local bus service.[55]

United States
Interior of a TriMet bus in Portland, Oregon, with the majority of the seats marked by "Don't sit here" signs to enforce physical distancing among riders
Schedule display at a bus stop with sticker alerting riders to temporary service reductions for COVID-19

According to Government Technology, "Steep declines in ridership during the crisis have pushed public transit systems across the U.S. into deep financial distress."[56] Kim Hart of Axios wrote, "Public transit systems across the country are experiencing a painful trifecta: Ridership has collapsed, funding streams are squeezed, and mass transit won't bounce back from the pandemic nearly as fast as other modes of transportation."[57]

In Detroit, DDOT bus services were cancelled after drivers refused to work.[58]

The Verge reported a 18.65 percent ridership decline on the New York City Subway system for March 11 compared to one year prior. New York City Bus ridership decreased 15 percent, Long Island Rail Road ridership decreased 31 percent, and Metro-North Railroad ridership decreased 48 percent.[59] Sound Transit, operating in the Seattle metropolitan area, saw a 25 percent decrease in ridership in February compared to January, and the city's ferry ridership saw a 15 percent decline on March 9 compared to one week prior.[59] These declines became much more pronounced in late March and April, as widespread closures of schools and businesses and 'shelter-in-place' orders began to be implemented. USA Today reported in mid-April that demand for transit service was down by an average of 75 percent nationwide, with figures of 85% in San Francisco and 60% in Philadelphia.[60] Ridership on the Washington Metro was down 95 percent in late April.[61]

On April 7, SEPTA mandated that Philadelphia transit users wear face masks starting on April 9. On April 13, the agency said the rule would not be enforced.[62] On June 8, SEPTA again mandated that riders wear face masks.[63]

In order to prevent the spread of the virus on board buses and rail vehicles, some transit agencies have implemented temporary limits on the number of passengers allowed on a vehicle[64][65][60] and others have begun to require riders to wear face masks.[66][67] To reduce contact between drivers and passengers, several agencies have implemented rear-door-only boarding[61][68] and temporarily suspended the collection of fares,[60] examples including Seattle,[69] New York City buses,[70] and Denver.[68]

California

In California, Carson officials asked the Metro transit system to cease bus services in Los Angeles County.[71]

The San Diego Metropolitan Transit System (MTS) has reduced bus and Trolley (light rail) services following ridership decreases.[72] A vote on MTS' proposal to expand public transit in San Diego may not be possible in 2020.[73]

Bay Area Rapid Transit ridership plummeted by 90% prompting reduced service hours,[74] cut short turns on lines,[75] and longer train lengths to accommodate social distancing. Frequencies were reduced to half an hour per line.

Most services were shut down in San Francisco.[76]

New York
Further information: 2017 New York City transit crisis § 2020 developments
Interim New York City Transit President Sarah Feinberg rides the subway, March 9

Beginning March 25, service on buses and subways was reduced due to decreased ridership during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[77][78] In April 2020, four City Council members requested that subway service be temporarily suspended due to the spread of COVID-19 in the subway system.[79] In late March, NYCTA Interim President Sarah Feinberg stated that a shutdown "feels misguided to me" and was "not on the table".[80] Feinberg also spoke in favor of hazard pay for front-line workers.[80] The following month, Feinberg called the MTA "the most aggressive transit agency in the country in acting quickly and decisively to protect our workforce."[81] Starting in May 2020, stations were closed overnight for cleaning; the overnight closures would be a temporary measure that would be suspended once the pandemic was over.[82]

By April 22, 2020, COVID-19 had killed 83 agency employees; the agency announced that their families would be eligible for $500,000 in death benefits.[83][80] By May 1, 98 transit workers had died.[84]

Oregon

Oregon's largest transit agency, TriMet, started to require facial coverings for both passengers and operators. Oregon has gone so far as to allow people to order facial coverings. Oregon's governor Kate Brown issued an executive order 20–12, ruling on public transit and requirements for safe travel in Oregon.[85][86] With these requirements, TriMet is required to clean vehicles every four hours, and recommended to sanitize high-touch surfaces, provide facial coverings and sanitizer, if possible. There are many exceptions to the rule that include people with disabilities and other health issues, and those concerned about profiling because of wearing a mask.[85] Other public transit operators in Oregon, such as Amtrak, have reduced services as well.

Oceania

New South Wales

In order to observe physical distancing and to limit the spread of COVID-19, green dots have been placed throughout the public transport network to guide commuters on where to stand and sit. Transport for NSW has recommended commuters wear face mask when using public transport.[87]

On 7 July, NSW TrainLink temporarily suspended services in and out of Victoria due to border restrictions implemented by New South Wales.[88]

Based on data released by [Moovit], public transport ridership in NSW decreased by 75% April 2020.[89]

Victoria

The Victorian government has made it mandatory to wear face masks when using public transport.[90]

Spread of the coronavirus

[1] A study published in the academic journal Practical Preventive Medicine found that "in a closed environment with air-conditioning, the transmission distance of the new coronavirus will exceed the commonly recognised safe distance."[1]

At the same time, studies have failed to show evidence that public transit poses a risk of coronavirus outbreaks.[2] Furthermore, there is growing evidence that public transit riders do not face a higher infection risk.[91]

In Israel, one rider who was a carrier of the coronavirus was apprehended "on a bus on its way to Jerusalem, on suspicion of deliberately spreading the disease."[92]

Hazard controls
Further information: Workplace hazard controls for COVID-19

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued guidance documents on COVID-19 prevention measures for public transportation.[93][94][95] Drivers and passengers should wear face coverings, avoid frequently touched surfaces, and sit at least six feet apart if possible. To protect bus transit operators, passengers can enter and exit through the rear door. Frequently touched surfaces should be routinely cleaned. Signage and other visual cues such as decals and tape can alert passengers on appropriate COVID-19 precautions and seat designations. Travelers are encouraged to carry hand sanitizer and disinfectant wipes with them. It is best to travel during non-peak hours when it is easier to be physically distanced from other passengers.

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