COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila

The COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus reached Metro Manila on January 30, 2020, when the first case of COVID-19 in the Philippines was confirmed in Manila. Metro Manila is the worst affected region in the Philippines, where most cases are recorded, and is considered as the epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. A state of calamity and community quarantine have been in place in the region since March 15.[2]

COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila
Confirmed cases in Metro Manila by city and municipality (as of August 25)[note 1]
  >10000 confirmed
  5000–9999 confirmed
  1000–4999 confirmed
DiseaseCOVID-19
Virus strainSARS-CoV-2
LocationMetro Manila
First outbreakWuhan, Hubei, China
Index caseManila
Arrival dateJanuary 30, 2020
(1 year and 1 week)
Confirmed cases219,434[1]
Active cases7,532[1]
Recovered207,931[1]
Deaths
3,971[1]
Government website
ncroffice.doh.gov.ph

After a month of no new cases in the country, the first case of someone without travel history abroad was confirmed on March 5, a 62-year-old male who frequented a Muslim prayer hall in San Juan, Metro Manila, raising suspicions that a community transmission of COVID-19 is already underway in the Philippines. The man's wife was confirmed to have contracted COVID-19 on March 7, which was also the first local transmission to be confirmed.[3][4]

As of January 24, 2021, there have been 219,434 confirmed cases of the disease in Metro Manila. Out of these cases, 207,931 have already recovered, while 3,971 died.[1][5]

Background

The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in the Philippines was recorded in Metro Manila on January 30, 2020. It involved a 38-year-old Chinese woman from Wuhan, the origin of the disease, who arrived in Manila after travelling to Cebu City and Dumaguete in central Philippines from Hong Kong.[6] Three days later, the Philippine Department of Health (DOH) confirmed that a second Chinese national tested positive for COVID-19, identified as the 44-year-old male companion of the first confirmed patient.[7] Both patients received treatment at Manila's San Lazaro Hospital with the latter being reported to have died from the disease on February 2, becoming the first known fatality outside China.[7] On March 6, the DOH reported the first case of local community transmission of the deadly virus, a 62-year-old Filipino man from suburban Cainta, Rizal, just east of Metro Manila, with no prior travel history to affected countries.[8] He and his 59-year-old Filipino wife were initially admitted to the Cardinal Santos Medical Center in San Juan where they were diagnosed with the virus before being transferred to the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in Muntinlupa where they both died on March 11.[9]

On March 12, 2020, following the declaration of a public health emergency, Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte placed the entire capital region under community quarantine for 30 days starting March 15, 2020.[10] Most areas in Metro Manila have also issued curfews to help limit the spread of the virus.[11] On March 16, an enhanced community quarantine order was issued by the president covering Metro Manila and the entire island of Luzon.[12]

On April 7, DOH secretary Francisco Duque reported that Metro Manila's COVID-19 cases continued to rise as 80 percent of the country's 3,764 confirmed cases were from the region. Duque also identified the cities with the most number of cases by the third week of the mass quarantine: Quezon City with 583, Manila with 221, Makati with 160, Parañaque with 155, and San Juan with 134 confirmed cases. The cities with the most reported deaths so far were identified as Quezon City with 34, Manila with 30, San Juan with 24, Pasig with 15, and Caloocan and Parañaque with 14 fatalities each.[13] On the same day, President Duterte announced that the Luzon-wide quarantine measures have been extended to April 30.[14] It was further extended up to May 15. A modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) was then applied to NCR, Laguna, and Cebu City afterwards, while GCQ was raised to 41 provinces and 10 cities with moderate risk.[15][16]

Timeline

Cumulative COVID-19 cases in Metro Manila[1]
based on numbers confirmed and validated by the LGU
Updated January 26, 2021
(*)-No Update
LGU Cases Deaths Recov. Active
Caloocan * 12,070 332 11,596 142
Las Piñas 5,746 210 5,462 74
Makati 10,616 390 10,025 201
Malabon 6,246 239 5,942 65
Mandaluyong 6,261 187 5,970 104
Manila 26,148 778 24,993 377
Marikina * 3,994 86 3,680 224
Muntinlupa 5,297 167 5,079 51
Navotas 5,581 173 5,336 72
Parañaque 8,567 221 8,219 127
Pasay 6,975 182 6,728 65
Pasig 10,231 415 9,621 195
Pateros * 2,038 34 2,001 3
Quezon City 29,784 796 27,881 1107
San Juan * 3,716 103 3,550 63
Taguig 11,209 178 10,975 56
Valenzuela 9,108 264 8,685 159
Total 163,605 4,755 155,773 3,055

January–February 2020 – first cases

The first suspected case of COVID-19 in the Philippines was reported in January 2020. The case was that of a 5-year-old boy in Cebu, who arrived in the country on January 12 with his mother.[17] At that time, the Philippines has no capability to conduct tests to confirm suspected COVID-19 cases.[18][19] The boy tested positive for "non-specific pancoronavirus assay" by the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) in Muntinlupa, and samples from the boy were sent to the Victorian Infectious Disease Reference Laboratory in Melbourne, Australia, for confirmatory testing to determine the specific coronavirus strain.[17] The boy tested negative for COVID-19 but several suspected cases were reported in various parts of the country.[20]

The RITM developed capability to conduct confirmatory tests for COVID-19 in response to the emergence of suspected COVID-19 cases. It started conducting confirmatory tests on January 30.[18][19] On the same day, the Philippines confirms its first case of COVID-19 in Metro Manila and the entire country, a 38-year-old Chinese woman from Wuhan, who had arrived in Manila from Hong Kong on January 21.[21] She was hospitalized at San Lazaro Hospital in Manila.[6] She sought a consultation due to a mild cough, and was already asymptomatic at the time of the announcement. The second case was confirmed on February 2, a 44-year-old Chinese man who was the companion of the first case. His death on February 1 was the first recorded outside China.[7] He suffered from coinfection with influenza and Streptococcus pneumoniae.[22]

March 2020 – early spread

On March 6, the first case of community transmission is reported by the DOH, a 62-year-old Filipino man from nearby Cainta, Rizal, with no known history of travel abroad and who regularly visited a Muslim prayer hall in Greenhills, San Juan. The next day, on March 7, Taguig records its first COVID-19 case, a lawyer who works at Bonifacio Global City and has a history abroad of travelling to Japan.[23] On March 9, Marikina[24] Pasig,[25] and Quezon City[26] each record its first COVID-19 case. The cities of San Juan, Marikina, and Pasay suspended classes for all levels amid the announcement of the first case of community transmission in the metropolis.[27] The next day, on March 10, President Rodrigo Duterte ordered the closure of all schools, colleges, and universities in Metro Manila from March 10 to 14.[28] The Metro Manila Council, consisting of the Metro Manila mayors and headed by chairman Danilo Lim, convene to discuss measures to prevent the spread of the virus as confirmed cases in the region climbed to 33.[29]

On March 11, Caloocan records its first COVID-19 case.[30] The same day, Manila Mayor Isko Moreno goes into self-quarantine and isolates himself in the Manila City Hall after arriving from an official trip to London.[31] The following day, on March 12, Las Piñas records its first COVID-19 case.[32]

Suspecting that community transmission is underway, President Duterte announces a partial lockdown on Metro Manila, placing the entire Metro Manila under community quarantine for thirty days beginning on March 15. The suspension of classes in all levels in Metro Manila is extended to April 12.[2] Incidents of panic buying are reported across the region, triggered by the president's partial lockdown order.[33] The local chief executives of Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, and Valenzuela: Oscar Malapitan, Antolin Oreta, Toby Tiangco, and Rex Gatchalian, respectively, go into self-quarantine after learning they had come into contact with a confirmed coronavirus patient at the inauguration of the North Luzon Expressway–Harbor Link in Caloocan.[34]

A total of 56 checkpoints are set up in numerous points of entry to Metro Manila on the first day of the partial lockdown.[35] Following a directive from the Metro Manila Council and the confirmation of COVID-19 cases, the city mayors of Makati, Manila, Pasig, and San Juan declare a state of calamity.[36]

On March 14, Mandaluyong records its first three COVID-19 cases.[37] It was followed by Muntinlupa on March 15,[38] Valenzuela on March 19,[39] Malabon on March 23,[40] and Navotas on March 28.[41]

On March 16, President Duterte imposes an enhanced community quarantine covering the entire Luzon, including Metro Manila, suspending mass public transportation; restricting land, air, and sea travel; imposing strict home quarantine; and closing most private establishments until April 13.[12] Ninoy Aquino International Airport, except Terminal 1, closes following the suspension of domestic and international flights resulting from travel restriction impositions.[42] The Manila bourse becomes the first major market in the world to shut down over coronavirus fears. It suspends trading for two days following a global stock market crash which saw the main Philippine Stock Exchange index plunge more than 30 percent.[43] Several private hospitals in Metro Manila report operating at full-capacity due to the pandemic and urged patients to look for alternative hospitals.[44] By March 31, the Philippine National Police reports that 10,850 curfew violators have been apprehended across the region since the start of the enhanced community quarantines.[45]

April 2020 – quarantine extensions

On April 1, the City of Manila reports its largest single-day increase in coronavirus infections so far with 41 new cases, bringing the city's total to 116.[46] In the same day, more than 800 Filipino repatriates from four virus-stricken cruise ships in the U.S. arrive at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.[47] The Inter-Agency Task Force on Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) announced on April 2 that Metro Manila remains the worst hit by the coronavirus crisis in the country after 1,511 cases were confirmed in the region, or more than 50 percent of the total confirmed cases in the Philippines by that time.[48] COVID-19 inter-agency taskforce spokesman Karlo Nograles announces the mandatory wearing of face masks in public for residents in all regions under enhanced community quarantine in Luzon.[49] The Department of Health launches a 24/7 coronavirus hotline for Metro Manila residents.[50] On April 6, a ten-man medical team from China arrive in Manila to share their experience in prevention and control of the coronavirus disease,[51] while the Metro Manila Development Authority installed decontamination tents in all public hospitals and government offices across the region.[52] On April 3, the National Capital Region Police Office confirm its first COVID-19 casualty among its ranks.[53]

On April 7, President Duterte approves an extension of the enhanced community quarantine in the region until April 30.[14] The Rizal Memorial Stadium in Malate was converted by the national government as a 116-bed COVID-19 emergency healthcare facility, with 108 more beds delivered by April 17.[54] The World Health Organization Western Pacific Regional Office in Manila express its approval of the quarantine measures as it claims it was able to prevent a large-scale community outbreak of the virus in the region.[55]

On April 11, the first localized target mass testing began in Valenzuela City.[56] It was followed by City of Manila, Quezon City and Muntinlupa on April 14.[57][58] They were followed elsewhere in Metro Manila, including Parañaque (April 20),[59] Mandaluyong & Taguig (April 22),[60][61] and Makati (April 30).[62]

May–July 2020 – easing lockdowns

The ECQ in Luzon was extended until May 15 in some areas. This includes Metro Manila, while other places were downgraded to GCQ. On May 16, Metro Manila was placed under a modified general community quarantine (MGCQ) until May 31, after the Philippine government revised its quarantine classifications in correspondence to on earlier announcement that "Science and Economics will be considered for any changes of the lockdown measures." Selected establishments were opened, albeit operating at 50% of its workforce.[63][15][16]

All Metro Manila mayors agree to recommend the region to shift to GCQ by June 1, while the local chief executives may still implement localized lockdowns only on places with high COVID-19 cases.[64]

August 2020 – reversion to stricter quarantine

With hospitals almost reaching full capacity, the medical frontliners and the healthcare sector called for a two-week lockdown for Metro Manila and 4 neighboring provinces: Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, and Rizal. This is meant to curb the rising cases and to avoid overwhelming hospitals. For two weeks, from August 3–18, Metro Manila and the four provinces were reverted to stricter lockdown.

October 2020

On October 14, seven out of the 127 hospitals in Metro Manila remained at full capacity. The bed occupancy for the region was 52.4 percent, down by 0.2 percent from October 6 which was at 52.6 percent. Cases in Metro Manila continues to decline as the region starts to reopen the economy and transportation.[65]

National response

Police checkpoint near the southern border of Metro Manila with San Pedro, Laguna in Muntinlupa.
Grounded PAL planes due to halted operations during the lockdown.

Before the partial lockdown on Metro Manila declared on March 12, President Rodrigo Duterte had initially suspended classes across all levels in Metro Manila from March 10 to 14 upon reaching a consensus with the Metro Manila Council (the mayors of Metro Manila) due to the rapidly increasing number of cases, especially in the area.[66]

On March 12, President Duterte announced a partial lockdown covering Metro Manila, that begun on March 15 and will last until April 14. Under the partial lockdown:[67]

  • The region is closed to land, air, and sea travel. However, mass transportation within Metro Manila such as the Manila LRT and MRT continues to operate under proper social distancing guidelines.
  • Suspension of classes at all levels in Metro Manila is extended until April 14.
  • Spontaneous and planned mass gatherings are banned.
  • Work in the Executive department is suspended under the lockdown period.
  • The Department of Labor and Employment encourages employers in the private sector to arrange "flexible work arrangements".

Following the declaration of the partial lockdown, the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) suspended the enforcement of the Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program, more commonly known as the number coding scheme.[68] The Metro Manila Council unanimously approved the imposition of the curfew in a joint resolution. All local governments, except for Marikina and Pateros, had adopted ordinances imposing the curfew in their respective cities, effective by March 20.[69] In that joint resolution, the council also ordered the closure of shopping malls and other establishments during the lockdown.[70]

A total of 56 checkpoints were set up to man the borders of Metro Manila on the first day of the partial lockdown.[35] At 12 midnight, a total of 26,000 police and military personnel were deployed to contain the pandemic of COVID-19 in the region. Motorists were stopped randomly and asked for their identification along the borders in North Luzon Expressway, MacArthur Highway, and the National Road (Maharlika Highway). Some checkpoints lacked thermal scanners.[71]

Following the moratorium on mass public transportation during the enhanced community quarantine, Vice President Leni Robredo launched free shuttle bus services for those individuals exempted from the quarantine, specifically health professionals, front line government officials, and essential service providers. Robredo's shuttle services travel five routes around Metro Manila, connecting the major hospitals.[72] Some city governments also deployed such transportation services.

To address concerns regarding the hoarding and panic buying of essential goods, some city governments issued ordinances to limit the amount of such goods an individual or establishment could purchase.[73][74][75]

The Department of Health has on March 20, 2020, has announced that it has designated three health facilities as COVID-19 referral hospitals namely the UP-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) in Manila, the Dr. Jose M. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital and Sanitarium in Caloocan and the Lung Center of the Philippines in Quezon City. The UP-PGH has stopped admitting non-emergency cases and the Lung Center has dedicated one of its wings of 40 beds for COVID-19 patients. The Philippine Blood Center likewise will not admit any suspected COVID-19 cases with the health department encouraging the public to continue donating blood for COVID-19 patients with critical and severe conditions.[76]

The national government announced on March 25 a cash aid for poor families affected by the pandemic in the region amounting to ₱8,000 of monthly subsidy over two months as part of the ₱200 billion cash assistance program under the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act signed by President Duterte.[77]

Vice President Robredo converted a dormitory in Cubao, Quezon City, to provide free accommodations for front line health professionals during the enhanced community quarantine.[78]

On March 26, the Department of Agriculture launched its first mobile farmers' market in the region, the Kadiwa on Wheels, in Quezon City, to ensure enough food supply amid the closure of most retail establishments due to the region-wide quarantine.[79]

The Ninoy Aquino Stadium in Malate, Manila, reconfigured for use as a quarantine facility.

Various facilities in the metropolis are being prepared as quarantine sites for less serious COVID-19 cases. Among these are the Philippine International Convention Center, the Rizal Memorial Sports Complex, and the World Trade Center will be fully refurbish by April 12. The three facilities alone can accommodate around 2,000 COVID-19 patients. Other non-hospital facilities being considered as possible quarantine sites include the PhilSports Complex, Duty Free Philippines in Parañaque, Amoranto Stadium, and the Quezon Memorial Circle.[80]

Local response

On March 12, the Metro Manila Council reached a consensus to implement city-wide curfews from 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. the following day to be observed during the enhanced community quarantine, during which only "essential movements" for the purchase of essential needs or in cases of emergency are permitted during those hours. Commercial establishments are mandated to suspend operations before the start of the curfew at 8 p.m.[81] All local governments in Metro Manila have signed into effect ordinances to implement the curfew. The governments of Las Piñas,[82] Muntinlupa,[83] Navotas,[84] and Parañaque,[85] however, have since issued ordinances extending the implementation of the curfew to a full 24 hours.

On April 2, IATF-EID chairman and Cabinet Secretary Karlo Nograles urged the local governments of Luzon to require residents to wear face masks, face shields, or any improvised alternatives while out in public for the duration of the enhanced community quarantine.[86] In response, the mayors of Malabon, Mandaluyong,[87] Muntinlupa,[88] Parañaque,[89] Pasay, Quezon City,[90] and Valenzuela, each issued ordinances to implement the measure within their respective jurisdictions.[91]

Caloocan

Caloocan Mayor Oscar Malapitan announced on March 10 the suspension of several scheduled events in the city: the Miss Caloocan Pageant, Mega Job Fairs, City Development Council General Assembly, Outstanding Citizens Awards Night, and Family Day activities, to prevent the spread of the virus among large crowds.[92] On March 24, the city announced that it would impose window hours on residents for the purchase of essential goods. Residents could only access the city's public markets between 6 a.m. to 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. to 7 p.m., while supermarkets, banks, and pharmacies can only be accessed between 6 a.m. to 7 p.m. The city would also issue quarantine passes, permitting only one resident per household between the ages of 18 to 60 years old to leave their house solely for purchasing such goods.[93]

Las Piñas

Las Piñas Mayor Imelda Aguilar declared a state of calamity in the city on March 14 after a resident was confirmed to have tested positive for COVID-19,[94] and on March 21, the Las Piñas government began implementing a 24-hour curfew on its residents.[82] Aguilar has urged lessors to extend rental fees on commercial establishments for at least a month,[95] and also warned suppliers, retailers, and store owners against profiteering from the crisis by overpricing or hoarding essential goods.[96]

As of April 2, the Las Piñas government reports that more than 75,000 food packages have been distributed to the city's households. Mayor Aguilar urged residents who have yet to receive their packages to contact their barangay hall.[97]

The Las Piñas government has announced plans to convert a 100-bed drug rehabilitation center in the city into an isolation facility for its residents suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19.[98]

Makati

Confirmed cases in Makati by barangay (November 13)
  500–999
  100–499
  50–99
  10–49
  1–9

In response to the confirmation of residents of the Rockwell Center contracting COVID-19, Makati Mayor Abigail Binay placed the city under a state of calamity on March 15.[36] Binay also assured city hall employees that they would continue to receive their salaries amid the enhanced community quarantine.[99]

On March 17, the Makati government launched free shuttle bus services for doctors, nurses, and other employees of the Ospital ng Makati, which runs between the hospital and certain points in the city.[100] In addition, Mayor Binay announced that tricycle drivers affected by the moratorium would receive an initial 2,000 (US$39.23) financial assistance to cover the first two weeks of the quarantine. Binay added that a similar financial compensation would be given to jeepney drivers of the city.[101] That same day, the Makati government also announced plans to purchase 5,000 COVID-19 test kits from the National Institutes of Health.[102]

The Makati Friendship Suites on March 25 was converted into an isolation facility by the city government to accommodate at most 100 patients suspected of COVID-19 and is equipped with x-ray machines, defibrillators, and cardiac monitors.[103]

The Makati government announced on March 28 that single parents in the city "affected by the enhanced community quarantine" would receive a one-time financial assistance of ₱1,000 ($19.81) each. Mayor Binay also announced that public school students, persons with disabilities, and senior citizens would also receive financial assistance from the government.[104]

Malabon

On March 18, Malabon Mayor Antolin Oreta ordered the city government to provide ₱520,000 ($10,252.26) to each barangay for the provision of food during the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine. Oreta also ordered the provision of ₱6 million ($118,156.44) to the city's carinderia (food stall) owners for them to provide meals for 300 people every day for 15 days.[105] That same day, he called on Maynilad Water Services to divert the unused water supply of closed malls and other commercial establishments to residential areas.[106]

Mayor Oreta endorsed all households in Malabon to the social amelioration program of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) mandated in the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, saying that "COVID-19 spares no one, rich or poor." The DSWD had allotted packages for only 44,032 households in the city, but the Philippine Statistics Authority reported in 2015 that 86,000 households comprise the population of Malabon.[107]

Mandaluyong

The Mandaluyong city council passed an ordinance on March 16 declaring the city under a state of calamity, after reporting three COVID-19 patients, six persons under investigation, and 125 persons under monitoring in the city.[37]

On March 17, Mandaluyong Mayor Carmelita Abalos ordered the release of the thirteenth salary pay to all of the city's government employees.[108]

Mayor Abalos stated that around 100,000 bags of relief goods would be distributed door-to-door to households in Mandaluyong.[109]

Manila

Confirmed cases in Manila by district (November 6)
  1000–4999
  500–999
  100–499
  50–99
  10–49
  1–9
A ward dedicated to COVID-19 patients at the Philippine General Hospital in Ermita, Manila.
A gymnasium in Manila converted into a temporary homeless shelter during the region-wide community quarantine.

Manila Mayor Isko Moreno declared a state of calamity in the city on March 15, following a directive from the Metro Manila Council, after the second and third COVID-19 cases were confirmed.[110]

On March 16, the Manila Department of Social Welfare (MDSW) began rescuing street people, pavement dwellers, and other homeless people, as well as people living outside the city who were unable to retreat home following the imposition of the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine. They took refuge at the Delpan Sports Complex in Tondo. The city allocated ₱227.5 million ($4.45  million) from the its budget to assist families affected by the quarantine. MDSW Chief Re Fugoso ordered the lockdown of the Manila Boys Town Complex and the Manila Youth Reception Center in Ermita for the protection of the children and teenagers residing there amid the pandemic.[111] On March 18, Mayor Moreno ordered all lodging facilities in Manila to provide free accommodations for front line health workers, such as doctors and nurses, throughout the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine.[112] To financially help the city government employees, Mayor Moreno drafted a resolution ordering the release of their mid-year bonuses. Another resolution appropriating funds and giving cash assistance for the city's job order and contractualized workers was also enacted.[108]

On March 19, the city deployed 189 electric tricycles to exclusively transport front line health workers to the city's public hospitals. Non-health workers would not be serviced in observance of the moratorium on mass public transportation. Drivers of electric tricycles would receive salaries from the city government.[113] The city also coordinated with the Department of Social Welfare and Development of the national government in sourcing food supplies for the city's families. Mayor Moreno has stressed that the city could only produce between 8,000 and 11,000 food packs, but would not suffice for the city's 350,000 families. On April 5, Isko Moreno signed an ordinance enacting the City Amelioration Crisis Assistance Fund (CACAF), allocating a total budget of ₱591 million ($12 million) for around 568,000 families, and distributing ₱1,000 ($19.73) to each household.[114] A second tranche was given from May 20 to 21 for more than 680,000 families, some of which do not received from the first CACAF distribution.[115]

On March 23, Mayor Isko Moreno launched an online survey via his Facebook page inquiring Manila residents about their health status in relation to COVID-19 and their recent travel history. PLDT, one of the country's major telecommunications providers, assisted the city government in providing enhanced data connectivity for the online survey service. PLDT also assisted in augmenting the hotline facility at the Manila City Hall.[116]

On April 3, the Manila City Council approved an ordinance penalizing discriminatory acts directed against coronavirus patients and other patients under evaluation, including discrimination of health workers on the basis of their medical condition.[117] The following day on April 4, Mayor Moreno ordered the temporary closure of the Ospital ng Sampaloc after five hospital staff contracted the virus.[118] On April 6, Mayor Moreno announced that he and several other government officials in the city would donate their salaries to the Philippine General Hospital to increase its financial capability amid the pandemic.[119]

The Manila government partnered with the Department of Agriculture to launch the Kadiwa Rolling Store project, a mobile farmers' market that sells fresh products to residents amid the closure of retail establishments due to the enhanced community quarantine. The first unit was deployed to Santa Ana on April 6.[120]

On April 13, the City of Manila announced that it is now capable of conducting localized mass targeted testing for COVID-19. The six city-owned district hospitals and the Delpan Quarantine Facility each can take up to 232 tests a day, which is capable of producing up to 1,624 swab tests weekly.[121] On the same day, the city placed Barangay 20 in Tondo on total lockdown for 24 hours, because its residents had been conducting leisurely activities such as boxing, gambling and cockfighting despite the Luzon-wide lockdown.[122][123]

Drive thru COVID-19 testing in Manila.

The city has placed the district of Sampaloc on "hard lockdown" from April 23 to 25, followed by the 1st District (western Tondo) on May 3 to 5. Residents are prohibited from leaving their homes. Both of these places have high number of cases and localized targeted testing was conducted during the lockdown.[124][125]

On July 6, the city reported that more than 50% of its COVID cases have recovered, but expects a rise in cases after the lifting of a 48-hour lockdown on 31 barangays whose COVID-19 cases are growing, and partly due to the aggressive mass testing being conducted by the City Health Department.[126]

On July 15, Mayor Isko Moreno launched the city's drive-thru testing facility, where passengers in vehicles can undergo free COVID-19 testing near the Bonifacio Shrine in Ermita. The drive-thru facility is open to both residents and non-residents of the city, making it the first testing facility of its kind in the country.[127] Three days later, the city government opened a second drive-thru testing facility at the Quirino Grandstand.[128]

Marikina

Mayor Marcelino Teodoro inspects a proposed COVID-19 testing center in Marikina, March 23

Marikina Mayor Marcelino Teodoro on March 16 announced that his government would install misting and decontamination tents across numerous public spaces in the city.[129] The Marikina government pledged to provide households with free disinfectant solutions.[130]

Following the moratorium on mass public transportation during the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine, the Marikina government launched on March 18 free shuttle bus services to ferry front line health professionals from across the city to its hospitals.[131]

The Marikina government announced plans to set up a COVID-19 testing center. On March 16, Mayor Teodoro announced that around 3,000 testing kits would be procured and the government would partner with Manila Health Tek and the Philippine National Institutes of Health, to test "patients under investigation" (PUIs) and "patients under monitoring" (PUMs) for COVID-19.[129] Field testing was scheduled to begin on March 24. The procurement of a ₱2.7 million ($53,222.42) polymerase chain reaction machine specifically for testing, along with 3,000 test kits worth ₱4 million ($78,824.72) was also announced by the city government.[132]

On March 26, Mayor Teodoro reported that the DOH rejected the usage of the city government's COVID-19 testing center because of its location, which had to be in a "separate free-standing building", but was located inside the Marikina City Health Office. Teodoro claimed that their testing center had met all the other criteria for a testing center and he even offered to cede its full operation to the DOH.[133] However, the DOH refuted the mayor's claims that they had rejected the usage of the testing center.[134] Nevertheless, Teodoro said that his government would relocate its testing center.[135] The new location is an unoccupied building in Concepcion Uno, which has yet to be accredited by the DOH as a testing center in order to operate.[136] On April 7, Teodoro announced that testing for COVID-19 would be free for the city's residents.[137] On April 15, he announced plans to open the testing center even without the approval of the DOH, saying that his government "can no longer put off mass testing for Marikina residents" and is prepared to face any charges.[138]

The Marikina government designated the defunct Marikina Hotel to serve as an isolation facility for PUMs.[135]

On April 6, the Marikina City Health Office launched a telehealth medical consultation program via VSee for residents with concerns related to COVID-19.[139]

Muntinlupa

Muntinlupa Mayor Jaime Fresnedi oversees relief operations by the city government, March 20
Violators of the curfew are detained by city officials in Muntinlupa, March 24

Muntinlupa Mayor Jaime Fresnedi organized a COVID-19 task force on March 10. He ordered schools and government facilities in the city to be disinfected.[140]

Mayor Fresnedi ordered Muntinlupa barangay officials to identify residents with recent travel history for monitoring. He also ordered officials to install isolation facilities to accommodate suspected cases of COVID-19; the city government assembled a field hospital outside the Ospital ng Muntinlupa, which became fully operational on March 18. Police officials were deployed to prevent students from entering malls, following the suspension of classes in Metro Manila.[140]

Mayor Fresnedi placed the city under a state of calamity on March 16, after confirming its first COVID-19 case.[38] The Muntinlupa city council approved four ordinances in relation to addressing the pandemic: the first is to prevent the hoarding and panic buying of essential goods; the second is to prohibit the sale, distribution, and consumption of alcoholic beverages during the duration of the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine; the third is to order the closure of all private establishments in the city, except for those providing essential goods such as supermarkets, pharmacies, and banks; and the fourth is to restrict the operation of restaurants, carinderias, and other eateries to take-out only.[73] Fresnedi ordered the advanced release of the thirteenth salary pay of the city hall's employees.[141]

The Muntinlupa government launched free shuttle services for front line workers based in the city, deploying electric jeepneys.[140]

A Barangay Captain in Muntinlupa, on March 19, ordered the lockdown of an undisclosed subdivision in Alabang following confirmation from the DOH that two confirmed COVID-19 cases in the city are residents of that subdivision.[142]

The Muntinlupa government distributed 1,500 food packages in Poblacion on March 20, which the government claimed covered about 70 percent of the city's population. Mayor Fresnedi assured the city's residents that the city government will provide food assistance to the city's "vulnerable households" that would last for up to three to four months.[141] The government plans to distribute 94,847 more food packages to other households, targeting at least 85 percent of the city's population.[143]

On March 21, Mayor Fresnedi signed an ordinance to impose a 24-hour city-wide curfew, superseding the 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. curfew.[83]

On March 24, the Muntinlupa city council passed an ordinance to convert the Ospital ng Muntinlupa into a COVID-19 testing facility. The government would procure polymerase chain reaction machines and testing kits. The city already houses the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in Alabang, one of the medical facilities accredited by the DOH to perform COVID-19 testing in the Philippines.[144] Two days later, the council passed an ordinance to extend the payment deadlines for real property tax and corporate tax until three months after the original deadline. Mayor Fresnedi also urged lessors of commercial establishments and residential units in the city to extend the payment of rental fees, in consideration of the closure of business establishments during the quarantine period.[145]

The Muntinlupa city council, on April 7, passed an ordinance to grant around 60,000 scholars in the city the advanced release of their allowances for the second quarter of the academic year, in response to the "financial impact" of the pandemic.[146]

Prior to President Duterte's declaration of a partial lockdown on Metro Manila, Navotas Mayor Toby Tiangco had already suspended classes at all levels in the city for March 9 as a preventive measure against the spread of COVID-19.[147] Tiangco also appealed to the Department of Education to pass all students in the city for the school year.[148]

On March 13, the Navotas city council issued an ordinance limiting the amount of work required for its government officials to work 10 hours per day for four days, effective March 16, in observance of social distancing guidelines.[149]

The Navotas government, on March 22, began distributing around 18,000 food packs to the city's informal settlers living in "danger zones" and families listed under the city's housing projects.[150] On March 23, Mayor Tiangco announced that the city's government employees would receive ₱6,000 ($117.41) each as compensation, totaling ₱6.4 million ($125,233.22). He also announced that their quarterly bonus payment would be released in advance.[151]

On March 23, Mayor Tiangco issued an executive order to implement a 24-hour curfew in the city.[84] On May 3, he announced that he would place the city under an extreme enhanced community quarantine, effective May 6 until May 15, following the rise of cases and the frequency of quarantine violators.[152]

The Navotas government have converted a vocational education facility in the city into a temporary shelter for the medical staff of the Navotas City Hospital attending to COVID-19 patients.[153] The Navotas National High School was converted into a community isolation facility with a 100-bed capacity for suspected or mild cases of the virus.[154]

Parañaque

Parañaque Mayor Edwin Olivarez declared the city under a state of calamity on March 16 due to the rise of COVID-19 cases in nearby areas.[155] Olivarez later declared a "total lockdown" on the city, prohibiting visitors "without official business" from entering the city's premises during the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine. The "total lockdown" permits only front line offices and basic services providers to operate throughout its duration. He also requested city hall employees to go on leave.[156]

On March 19, Mayor Olivarez announced that the city's front line workers, which he identified specifically as medical personnel, drug store personnel, health workers, supermarket employees, bank personnel, business process outsourcing personnel, restaurant personnel, and city government employees, would be provided with free transportation to their different workplaces.[157] That same day, Mayor Olivarez announced that both regular and contractualized employees in Parañaque would receive their full mid-year bonuses, in addition to a ₱6,000 ($117) clothing allowance until March 23.[158]

By March 21, the Parañaque government had distributed around 100,000 relief goods to 14,000 "vulnerable households" across the city.[159]

The Parañaque government began imposing a 24-hour curfew to its residents from March 24.[85] The following day, a photo published by the San Isidro government circulated on social media showing alleged curfew violators in the barangay being forced to sit under the sun as penalty. Netizens have criticized the action for physical torture.[160]

Mayor Olivarez, on April 7, signed Executive Order No. 2020-027, which protects front liners and COVID-19 patients, including PUIs and PUMs, from any acts of discrimination in the city during the pandemic.[161]

Pasay

Pasay Mayor Emi Calixto-Rubiano declared the city under a state of calamity on March 16 due to "the extremely high incidence of COVID-19 cases in the city." On March 18, she ordered the advanced release of the thirteenth salary pay of city hall employees, in accordance with President Duterte's call for local government units to do so.[162]

The Pasay government announced on March 19 that it had collaborated with the Department of Trade and Industry to deploy food carts to roam around the city's 201 barangays and sell essential goods such as food and medicines, in order to limit the movement of its residents during the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine. The Pasay government also announced that it collaborated with the Philippine Army to provide free transportation for Pasay-based health professionals and other service front liners who work outside the city, as well as persons with disabilities and senior citizens, amid the moratorium on public transportation; the government procured 100 electric tricycles and 20 Mitsubishi L300 vans.[163]

On March 24, the Pasay government ordered the installation of modular tents at the Pasay City Sports Complex and the Padre Burgos Elementary School to serve as isolation units for COVID-19 PUIs in the city.[164]

Pasig

Pasig Mayor Vico Sotto (second from the right) attends a briefing with doctors from The Medical City in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, March 20
A "mobile palengke" in operation in Pasig during the quarantine.

Following the confirmation of COVID-19 patient at The Medical City in the city's district of Ortigas on March 9, Pasig Mayor Vico Sotto ordered city officials to implement the guidelines of the DOH and the World Health Organization in preventing the spread of the virus, including contact tracing, organizing response teams, disinfecting public spaces, and the cancellation of all public events and gatherings.[165] Around 500 sets of personal protective equipment were distributed by city government on March 14 to its 30 barangays.[166]

Mayor Sotto approved the declaration of a state of calamity in Pasig on March 15 after six confirmed cases and one fatality were recorded in the city. The mayor also announced that they have ordered a mandatory isolation for the health workers of Rizal Medical Center after they were exposed to a confirmed coronavirus patient.[36]

The Pasig City Council on March 16 approved an anti-panic buying and hoarding of essential goods ordinance.[167]

Mayor Sotto appealed to the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) on March 17 to allow the operation of tricycles and the city's bus service to specifically transport front line health professionals and other essential service providers to the city's hospitals during the quarantine period, following the moratorium on mass public transportation.[168][169] Sotto had earlier raised tricycles fares by 50 percent following the decline in residents leaving their homes.[170] Tricycle drivers were mandated by the city government to transport a maximum of three passengers per ride in observance of the national government's social distancing guidelines.[165]

On March 18, Mayor Sotto pledged to give both regular and contractualized government employees their full salaries during the duration of the enhanced community quarantine in Luzon, while emergency front line workers would receive hazard and overtime pays.[171] The Pasig government also assembled sanitation tents at the entrances of the city hall and two hospitals, prepared food packages containing vitamins to be distributed to the city's "vulnerable households",[165] and purchased three octocopter drones to be utilized for disinfecting public spaces.[172]

Mayor Sotto ordered the Dahlia Hotel in the city on March 19 to be converted into a quarantine facility able to accommodate at least 300 PUMs and PUIs with mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19.[165] That same day, the DILG rejected Mayor Sotto's appeal on operating tricycles in Pasig claiming it violates the national government's directives to observe social distancing measures.[173] The Pasig government responded by commissioning two electric-powered City Optimized Managed Electric Transport jeeps to transport the city's front line workers across Pasig to its hospitals.[174]

The deadlines of all tax payments, rent, permits, and other obligatory submissions were extended on March 24 by the city government for two months.[175]

Five trucks were deployed by the Pasig government on March 25 transporting loads of essential goods, such as food, to different barangays in the city, where they are sold to residents. The government labeled these trucks as "mobile palengkes", aimed at limiting the movement of people during the community quarantine. The essential goods sold to residents through the trucks are sourced from the vendors of the city's public markets "to assist them generate income." About 400,000 food packs were also distributed by the city government to Pasig residents.[176]

The Pasig government also began giving the city's jeepney, tricycle, and UV Express drivers financial assistance of ₱3,000 ($59) each for a total of ₱55.5 million ($1.1 million) starting March 30.[177]

On April 1, the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) probed Mayor Sotto for allegedly violating the Bayanihan to Heal as One Act by allowing tricycles to transport the city's front line workers despite the moratorium on public transportation during the period of the enhanced community quarantine. The following day, Sotto sent a letter to the NBI seeking for clarification.[178] He claimed that his alleged violation occurred before the law had been enacted.[179]

Mayor Sotto announced through a Facebook post on April 9 that the Pasig government would shoulder the expenses for the cremation of the city's residents who died from complications of the coronavirus disease.[180]

Quezon City

A COVID-19 swab booth is installed at the Quezon City General Hospital.
Confirmed cases in Quezon City by barangay (November 14)
  1000–4999 confirmed
  500–999 confirmed
  100–499 confirmed
  50–99 confirmed
  10–49 confirmed
  1–9 confirmed
  No cases
  N/A (national parks)

On March 13, Quezon City Mayor Joy Belmonte announced a state of calamity for the city following six confirmed cases of local COVID-19 transmissions.[181] She immediately placed 11 barangays under "extreme enhanced community quarantine", prohibiting its residents from exiting their respective barangays.[182] The Quezon City University has been used as a quarantine site for PUIs in the city. As of March 24 at least 379,000 food packs has been distributed to residents by the Quezon City government.[183]

The Quezon City government partnered with Hotel Sogo and the Rainbow Place Dormitory in Tandang Sora to provide free accommodations for service front liners, especially health professionals.[184]

On March 27, the Quezon City government imposed an executive order prohibiting the sale, purchase, and consumption of alcoholic beverages in public places during the enhanced community quarantine.[185]

The Quezon City government announced on April 4 that it would fund the efforts of the Philippine Red Cross to assemble mobile testing centers in the city to conduct "mass testing" on its residents. As of April 7, Quezon City has more COVID-19 cases than any other city in Metro Manila.[186][187]

On April 6, Mayor Belmonte signed an executive order penalizing any act of discrimination against persons suspected or confirmed to have the coronavirus, as well as front liners and their families.[188]

Prototype COVID-19 swab test booths designed by the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers were installed at the Quezon City General Hospital on April 7. The booths are designed to minimize the exposure of health workers on PUIs and PUMs being tested for the virus.[189]

San Juan

On March 6, the San Juan government ordered the temporary closure of a Muslim prayer hall at the Greenhills Shopping Center after a frequent visitor of the pay hall was reported as the country's fifth case of confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis. San Juan Mayor Francis Zamora also ordered the postponement of all scheduled public events in the city.[190]

Mayor Zamora announced on March 15 that the villages of Greenhills and West Crame were identified as coronavirus hotspots after four salon workers in Greenhills tested positive for the virus. Zamora thus declared a state of calamity in the city and ordered the temporary closure of all malls in the city, as well as all churches.[191]

On March 26, Mayor Zamora announced that the San Juan government had reached an agreement with Xavier School to convert the San Juan City Science High School into a 100-bed isolation facility for COVID-19 PUIs in the city. Xavier School would assist the government in providing necessary medical equipment, medicines, and front line personnel.[192]

On March 31, Mayor Zamora signed an ordinance prohibiting the sale, distribution, and consumption of alcoholic beverages during the quarantine period.[193]

Taguig

Disinfection vehicle in Bonifacio Global City, Taguig

Taguig Mayor Lino Cayetano ordered a lockdown on the city on March 17 after four of its residents tested positive for COVID-19; the lockdown only permits delivery vehicles of basic goods and supplies to enter and exit Taguig.[194] The city government collaborated with transportation groups and barangays to organize point-to-point transportation services for its residents to access basic supplies amid the moratorium on mass public transportation.[195] Mayor Cayetano warned barangay officials against collecting payment fees while issuing the city's health professionals and other essential workers special permits to freely roam around the city at any time during the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine.[196] During the enhanced community quarantine, health workers from the Taguig health office had been distributing condoms, birth control pills, medication for tuberculosis and HIV, and vitamins for hypertension and diabetes to residents for free.[197] On March 28, the Taguig government launched telemedicine consultation services for its residents to lessen mobility during the quarantine period.[198]

On March 19, the city began distributing health kits, which includes vitamin C and a coronavirus information brochure, to the city's senior citizens and those with underlying health conditions. The government also plans to distribute around 2,000 grocery packs door-to-door to the city's households in order to limit the movement of people.[199] On March 30, the Taguig city government announced that around 15,000 members of accredited jeepney, tricycle, and pedicab operators and drivers associations in the city would receive a subsidy of ₱4,000 ($79.24). Some tricycles drivers have offered to transport front liners around the city.[200]

The city has converted a hostel at the Technological University of the Philippines, the Hagonoy Sports Complex, the Taguig City Disability and Development Center, the Taguig Lakeshore Hall in New Lower Bicutan, and a building in Ibayo Tipas, into isolation facilities for COVID-19 patients in case the Taguig–Pateros District Hospital reaches its maximum capacity.[201]

Amid reports that some residents of the Bonifacio Global City have been jogging and leisurely walking outside their homes, Mayor Cayetano warned on April 9 that "authorities will not hesitate to arrest" residents who engage in outdoor activities during the enhanced community quarantine.[202]

Valenzuela

On March 13, the Valenzuela city council approved an ordinance prohibiting the hoarding and panic buying of essential goods.[203]

Valenzuela Mayor Rex Gatchalian announced on March 15 the cancellation of several scheduled events, namely the Top Taxpayers and Top Job Providers' Night and Concert, Mega Job Fair, and the weekend Family Day activities in public schools, to prevent the spread of the virus amongst large crowds.[92] Gatchalian placed the city under a state of calamity, the following day.[204] Gatchalian announced on March 17 that ₱500–700 -worth of vouchers would be issued to some 75,000 Valenzuelaño families for which they could use to claim essential goods at groceries.[205] The city's government would also distribute food packages to families registered under the conditional cash transfer program.[206] He assured the city's health professionals that they would be issued special permits for easier entry into the city borders, amid the establishment of checkpoints in accordance with the national government's directives regarding the partial lockdown.[207]

The Valenzuela government established two centralized isolation centers on March 19 to accommodate suspected cases of COVID-19 and confirmed patients.[208] The government also automated its contact tracing system.[209] A designated dormitory within the city was opened for medical workers from Obando, Bulacan, who could not return home due to the lockdown.[210]

On March 25, the Valenzuela city council passed an ordinance prohibiting the sale, distribution, and consumption of alcoholic beverages during the enhanced community quarantine.[211]

On March 29, the Valenzuela government partnered with the Valdeco Greenleaf Market to launch a mobile market system. Mayor Gatchalian said that he was inspired by the Pasig government's "mobile palengke" initiative and sought Pasig Mayor Vico Sotto's permission. The government utilized electric tricycles, instead of trucks like in Pasig, to suit the city's smaller terrain roads.[212]

The Valenzuela government partnered with The Medical City to provide free "mass testing" for COVID-19 to the city's residents, starting April 11.[56] The public-private partnership deal, which Mayor Gatchalian noted was the first in the country to provide COVID-19 "mass testing", was signed on April 4. Gatchalian stated his government would be responsible for the purchase and supply of the test kits, while the laboratory tests and the analysis and interpretation of results would be conducted by The Medical City.[213] Aside from TMC, they are also partnering with Detoxicare Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory to expedite the testing processes.[214]

Logo of Valtrace, a contact tracing system in Valenzuela

On November 9, 2020, Mayor Gatchalian announced the application and use of Valtrace which aims to enhance the state of contact tracing in the city. The said program was put into use on November 16, 2020.

Medical response

Face masks and respiratory hygiene

On April 2, the IATF-EID declared that wearing face masks will be mandatory over the entire Luzon for the duration of the enhanced community quarantine, including Metro Manila. Residents are now required to wear surgical masks, do-it-yourself masks, handkerchiefs, or improvised cloth that covers the nose and mouth at all times, amid the shortage of available face masks globally. Local government units are urged to issue necessary executive orders or ordinances to require the use of face mask and impose penalties for offenders.[215] Earlier, Muntinlupa had already passed an ordinance requiring its residents to wear face masks on March 30,[216] followed by Makati on April 13.[217]

Disease testing

There are 191 licensed RT-PCR testing laboratories nationwide, 91 of which are in Metro Manila.

The first localized COVID-19 mass testing began on Valenzuela on April 11, which was administered for free to susceptible and probable residents, front line health workers and returning overseas Filipinos. On April 13, the Manila city government announced its capability to conduct its own localized targeted mass testing, which can produce up to 1,624 tests per week.[121] On April 14, the City of Manila, Quezon City and Muntinlupa began their own localized mass testing.[57][218][58] It was followed by Parañaque (April 20), Mandaluyong and Taguig (April 22), and Makati (April 30).

Mass vaccination program

As of January 13, 2021, 14 out of 17 cities and municipalities in Metro Manila that have secured tripartite agreements with vaccine manufactures most notably AstraZeneca.

Vaccine details in Metro Manila[219][220]
LGU Vaccine Budget (in PHP) Total doses
Caloocan Oxford–AstraZeneca 600,000
Las Piñas Oxford–AstraZeneca 300,000
Mandaluyong Oxford–AstraZeneca 200,000,000
Makati Oxford–AstraZeneca 1,000,000
Manila Oxford–AstraZeneca 800,000
Muntinlupa Oxford–AstraZeneca 100,000
Malabon
Marikina
Navotas Oxford–AstraZeneca 100,000
Pasay Oxford–AstraZeneca 275,000
Pasig Oxford–AstraZeneca 100,000,000 400,000
Parañaque Oxford–AstraZeneca 200,000
Pateros
Quezon Oxford–AstraZeneca 1,100,000
San Juan Oxford–AstraZeneca 50,000,000
Taguig Oxford–AstraZeneca 1,000,000,000
Valenzuela Oxford–AstraZeneca 640,000

Impact

A coronavirus warning sign at the entrance of The Podium mall in Ortigas Center, Mandaluyong.

Crime and disobedience

On March 22, the Philippine National Police (PNP) reported that crime rates in Metro Manila decreased by almost 70 percent, according to data between March 15 to 20 during the implementation of the partial Metro Manila lockdown and the Luzon-wide enhanced community quarantine. During that period, the PNP reported only seven cases of murder, ten cases of homicide, 11 cases of physical injury (compared to 41 last year), five cases of rape (compared to 23 last year), 18 cases of robbery (compared to 50 last year), and 24 cases of theft (compared to 68 last year). The PNP attributed the decline in crime rates to the implementation of strict home quarantine measures.[221]

On April 1, 21 protesters in Quezon City were arrested for organizing a rally "without government permit." The protesters claimed that the Quezon City government failed to provide them basic necessities, especially food, during the quarantine; the Quezon City government denied the claims. The city's mayor, Joy Belmonte, ordered the release of the protesters "in the interim for humanitarian reasons" and issued them a warning instead. The PNP stated that it would file charges against the protesters as mass gatherings are prohibited under the enhanced community quarantine.[222] Senator Francis Pangilinan announced that he, his wife Sharon Cuneta, and their daughter would shoulder the ₱15,000 ($296.57) bail for each of the arrested protesters. Actress Jodi Sta. Maria stated that she would also contribute to the bail.[223]

Decline in Night Light Radiance across Metro Manila during COVID-19 (March 1 - June 30, 2020)

Economy

Being the economic hub of the Philippines, the Metro Manila economy comprises 38.1% of the country's gross domestic product. The imposition of President Duterte's partial lockdown on the region on March 16 and the enhanced community quarantine on Luzon that superseded it impacts heavily on the Philippine economy as a whole. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas Governor Benjamin Diokno and National Economic and Development Authority Director-General Ernesto Pernia forecast that, due to the imposition of the enhanced community quarantine on Luzon, contractions in the national economic growth would likely be experienced in the second and third quarters of the year. Diokno and Pernia stated that, consequently, the Philippines would likely enter a recession in 2020.[224]

Following the partial lockdown on Metro Manila, incidents of panic buying and hoarding were reported and became widespread across the region. This prompted most local governments to issue anti-hoarding and panic buying ordinances.[33]

Severe congestion at the Port of Manila was reported on March 30 after the region was placed under lockdown with many unclaimed food cargoes and overstaying containers.[225]

Education

The College of the Holy Spirit Manila will close in 2022 after 109 years of operation due to losses caused by the pandemic.[226]

On March 12, classes were suspended in Metro Manila until April 12 when President Rodrigo Duterte raised the status of the COVID-19 pandemic in the whole Philippines to "Code Red Sub-Level 2" as part of a partial lockdown measure on Metro Manila.[227][228] The class suspensions were later extended up to April 14 through a memorandum circular released by Malacañang on March 14.[229]

The extension of the enhanced community quarantine prompted the Ateneo de Manila University to shorten its semester and pass all its students, automatically promoting them. The university announced that students would receive a refund of ₱20,000 ($395.75) from their tuition fees.[230]

Entertainment

On March 13, the MMDA announced a postponement of the 1st Metro Manila Summer Film Festival as a result of the pandemic.[231] The Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation ordered the suspension of all gaming operations in Metro Manila, including the land-based casinos in Entertainment City and Newport City, on March 15. The gaming regulator also announced that they were limiting the operations of Philippine offshore gaming operations in the region.[232]

Environment

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) reported that the air quality index of different cities in Metro Manila had improved, following the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine on Luzon. The cities with the lowest amounts of inhalable coarse particulate matter (PM10) were Parañaque (7), Marikina (9), San Juan (17), Malabon (22), Taguig (32), and Pasay (43), all reporting "good" values of air quality; meanwhile, the cities of Pasig (53), Makati (54), Las Piñas (86), and Northern Caloocan (92) all reported "moderate/fair" values. The DENR collected the data after photos surfaced on social media depicting smog-free skylines of some of the aforementioned cities, which is likely a result of minimized activity due to the pandemic.[233]

Medical facilities

By March 26, eight private hospitals in Metro Manila announced that it had reached its maximum capacity to handle any COVID-19-related case. These hospitals were namely the Asian Hospital and Medical Center in Alabang, Muntinlupa;[234] Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center in Santa Cruz, Manila; De Los Santos Medical Center in Quezon City; Makati Medical Center in Makati; Marikina Valley Medical Center in Marikina; The Medical City in Ortigas Center, Pasig; and both hospitals of St. Luke's Medical Center in Quezon City and Bonifacio Global City, Taguig.[235][236][237]

Private firms

On March 11, the Wack Wack Golf and Country Club in Mandaluyong temporarily closed after one of its guests, a Singaporean permanent resident, was confirmed to have contracted COVID-19.[238][239]

Following the MMDA's imposition of an area-wide curfew during the Metro Manila lockdown, mall operators Ayala Malls, SM Supermalls, Robinsons Malls, and Vista Malls initially announced that it would shorten the operating hours of its malls in Metro Manila, from 11 a.m. to 7 p.m., in response.[240] However, Metro Manila city governments later passed ordinances mandating the temporary closure of malls with the exception of establishments providing essential goods and services (such as supermarkets, pharmacies, and banks) from March 16 "until further notice", in accordance with the joint resolution passed by the Metro Manila Council regarding the lockdown.[241]

On March 17, food delivery services GrabFood and Foodpanda resumed operations in the region after a temporary suspension due to quarantine restrictions.[242]

GrabWheels, an electric scooter rental service of the ridesharing company Grab, was activated to service health workers in select cities in the region.[243]

Religious sector

On March 14, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila, Diocese of Cubao, Diocese of Novaliches, and the Diocese of Parañaque announced that it would suspend the celebration of Masses and other public gatherings, including all Holy Week activities, in all its churches "until further notice", in an effort to curb the spread of COVID-19.[244] Meanwhile, the National Commission on Muslim Filipinos announced on March 16 a temporary suspension of all Islamic gatherings in the region in response to the pandemic.[245]

Sports

Top collegiate Metro Manila competitions, the National Collegiate Athletic Association and the University Athletic Association of the Philippines, cancelled all its remaining games.[246][247] National leagues largely held in Metro Manila such as the Philippine Basketball Association, Philippines Football League, and the Philippine Super Liga were postponed.[248][249] Marikina Mayor Marcelino Teodoro also announced the cancellation of the 2020 Palarong Pambansa as host city of the games.[250]

Transportation

By March 14, a mass exodus to the provinces was observed in the hours leading to the Metro Manila lockdown, following its announcement two days prior. Thousands were seen flocking to the provincial bus terminals such as the Araneta City Bus Port in Quezon City as well as the Ninoy Aquino International Airport.[251] Motorcycle ridesharing companies Angkas and Joyride suspended their Metro Manila services on March 15.[252]

President Duterte's March 16 declaration of a month-long enhanced community quarantine on the island of Luzon, including Metro Manila, suspended the operations of all modes of public transportation in Metro Manila.[253] The Metro Rail Transit Corporation and Light Rail Transit Authority suspended the operations of the Manila Metro Rail Transit System and the Manila Light Rail Transit System, respectively, from March 17; LRT Line 1 would resume operations on April 12, while MRT Line 3 would lift its suspension on April 13.[254] However, with the extension of the lockdown until April 30, the resumption of rail transport within the region is likely postponed.

On March 28, the Manila International Airport Authority announced the temporary closure of all terminals of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport except Terminal 1 following the suspension of domestic flights and international travel restrictions due to the pandemic and subsequent lockdown.[42]

Treatment of workers

On April 8, 170 construction workers in Pasay had been reportedly stranded in their barracks since the implementation of the enhanced community quarantine on March 17. They claimed that they were given only ₱1,000 ($19.82) from their employer, who "abandoned" them, and had to "resort to begging to buy food." The Pasay government responded by distributing relief goods to the workers. According to Pasay Mayor Emi Calixto-Rubiano, the employer had pledged to provide food and other essentials to the workers.[255]

Statistics

Progression charts

Total cases, active cases, recoveries, and deaths by date of announcement
Updated January 20, 2021
  Total cases  Active cases  Recoveries  Deaths
Daily cases by date of onset illness
Updated January 20, 2021
  New cases
Daily recoveries by date of announcement
Updated January 20, 2021
  New recoveries
Daily deaths
Updated January 20, 2021
  New deaths

See also

Notes

  1. Breakdown of confirmed cases is according to the COVID-19 Case Tracker of the Department of Health.

References

  1. "COVID-19 Tracker". doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. Retrieved January 25, 2021. (* The data on this site changes daily.)
  2. Patag, K.J. (March 12, 2020). "Walang Pasok: Duterte suspends Metro Manila classes until April 12". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  3. "San Juan prayer hall frequented by coronavirus patient temporarily closed". cnnphilippines.com. CNN Philippines. March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  4. "Greenhills Mall implements 'precautionary measures' vs coronavirus". ABS-CBN News. March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  5. "COVID-19 Tracker Philippines". doh.gov.ph. Department of Health. Retrieved January 25, 2021. (* The data on this site changes daily.)
  6. Sabillo, K. (January 30, 2020). "Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  7. Colcol, E. (February 2, 2020). "Philippines confirms 2nd novel coronavirus case, 1st death outside China". GMA News. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  8. Tan, L. (March 6, 2020). "Philippines records its first local case of coronavirus". CNN Philippines. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  9. San Juan, R. (March 12, 2020). "First local COVID-19 transmission case, wife among 3 new deaths in Philippines". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  10. Luna, Franco. "Travel to and from Manila suspended from March 15 as Code Red Sublevel 2 raised over COVID-19". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  11. Rita, J. (March 15, 2020). "Several Metro Manila LGUs impose 8 p.m.-5 a.m. COVID-19 curfew". GMA News. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  12. "Memorandum from the Executive Secretary On Community Quarantine Over the Entire Luzon and Further Guidelines for the Management of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation". Official Gazette GOV.PH. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2020.
  13. Ornedo, J.M. (April 7, 2020). "Philippines' COVID-19 cases concentrated in Metro Manila, says Duque". GMA Network. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  14. "Luzon-wide lockdown extended until April 30 to stop COVID-19 spread". CNN Philippines. April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  15. Aurelio, Julie (May 13, 2020). "Eased lockdown till May 31 in Metro Manila, Cebu City, Laguna". Inquirer. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  16. Ranada, Pia (May 12, 2020). "Metro Manila, Cebu City, Laguna under 'modified' ECQ until May 31". Rappler. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  17. Crisostomo, Sheila (January 22, 2020). "DOH probing Philippines' 1st suspected case of coronavirus". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  18. "Why nCoV fatality's infection was confirmed later than Philippines' first case". GMA News. February 3, 2020. Archived from the original on February 3, 2020. Retrieved February 3, 2020. "Since we (RITM) already had the capability for testing Thursday last week, we decided to test the sample of the other PUIs sent to us," RITM director Dr. Celia Carlos said in a separate press briefing in Malacañang.
  19. Panganiban-Perez, Tina (January 31, 2020). "RITM now running nCoV tests – DOH spox". GMA News. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
  20. Arcilla, Jan (January 26, 2020). "DoH tracks suspected new cases of 2019-nCoV". Manila Times. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  21. "Philippines confirms first case of new coronavirus". ABS-CBN News. January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  22. "First coronavirus death outside China reported in Philippines". NBC News. February 2, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  23. Modesto, Catherine (March 7, 2020). "Taguig-based firm says an employee tests positive for coronavirus". CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  24. Marquez, Consuelo (March 11, 2020). "Marikina coronavirus cases jump to 5". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  25. "4 new confirmed coronavirus cases recorded in Metro Manila". CNN Philippines. March 9, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  26. Rita, Joviland (March 9, 2020). "QC Mayor Joy Belmonte announces confirmed COVID-19 case in the city". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  27. Servallos, N.J. (March 9, 2020). "San Juan, Marikina, Pasay suspend classes over COVID-19". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  28. Tomacruz, S. (March 9, 2020). "Duterte suspends classes in Metro Manila March 10–14 over coronavirus threat". Rappler. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  29. Cellona, J. (March 10, 2020). "Metro mayors meet on local lockdowns after coronavirus cases rise". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  30. Pedrajas, Joseph Almer (March 11, 2020). "One more COVID-19 patient in Tala hospital – Malapitan". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  31. Talabong, R. (March 11, 2020). "Isko Moreno self-quarantines at Manila city hall". Rappler. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  32. "Las Piñas records 1st COVID-19 case". ABS-CBN News. March 12, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  33. Marquez, C. (March 12, 2020). "LOOK: Panic-buying amid lockdown fears in Metro Manila". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  34. Adonis, M. (March 13, 2020). "Camanava mayors under quarantine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  35. Yamsuan, C.C.; Agoncillo, J.A. (March 16, 2020). "Police seal Metro Manila to fight virus". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  36. Servallos, N.J. (March 16, 2020). "More cities in Metro Manila under state of calamity". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  37. "Mandaluyong declares state of calamity over spread of COVID-19". ABS-CBN News. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  38. "Muntinlupa City Declares State Of Calamity Due To COVID-19 Emergency". City Government of Muntinlupa. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  39. Casilao, Joahna Lei (March 19, 2020). "Valenzuela reports first COVID-19 case". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  40. Bernardo, Jaehwa (March 23, 2020). "Malabon records first COVID-19 case". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  41. Valenzuela, Nikka (March 29, 2020). "Navotas records first coronavirus case". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  42. Mercurio, R. (March 28, 2020). "Airlines mount 'cargo-only' flights to transport vital goods". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  43. Tu, Lianting; Sayson, Ian C. (March 17, 2020). "Philippines Becomes First Country to Shut Financial Markets Thanks to Virus". Bloomberg. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  44. Yamsuan, C.C.; Yee, J. (March 25, 2020). "5 Metro Manila hospitals reach full capacity for COVID-19 cases". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  45. Marquez, C. (March 31, 2020). "Over 70,000 violated Luzon-wide quarantine protocols – PNP". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  46. "City of Manila records largest single-day jump in COVID-19 cases, total now at 116". CNN Philippines. April 1, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  47. Tomacruz, S. (April 1, 2020). "881 Filipinos from cruise ships in U.S. now back in PH". Rappler. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  48. Maru, D. (April 2, 2020). "Metro Manila remains PH epicenter of coronavirus crisis – Galvez". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  49. Tomacruz, S. (April 2, 2020). "Luzon residents now required to wear face masks when leaving homes". Rappler. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  50. "DOH launches telemedicine consultation for Metro Manila residents". CNN Philippines. April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  51. Santos, R.; Brago, P.L. (April 6, 2020). "Chinese coronavirus doctors arrive in Manila". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  52. "MMDA sets up decontamination tents in public hospitals, gov't offices". ABS-CBN News. April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  53. "2 policemen succumb to virus". The Manila Times. April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  54. Abadilla, D.D. (April 8, 2020). "Rizal Memorial Stadium ready to accept initial 116 COVID-19 patients". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  55. Ferreras, V. (April 8, 2020). "Lockdown saves PH from large-scale community outbreak, WHO says". CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  56. Cerrudo, Aileen (April 9, 2020). "Valenzuela City to begin mass testing for COVID-19 on April 11". UNTV. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  57. Crisostomo, Shiela (April 14, 2020). "COVID mass testing begins in Metro Manila today". PhilStar Global. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  58. Hicap, Jonathan (April 14, 2020). "Muntinlupa starts COVID-19 mass testing of PUIs". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 19, 2020.
  59. "Parañaque to begin COVID-19 mass testing Monday: mayor". ABS-CBN News. April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  60. "24 Oras: Mass testing, magsisimula na sa Mandaluyong..." GMA News. April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  61. "Taguig City sets up barangay-based, drive-thru COVID-19 testing". Inquirer.net. April 21, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  62. Rodriguez, Paulo. "Makati to conduct mass Covid-19 testing". Metro News Central. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
  63. "'Science, economics' to determine possible modification of COVID-19 lockdown – Roque". CNN Philippines. May 4, 2020. Retrieved May 13, 2020.
  64. Arcilla, Jan (May 26, 2020). "Metro Manila mayors favor GCQ starting June 1". Manila Times. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  65. Marquez, Consuelo; Hallare, Katrina (October 16, 2020). "7 NCR hospitals still at full COVID-19 bed capacity — DOH". Inquirer.net. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
  66. Lopez, Virgil (March 9, 2020). "Duterte suspends classes in Metro Manila from March 10 to 14, 2020". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 9, 2020.
  67. Santos, Ana (March 16, 2020). "Ghost town: Manila under coronavirus lockdown". Al Jazeera. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  68. Santos, Jel (March 13, 2020). "Number coding suspended indefinitely due to 'community quarantine' – MMDA". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  69. "LIST: Metro Manila cities with COVID-19 curfew". CNN Philippines. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  70. Cordero, Ted (March 14, 2020). "Metro Manila Council wants malls temporarily closed amid COVID-19 threat". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  71. Cupin, B.; Rivas, R.; Tomacruz, S. (March 15, 2020). "Day 1 of Metro Manila lockdown: Different checkpoints, different rules". Rappler. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  72. "Robredo donates gear to health workers, pledges free shuttle rides". CNN Philippines. March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  73. Hicap, Jonathan (March 17, 2020). "Muntinlupa declares state of calamity due to COVID-19". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  74. Ramos, Christia Marie (March 17, 2020). "Pasig City OKs anti-hoarding, panic buying ordinance". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  75. David, Jun (March 15, 2020). "Valenzuela passes anti-hoarding, anti-panic buying measure". Manila Standard. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  76. Galvez, Daphne (March 20, 2020). "PGH, 2 other institutions chosen as COVID-19 referral hospitals". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  77. Yap, DJ; Yee, J.; Salaverria, L.B. (April 1, 2020). "Cash aid for poor: P8,000 in Metro; P5,000 in regions". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  78. Esguerra, Darryl John (March 26, 2020). "Robredo launches free dormitory in QC for COVID-19 frontliners". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
  79. Pelayo, M. (March 26, 2020). "Farm products at cheaper price available at 'Kadiwa on Wheels' – DA". UNTV (Philippines). Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  80. "Three COVID-19 quarantine facilities in Metro Manila ready by April 12". CNN Philippines. April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  81. "Curfew from 8 p.m. to 5 a.m. to take effect in Metro Manila under COVID-19 quarantine". ABS-CBN News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  82. Fernando, Jean (March 21, 2020). "Las Piñas City imposes 24-hour curfew". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  83. "Muntinlupa placed under 24-hour curfew". CNN Philippines. March 21, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  84. Calalo, Arlie (March 23, 2020). "Navotas imposes 24-hour curfew". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  85. "Parañaque imposes 24-hour curfew". ABS-CBN News. March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  86. Cabico, Gaea Katreena (April 2, 2020). "Luzon residents now required to wear face masks outside during lockdown". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  87. Casinas, Jhon Aldrin (April 9, 2020). "Mandaluyong imposes fine and imprisonment to violators of face mask ordinance". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  88. Hicap, Jonathan (April 2, 2020). "Muntinlupa makes wearing of face masks mandatory". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  89. Fernando, Jean (April 7, 2020). "Parañaque city residents to always wear face masks when in public places, says mayor". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  90. "Wearing of face masks now mandatory in Quezon City". CNN Philippines. April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  91. Agoncillo, Jodee; Ramos, Mariejo (April 9, 2020). "Masks now required in Malabon, Valenzuela, QC, Pasay". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  92. Caybyab, Marc Jayson (March 10, 2020). "Caloocan, Valenzuela cancel events over COVID-19". The Philippine Star. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  93. Marquez, Consuelo (March 24, 2020). "Caloocan gov't imposes window hours for buying basic goods". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  94. "Las Piñas declares state of calamity amid coronavirus alarm". ABS-CBN News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  95. Fernando, Jean (March 21, 2020). "Las Piñas City mayor asks commercial establishments to waive rental fees for a month". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  96. Ramos, Christa Marie (March 27, 2020). "Las Piñas City warns vs hoarding, profiteering amid coronavirus quarantine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  97. "Las Piñas assures more food packs coming, appeals for patience". Manila Standard. April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  98. Arcilla, Jan (April 3, 2020). "Las Piñas to convert drug rehab center as isolation area". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  99. "Makati gov't employees, contract workers to get paid during lockdown". Rappler. March 21, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  100. Gonzales, Cathrine (March 17, 2020). "Makati gov't deploys buses for OsMak, city hall employees". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  101. Gonzales, Cathrine (March 18, 2020). "Makati to give P2,000-financial aid to city's tricycle drivers". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  102. Zurbano, Joel (March 17, 2020). "Makati to procure 5k coronavirus test kits". Manila Standard. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  103. Layug, Margaret Claire (March 25, 2020). "Makati converts hotel into isolation facility for COVID-19 PUIs". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  104. "Makati gives cash aid to solo parents amid Luzon lockdown". ABS-CBN News. March 28, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  105. Pedrajas, Joseph Almer (March 18, 2020). "Malabon City gov't releases food budget to barangays for needy residents". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  106. Pedrajas, Joseph Almer (March 18, 2020). "Malabon mayor asks water concessionaires to divert mall water supply to residential areas amid COVID-19 threat". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  107. "'Rich and poor': Malabon mayor to endorse all families to DSWD for aid". ABS-CBN News. April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  108. "Mandaluyong, Manila gov't employees to get early 13th-month, midyear pay during community quarantine". CNN Philippines. March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  109. "Mandaluyong to deliver food aid for COVID-19 lockdown 'door-to-door' by weekend". ABS-CBN News. March 18, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  110. "Manila under state of calamity as city confirms 2 new coronavirus cases". Rappler. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  111. Tiangco, Minka (March 18, 2020). "Street dwellers given food, shelter by Manila City government". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  112. Talabong, Rambo (March 18, 2020). "Isko Moreno orders Manila hotels, motels to house health workers for free". Rappler. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  113. Garcia, Maria Angelica (March 19, 2020). "Manila to deploy 189 e-trikes for COVID-19 frontliners". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  114. "Manila City to give P1,000 cash grant to more than 500,000 families". ABS-CBN News. April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  115. "Over 680,000 families in Manila to get add'tl P1,000 cash aid". ABS-CBN News. May 21, 2020. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  116. Hilario, Edgard (March 23, 2020). "Manila City Hall launches city-wide COVID-19 health survey". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  117. Pedrajas, J.A. (April 3, 2020). "Manila passes ordinance vs COVID-19 stigmatization". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  118. "Manila hospital to temporarily close after staff test positive for COVID-19". CNN Philippines. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  119. Mendoza, John Eric (April 6, 2020). "Isko, Manila officials donate salaries to PGH". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  120. "NEWS ALERT: Kadiwa rolling stores to kick off in Manila amid COVID-19 crisis". City Government of Manila. April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  121. "Manila City to begin mass COVID-19 testing". CNN Philippines. April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  122. "Barangay in Manila placed under 'total shutdown' due to boxing, gambling while on lockdown". ABS-CBN News. April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  123. Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (April 13, 2020). "Isko places Manila's Barangay 20 under 24-hour shutdown for holding bingo, boxing games". Inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  124. "Sampaloc, Manila to be placed on lockdowns". CNN Philippines. April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  125. Patag, Kristine Joy (April 30, 2020). "48-hour 'hard lockdown' of Tondo's District 1 starts May 3". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
  126. Mendoza, John Eric (July 6, 2020). "50% of Manila's Covid patient recover – Isko". The Manila Times. Retrieved July 6, 2020.
  127. Lalu, Gabriel Pabico (July 17, 2020). "Isko: Manila's drive-thru testing shows public willing to be tested if it's free". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 20, 2020.
  128. "Quirino Grandstand drive-thru COVID-19 testing facility draws long line of vehicles". GMA News Online. July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  129. Casinas, Jhon Aldrin. "Marikina City to set up lab testing center for the detection of COVID-19 cases".
  130. Madarang, Catalina Ricci (March 16, 2020). "Marikina City, MMDA step up efforts vs COVID-19 with disinfection tents". InterAksyon. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  131. Ornedo, Julia Mari (March 18, 2020). "Marikina adds more routes to free ride service for residents amid quarantine". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  132. Panti, Llanesca (March 19, 2020). "Marikina sets up lab, buys equipment to give free COVID-19 tests". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  133. Ornedo, Julia Mari (March 26, 2020). "DOH rejected COVID-19 testing center, Marikina mayor says". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  134. "Health dept denies rejecting Marikina's COVID-19 test lab". ABS-CBN News. March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  135. Ayalin, Adrian (March 27, 2020). "Marikina to transfer COVID-19 testing center to separate building to comply with DOH requirements". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  136. "Marikina finds new location for planned COVID-19 testing center". CNN Philippines. March 30, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  137. Ornedo, Julia Mari (April 7, 2020). "Marikina to make COVID-19 testing free for residents". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  138. Arcangel, Xianne (April 15, 2020). "Marikina mayor ready to face charges for launching COVID-19 testing lab without DOH permit". CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
  139. Ayalin, Adrian (April 6, 2020). "Marikina launches online consultation for COVID-19 concerns". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  140. Bunye, Ignacio (March 23, 2020). "Muntinlupa City's response to coronavirus – a timeline". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  141. Hicap, Jonathan (March 20, 2020). "Muntinlupa ready to provide food assistance up to 4 months". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  142. Hicap, Jonathan (March 19, 2020). "Muntinlupa City gov't to intensify community quarantine measures". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  143. Hicap, Jonathan (April 7, 2020). "Muntinlupa to distribute 94,847 food packs in 2nd wave of assistance". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  144. Hicap, Jonathan (March 24, 2020). "Muntinlupa wants to establish own COVID-19 testing center". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  145. "Munti LGU extends RPT and Business Tax Payment, asks lessors to waive rental fees". City Government of Muntinlupa. March 26, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  146. Rita, Joviland (April 7, 2020). "60,000 Muntinlupa scholars to receive allowances in advance amid COVID-19 impact". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  147. Mendoza, Red (March 7, 2020). "Navotas suspends classes due to Covid-19 outbreak". The Manila Times. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  148. Casilao, Joahna Lei (March 7, 2020). "Navotas mayor asks DepEd to pass all students; Duque says class suspension not a good idea now". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
  149. "Navotas to implement 4-day work week for some LGU offices, employees". ABS-CBN News. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  150. Paunan, Jerome Carlo (March 22, 2020). "Navotas uses 'katok' system for family food pack delivery amid quarantine". Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  151. "Navotas releases P6.4 million for cash aid to employees amid lockdown". Rappler. March 24, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  152. Tiangco, Minka Klaudia (May 3, 2020). "Entire Navotas to be placed under extreme ECQ starting May 6". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  153. "Navotas provides free shelter for city's medical frontliners". Rappler. March 29, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  154. David, Jun (April 30, 2020). "Navotas opens community isolation facility". Manila Standard. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  155. Esguerra, Darryl John (March 16, 2020). "COVID-19: Parañaque City placed under state of calamity". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  156. Fernando, Jean (March 17, 2020). "Parañaque City implements 'total lockdown'". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  157. Fernando, Jean (March 19, 2020). "Parañaque City provides free transportation for city's frontliners, essential workers". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  158. Abad, Roderick (March 19, 2020). "Parañaque City Hall workers get midyear bonus amid lockdown". BusinessMirror. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  159. Fernando, Jean (March 20, 2020). "Parañaque City gov't to distribute relief goods house-to-house to vulnerable sectors". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  160. Talabong, Rambo (March 24, 2020). "LOOK: In Parañaque, curfew violators sit under the sun as punishment". Rappler. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  161. Arcilla, Jan (April 7, 2020). "Parañaque protects frontliners, patients". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  162. Nazario, Dhel (March 18, 2020). "Pasay City mayor orders early release of 13th month pay, salaries of city hall employees". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  163. Gonzales, Cathrine (March 19, 2020). "DTI to launch 'rolling stores' in Pasay amid quarantine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  164. Marquez, Consuelo (March 24, 2020). "Pasay sports complex, school transformed into isolation rooms for PUIs". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  165. Abellon, Bam (March 20, 2020). "Here's everything that Mayor Vico Sotto has done so far in response to COVID-19". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  166. Guzman, Jimmyley (March 14, 2020). "Sprayers, protective equipment distributed to Pasig barangays". Philippine Information Agency. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  167. Bigtas, Jannielyn Ann (March 16, 2020). "Pasig City to implement anti-panic buying, hoarding ordinance". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  168. "Vico Sotto rejects ban on tricycles in Pasig City amid Luzon lockdown". ABS-CBN News. March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  169. "Pasig City sets up sanitation tents outside hospitals, provides bus service for healthcare workers". GMA News Online. March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  170. Malasig, Jeline (March 17, 2020). "Vico Sotto temporarily allows tricycles in Pasig for people reporting to work amid quarantine". InterAksyon. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  171. Casilao, Joahna Lei (March 17, 2020). "Pasig City Hall employees, from regular to contractual ones, to get full salaries amid enhanced quarantine". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  172. Malasig, Jeline (March 18, 2020). "Vico Sotto has been stellar with his proactive COVID-19 initiatives, and Filipinos want him to lead the whole country". InterAksyon. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
  173. Reysio-Cruz, Matthew (March 20, 2020). "Vico Sotto defends tricycle proposal amid DILG objection". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  174. Reyes, Kate (March 20, 2020). "Check out Pasig's earth-friendly rides for hospital frontliners". Spin.ph. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  175. Kabagani, Lade Jean (March 25, 2020). "Deadline of tax payments, other gov't fees extended in Pasig City". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 27, 2020 via Philippine Canadian Inquirer.
  176. Kabagani, Lade Jean (March 25, 2020). "Pasig City's 'mobile palengke' boosts social distancing". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  177. Laurel, Drei (March 26, 2020). "Thousands of Pasig City PUV drivers to get P3,000 financial aid starting next week". Top Gear Philippines. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  178. Marquez, Consuelo (April 3, 2020). "Vico Sotto replies to NBI, asks for clarification". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  179. "Vico Sotto 'confident nothing will happen' in NBI probe". ABS-CBN News. April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  180. Casinas, Jhon Aldrin (April 9, 2020). "Pasig to pay for cremation of COVID-19 fatalities". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  181. "Quezon City declares state of calamity amid COVID-19 threat". CNN Philippines. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  182. Zembrano, Chiara (March 18, 2020). "QC enforces 'extreme enhanced community quarantine' in areas with COVID-19 cases". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved April 14, 2020.
  183. "COVID-19 cases in QC now at 72; four die, one recovers". GMA News Online. March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  184. Tuquero, Loreben (March 26, 2020). "Quezon City provides free lodging for health workers". Rappler. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  185. Ramos, Christia Marie (March 27, 2020). "QC imposes liquor ban until end of Luzon-wide quarantine". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  186. "Philippine Red Cross acquires machines, special ambulances to aid in fight vs coronavirus". ABS-CBN News. April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  187. Chavez, Chito (April 4, 2020). "PH Red Cross chooses QC as first COVID-19 mobile testing site". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  188. "QC gov't passes ordinance punishing acts of discrimination amid COVID-19 pandemic". GMA News Online. April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  189. Mateo, Janvic (April 9, 2020). "Quezon City General Hospital installs swab booths for COVID testing". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  190. "San Juan prayer hall frequented by coronavirus patient temporarily closed". CNN Philippines. March 6, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  191. Casinas, Jhon Aldrin (March 14, 2020). "Zamora: Malls in San Juan City temporarily closed starting March 15; curfew ordinance to follow". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  192. Marquez, Consuelo (March 26, 2020). "San Juan City to use public high school building as quarantine facility". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  193. Bajo, Anna Felicia (March 31, 2020). "San Juan, Caloocan implement liquor ban". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  194. "Taguig placed on lockdown to prevent coronavirus spread". ABS-CBN News. March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  195. "Taguig City on lockdown starting Wednesday amid COVID-19 threat". CNN Philippines. March 17, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  196. Santos, Jel (March 21, 2020). "Mayor Cayetano stops money collection of barangays for travel permit". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  197. Marquez, Consuelo (March 26, 2020). "Sex in the time of COVID-19: Taguig City gives pills, condoms to residents". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  198. Arcilla, Jan (March 28, 2020). "Remote medical consultations launched in Taguig". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  199. Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (March 19, 2020). "Taguig prioritizes elderly, sick in distribution of health kits". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  200. Agoncillo, Jodee (March 30, 2020). "Taguig public transport drivers to get P 8K subsidy". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  201. Arcilla, Jan (April 4, 2020). "Taguig converts 5 facilities as isolation areas". The Manila Times. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  202. Caliwan, Christopher Lloyd (April 9, 2020). "BGC residents warned vs. outdoor activities amid ECQ". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  203. Casilao, Joahna Lei (March 13, 2020). "Anti-hoarding, anti-panic buying ordinance to be implemented in Valenzuela". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  204. "Valenzuela City placed under state of calamity amid COVID-19 threat". ABS-CBN News. March 16, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  205. "Valenzuela City to issue food vouchers during Luzon lockdown". ABS-CBN News. March 19, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
  206. Baron, Gabriela (March 17, 2020). "Valenzuela to distribute food packs to citizens at risk of poverty". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  207. Pedrajas, Joseph Almer (March 17, 2020). "Mayor Gatchalian assures health workers of easy entry into Valenzuela despite Luzon quarantine". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
  208. Casilao, Joahna Lei (March 19, 2020). "Valenzuela sets up isolation centers vs. COVID-19". GMA News Online. Retrieved March 26, 2020.
  209. Reyes, Bernadette (March 29, 2020). "Valenzuela automates COVID-19 contact tracing procedures". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  210. Garcia, Maria Angelica (April 6, 2020). "Valenzuela opens dorm for health workers residing in locked down Obando, Bulacan". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  211. Hallare, Katrina (March 25, 2020). "Valenzuela imposes liquor ban during enhanced community quarantine period". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  212. Laurel, Drei (March 28, 2020). "Valenzuela City launches own mobile market during COVID-19 quarantine". Top Gear Philippines. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  213. Cator, Currie (April 4, 2020). "Valenzuela joins hands with The Medical City for mass testing". CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
  214. Rita, Joviland (April 15, 2020). "Valenzuela City eyes zero backlog in COVID-19 testing by Saturday". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  215. Parrocha, Azer (April 2, 2020). "Use of face masks now required in all areas under ECQ". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  216. Hicap, Jonathan (April 2, 2020). "Muntinlupa makes wearing of face masks mandatory". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  217. "Makati City requires wearing face masks in public places". Rappler. April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
  218. Ramos, Mariejo S.; Valenzuela, Nikka G. (April 12, 2020). "Mass testing in Metro Manila under way". Inquirer.net. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  219. "LIST: Local governments secure vaccine doses in advance". cnn. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  220. Luna, Franco. "Roundup: Local governments who secured vaccine deals in advance". Philstar.com. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
  221. Rucuenco, Aaron (March 22, 2020). "Crime rate down by 70% in Metro Manila, 77.3% in Central Luzon due to lockdown". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  222. "21 protesters demanding food aid arrested in Quezon City". CNN Philippines. April 1, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  223. Terrazola, Vanne Elaine (April 4, 2020). "Pangilinan et al bail out protesters detained for staging QC rally". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  224. Noble, Luz Wendy; Laforga, Beatrice (March 30, 2020). "PHL may go into recession – Diokno". BusinessWorld. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  225. Rivas, R. (March 30, 2020). "Food cargo stuck at Manila port due to coronavirus lockdown – ICTSI". Rappler. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  226. Bernardo, Jaehwa (November 22, 2020). "College of Holy Spirit of Manila to close in 2022". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on November 22, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
  227. "Code Red Sub-Level 2: Duterte announces 'community quarantine' vs. COVID-19". GMA News Online. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  228. "Duterte declares lockdown of Metro Manila for 30 days due to COVID-19". CNN Philippines. March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  229. "Classes canceled in Metro Manila until April 14, 2020 due to COVID-19 threat". GMA News Online. GMA News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  230. Bigtas, Jannielyn (April 7, 2020). "Ateneo shortens semester; students to receive tuition refund, passing mark amid COVID-19 threat". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  231. "Summer MMFF postponed after Metro Manila put under 'community quarantine'". ABS-CBN News. March 13, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  232. "PAGCOR suspends casino, gaming operations during Metro Manila quarantine". ABS-CBN News. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  233. Laurel, Drei (March 26, 2020). "DENR data shows improved air quality in Metro Manila due to quarantine". Top Gear Philippines. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  234. Damicog, Jeffrey (March 26, 2020). "Asian Hospital declares full capacity". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  235. Yamsuan, Cathy Cañares; Yee, Jovic (March 25, 2020). "5 Metro Manila hospitals reach full capacity for COVID-19 cases". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  236. Malasig, Jeline (March 25, 2020). "With a heavy heart, two more Metro Manila hospitals stop admission of COVID-19 patients as they reach 'full capacity'". InterAksyon. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  237. "More major Metro Manila hospitals declare full capacity, shut to COVID-19 patients". Coconuts Manila. March 25, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  238. "Mandaluyong golf club shut after guest tests positive for coronavirus". CNN Philippines. March 11, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2020.
  239. "Philippine golf club on lockdown after Singapore guest tests positive for coronavirus". March 11, 2020.
  240. "Metro Manila malls to shut down early ahead of quarantine". ABS-CBN News. March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  241. "UPDATED: Which NCR malls are closed and which cities have curfew? See list". Spin.ph. March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  242. "GrabFood, FoodPanda resume food delivery services amid Luzon quarantine". CNN Philippines. March 17, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  243. Abadilla, E.V. (April 1, 2020). "GrabWheels activated for health workers". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  244. "Catholic churches in Metro Manila suspend masses". CNN Philippines. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  245. Cabico, G.K. (March 16, 2020). "Islamic religious activities in Metro Manila, other areas under COVID-19 quarantine temporarily suspended". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  246. Yumol, David Tristan (March 19, 2020). "NCAA cancels remainder of Season 95 due to COVID-19 threat". CNN Philippines. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  247. Escarlote, Mark (April 8, 2020). "UAAP Board cancels Season 82". ABS-CBN Sports. Retrieved April 8, 2020.
  248. Cabildo, Leigh Nald (March 13, 2020). "LIST: Philippine leagues suspended amid coronavirus outbreak". Rappler. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  249. "PFF And PFL Statement – Postponement Of Philippines Football League Season 2020". Philippine Football Federation. March 13, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  250. Bonilla, R.R.C. (March 10, 2020). "Marikina calls off Palaro". BusinessMirror. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  251. Rey, A. (March 14, 2020). "IN PHOTOS: Mass exodus before Metro Manila 'lockdown'". Rappler. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
  252. Ramos, M. (March 15, 2020). "Angkas, Joyride suspend operations in Metro Manila, but deliveries continue". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved April 4, 2020.
  253. San Juan, Alexandria Dennise (March 17, 2020). "Operation of all modes of public transportation in Luzon suspended – DOTr". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  254. Jazul, Noreen (March 18, 2020). "MRT, LRT announce temporary suspension of operations". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  255. Garcia, Maria Angelica (April 8, 2020). "Construction workers stranded in Pasay due to quarantine resort to begging". GMA News Online. Retrieved April 10, 2020.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.