Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies

The Second Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies was undertaken between 1965 and 1969 by the four Boundary Commissions for England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland for the United Kingdom Parliament as provided by the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 and amended by House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1958.[1] The changes to the constituencies were approved in 1970 and took effect at the February 1974 United Kingdom general election.

Review and approval process

Under the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1958, the four Boundary Commissions were required to review the boundaries of parliamentary constituencies in their respective countries every 10 to 15 years.[1] The Commissions commenced their reports in 1965 and completed them in 1969. Although the final recommendations were laid before Parliament (1968-69 Cmnd. 4084-4087[2]), the Labour Government did not put them forward for approval before calling an election which was held in June 1970. After the election, the new Conservative Government put the proposals forward and they were approved by Parliament on 11 November 1970 through the following Statutory Instruments:

  • 1970 No. 1674 - Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1970[3]
  • 1970 No. 1675 - Parliamentary Constituencies (Wales) Order 1970[4]
  • 1970 No. 1678 - Parliamentary Constituencies (Northern Ireland) Order 1970[5]
  • 1970 No. 1680 - Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) Order 1970[6]

The new boundaries were first applied for the February 1974 general election. Accordingly, there was a gap of nine years between the beginning of the process and their first application, by which time the local authority boundaries used in the review had been superseded by the major reorganisation of local authorities brought in by the Local Government Act 1972 which came into effect on 1 April 1974. The boundaries and constituencies introduced by the Second Review were also used for the general elections of October 1974 and 1979. They were superseded by the boundaries introduced by the Third Review which came into effect for the 1983 general election.

Summary of changes

As a result of the considerable delay between the First and Second Periodic Reviews, there were a large number of significant changes, with the total number of seats increasing from 630 to 635. There were 108 new constituencies created and 103 abolished, excluding 13 constituencies with very minor or no changes which were renamed. The resulting net increase of 5 constituencies were all in England (511 to 516), with the number of constituencies in Wales (36), Scotland (71) and Northern Ireland (12) remaining the same. There were changes to a further 311 constituencies, of which 105 were of a very minor nature, mainly bringing constituency boundaries in line with local authority boundaries which had been altered. This left 216 constituencies which were unchanged.

The Review took into account the creation of Greater London with effect from 1 April 1965, as provided by the London Government Act 1963. There was a net decrease of 11 seats within Greater London and this was offset by increases in seats in the surrounding counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Surrey and Kent. There had also been significant reorganisations of local authorities in the Black Country and Teesside resulting in major changes to boundaries in these areas. Outside the large cities, the bulk the constituencies in Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire were unchanged.

The Commissions had carried out interim reviews in 1956, 1960 and 1964 under the provisions of the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 to bring boundaries into line with those of local authorities. This resulted in the passing of 31 Statutory Instruments, affecting 79 constituencies.[2]

List of constituencies created, abolished or altered

Primary source: Craig, F. W. S. (1972). Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. ISBN 0-900178-09-4. Pages 119 to 158.

Also referred to Boundary Maps on the Vision of Britain Through Time website.[7]

BC denotes a Borough Constituency; CC denotes a County Constituency.

England

County Seats

1955-74

Created Abolished Altered No change

(or very minor change)

Seats

1974-83

Bedfordshire 4 Luton East BC

Luton West BC

Luton BC Mid Bedfordshire CC

South Bedfordshire CC

Bedford CC 5
Berkshire 5 Reading North BC

Reading South CC

Reading BC Newbury CC

Wokingham CC

Abingdon CC

Windsor and Maidenhead CC

(formerly Windsor CC)

6
Buckinghamshire 5 Beaconsfield CC

Chesham and Amersham CC

South Buckinghamshire CC Aylesbury CC

Buckingham CC

Wycombe CC

Eton and Slough BC 6
Cambridgeshire

and Isle of Ely

3 Isle of Ely CC Cambridgeshire CC

Cambridge BC

3
Cheshire 16 Bebington and Ellesmere Port BC

Hazel Grove BC

Bebington BC Knutsford CC

Macclesfield CC

Wirral CC

Birkenhead BC

Cheadle BC

City of Chester CC

Crewe CC

Nantwich CC

Northwich CC

Runcorn CC

Stalybridge and Hyde CC

Altrincham and Sale BC

Stockport North BC

Stockport South BC

Wallasey BC

17
Cornwall 5 Bodmin CC

North Cornwall CC

Truro CC

Falmouth and Camborne CC

St Ives CC

5
Cumberland 4 Penrith and the Border CC

Whitehaven CC

Workington CC

Carlisle BC

4
Derbyshire 10 Belper CC

North East Derbyshire CC

South East Derbyshire CC

Derby North BC

Derby South BC

Bolsover CC

High Peak CC

Ilkeston CC

West Derbyshire CC

Chesterfield BC

10
Devon 10 West Devon CC

Plymouth, Drake BC

Tavistock CC

Torrington CC

Honiton CC

North Devon CC

Tiverton CC

Exeter BC

Plymouth, Devonport BC

Plymouth, Sutton BC

Totnes CC

Torbay BC

(formerly Torquay BC)

10
Dorset 4 North Dorset CC

South Dorset CC

West Dorset CC

Poole BC

4
Durham 17 Sedgefield CC Bishop Auckland CC

Durham CC

Easington CC

Houghton-le-Spring CC

North West Durham CC

Blaydon CC

Sunderland North BC

Sunderland South BC

Chester-le-Street CC

Consett CC

Darlington BC

Gateshead East BC

Gateshead West BC

Jarrow BC

South Shields BC

Hartlepool BC

(formerly The Hartlepools BC)

16
Essex 12 Braintree CC

Brentwood and Ongar CC

Epping Forest CC

Harlow CC

Basildon BC

Billericay CC

Chigwell CC

Epping CC

Chelmsford CC

Maldon CC

Saffron Walden CC

South East Essex CC

Colchester CC

Harwich CC

Southend East BC

Southend West BC

Thurrock BC

14
Gloucestershire 12 Kingswood CC Bristol Central BC South Gloucestershire CC

West Gloucestershire CC

Bristol North East BC

Bristol South East BC

Bristol West BC

Gloucester BC

Cirencester and Tewksbury CC

Stroud CC

Bristol North West BC

Bristol South BC

Cheltenham BC

12
Greater London 103 Bethnal Green and Bow BC

Bexleyheath BC

Brent East BC

Brent North BC

Brent South BC

Brentford and Isleworth BC

Chingford BC

Chipping Barnet BC

Croydon South BC

Enfield North BC

Feltham and Heston BC

Hackney South and Shoreditch BC

Islington Central BC

Islington South and Finsbury BC

Kensington BC

Lambeth Central BC

Lewisham East BC

Mitcham and Morden BC

Newham North East BC

Newham South BC

Paddington BC

Ravensbourne BC

Sidcup BC

Stepney and Poplar BC

Tooting BC

Upminster BC

Walthamstow BC

Barnet CC

East Surrey CC

Barons Court BC

Bethnal Green BC

Bexley BC

Brentford and Chiswick BC

Brixton BC

Bromley BC

Clapham BC

Ealing South BC

East Ham North BC

East Ham South BC

Enfield East BC

Enfield West BC

Feltham BC

Heston and Isleworth BC

Islington East BC

Islington South West BC

Kensington North BC

Kensington South BC

Lewisham North BC

Lewisham South BC

Merton and Morden BC

Mitcham BC

Paddington North BC

Paddington South BC

Poplar BC

Shoreditch and Finsbury BC

Southwark BC

Stepney BC

Wandsworth Central BC

Wembley North BC

Wembley South BC

Walthamstow East BC

Walthamstow West BC

Willesden East BC

Willesden West BC

West Ham South BC

Battersea North BC

Battersea South BC

Beckenham BC

Bermondsey BC

Carshalton BC

Chelsea BC

Chislehurst BC

Ealing, Acton BC

Ealing North BC

Ealing, Southall BC

Enfield, Southgate BC

Finchley BC

Fulham BC

Hackney Central BC

Hackney North and Stoke

Newington BC

(formerly Stoke Newington

and Hackney North BC)

Hammersmith North BC

Hayes and Harlington BC

Hendon North BC

Hendon South BC

Hornchurch BC

Ilford North BC

Islington North BC

Lewisham, Deptford BC

Lewisham West BC

Peckham BC

Putney BC

Romford BC

Streatham BC

Uxbridge BC

Vauxhall BC

Wanstead and Woodford BC

Wimbledon BC

Barking BC

City of London and Westminster

South BC (formerly Cities of

London and Westminster BC)

Croydon Central BC

(formerly Croydon South BC)

Croydon North East BC

Croydon North West BC

Dagenham BC

Dulwich BC

Edmonton BC

Erith and Crayford BC

Greenwich BC

Hampstead BC

Harrow Central BC

Harrow East BC

Harrow West BC

Holborn and St Pancras

South BC

Hornsey BC

Ilford South BC

Kingston-upon-Thames BC

Leyton BC

Newham North West BC

(formerly West Ham North BC)

Norwood BC

Orpington BC

Richmond BC

(formerly Richmond (Surrey) BC)

St Marylebone BC

St Pancras North BC

Surbiton BC

Sutton and Cheam BC

Ruislip-Northwood BC

Tottenham BC

Twickenham BC

Wood Green BC

Woolwich East BC

Woolwich West BC

92
Hampshire 14 Bournemouth East BC

Christchurch and Lymington BC

Fareham BC

Gosport BC

Havant and Waterloo BC

Portsmouth North BC

Bournemouth East and

Christchurch BC

Gosport and Fareham BC

Portsmouth, Langstone BC

Portsmouth West BC

Aldershot CC

Basingstoke CC

Eastleigh CC

New Forest CC

Winchester CC

Bournemouth West BC

Portsmouth South BC

Petersfield CC

Southampton, Itchen BC

Southampton, Test BC

16
Herefordshire 2 Hereford CC

Leominster CC

2
Hertfordshire 7 Hertford and Stevenage CC

South Hertfordshire CC

Welwyn and Hatfield CC

Hertford CC East Hertfordshire CC

Hemel Hempstead CC

Hitchin CC

St Albans CC

South West Hertfordshire CC

Watford BC 9
Huntingdonshire

and Peterborough

2 Huntingdonshire CC

Peterborough BC

(previously included with

Northamptonshire)

2
Isle of Wight 1 Isle of Wight CC 1
Kent 13 Royal Tunbridge Wells CC

Tonbridge and Malling CC

Thanet East BC

Thanet West BC

Isle of Thanet CC

Tonbridge CC

Ashford CC

Dartford CC

Sevenoaks CC

Canterbury CC

Dover and Deal CC

(formerly Dover CC)

Faversham CC

Folkestone and Hythe CC

Gravesend CC

Maidstone CC

Gillingham BC

Rochester and Chatham BC

15
Lancashire 62 Liverpool, Scotland Exchange BC

Manchester Central BC

Liverpool, Exchange BC

Liverpool, Scotland BC

Manchester, Cheetham BC

Manchester, Exchange BC

Huyton CC

Ormskirk CC

Bootle BC

Crosby BC

Liverpool, Edge Hill BC

Liverpool, Kirkdale BC

Liverpool, Toxteth BC

Manchester, Ardwick BC

Manchester, Moss Side BC

Manchester, Withington BC

Manchester, Wythenshawe BC

Chorley CC

Clitheroe CC

Darwen CC

Heywood and Royton CC

Lancaster CC

Morecambe and Lonsdale CC

Newton CC

North Fylde CC

South Fylde CC

Westhoughton CC

Widnes CC

Accrington BC

Ashton-under-Lyne BC

Barrow-in-Furness BC

Blackburn BC

Blackpool North BC

Blackpool South BC

Bolton East BC

Bolton West BC

Burnley BC

Bury and Radcliffe BC

Eccles BC

Farnworth BC

Ince BC

Leigh BC

Liverpool, Garston BC

Liverpool, Walton BC

Liverpool, Wavertree BC

Liverpool, West Derby BC

Manchester, Blackley BC

Manchester, Gorton BC

Manchester, Openshaw BC

Middleton and Prestwich BC

Nelson and Colne BC

Oldham East BC

Oldham West BC

Preston North BC

Preston South BC

Rochdale BC

Rossendale BC

St Helens BC

Salford East BC

Salford West BC

Southport BC

Stretford BC

Warrington BC

Wigan BC

60
Leicestershire 8 Blaby CC

Leicester East BC

Leicester South BC

Leicester West BC

Leicester North East BC

Leicester North West BC

Leicester South East BC

Leicester South West BC

Harborough CC

Loughborough CC

Melton CC

Bosworth CC 8
Lincolnshire

(Parts of Holland)

1 Holland with Boston CC 1
Lincolnshire

(Parts of Kesteven)

and Rutlandshire

2 Grantham CC

Rutland and Stamford CC

2
Lincolnshire

(Parts of Lindsey)

6 Brigg CC

Gainsborough CC

Horncastle CC

Louth CC

Grimsby BC

Lincoln BC

6
Norfolk 8 North West Norfolk CC Central Norfolk CC

King's Lynn CC

North Norfolk CC

South Norfolk CC

Yarmouth CC

South West Norfolk CC

Norwich North BC

Norwich South BC

7
Northamptonshire 4 Daventry CC

Northampton North BC

Northampton South BC

South Northamptonshire CC

Northampton BC

Kettering CC

Wellingborough CC

5
Northumberland 10 Berwick-upon-Tweed CC

Hexham CC

Morpeth CC

Blyth CC

Newcastle upon Tyne Central BC

Newcastle upon Tyne East BC

Newcastle upon Tyne North BC

Newcastle upon Tyne West BC

Tynemouth BC

Wallsend BC

10
Nottinghamshire 10 Beeston CC

Nottingham North BC

Nottingham Central BC

Nottingham South BC

Ashfield CC

Carlton CC

Rushcliffe CC

Nottingham North BC

Nottingham West BC

Bassetlaw CC

Mansfield CC

Newark CC

10
Oxfordshire 3 Mid Oxon CC Banbury CC

Henley CC

Oxford BC 4
Shropshire 4 Ludlow CC

The Wrekin CC

Oswestry CC

Shrewsbury CC

4
Somerset 7 Bridgwater CC

North Somerset CC

Taunton CC

Wells CC

Weston-super-Mare CC

Yeovil CC

Bath BC

7
Staffordshire 19 South West Staffordshire CC

Aldridge-Brownhills BC

Dudley East BC

Dudley West BC

West Bromwich East BC

West Bromwich West BC

Wolverhampton South East BC

Brierley Hill CC

Bilston BC

Dudley BC

Rowley Regis and Tipton BC

Wednesbury BC

West Bromwich BC

Cannock CC

Leek CC

Lichfield and Tamworth CC

Stoke-on-Trent North BC

Walsall North BC

Walsall South BC

Wolverhampton North East BC

Wolverhampton South West BC

Burton CC

Stafford and Stone CC

Newcastle-under-Lyme BC

Stoke-on-Trent Central BC

Stoke-on-Trent South BC

20
Suffolk 5 Bury St Edmunds CC

Eye CC

Lowestoft CC

Sudbury and Woodbridge CC

Ipswich BC

5
Surrey 9 East Surrey CC

North West Surrey CC

Chertsey and Walton BC

Chertsey CC Woking CC

Esher BC

Reigate BC

Dorking CC

Farnham CC

Guildford CC

Epsom and Ewell BC

(formerly Epsom CC)

Spelthorne BC

11
Sussex (East) 8 Mid Sussex CC Eastbourne CC

East Grinstead CC

Lewes CC

Rye CC

Brighton, Kemptown BC

Brighton, Pavilion BC

Hastings BC

Hove BC

9
Sussex (West) 4 Arundel CC

Horsham and Crawley CC

Shoreham CC

Arundel and Shoreham CC

Horsham CC

Chichester CC Worthing BC 5
Warwickshire 23 Birmingham, Erdington BC

Coventry North East BC

Coventry North West BC

Coventry South East BC

Coventry South West BC

Birmingham, All Saints BC

Birmingham, Aston BC

Coventry East BC

Coventry North BC

Coventry South BC

Meriden CC

Stratford-on-Avon CC

Warwick and Leamington CC

Birmingham, Edgbaston BC

Birmingham, Ladywood BC

Birmingham, Northfield BC

Birmingham, Selly Oak BC

Birmingham, Small Heath BC

Solihull BC

Sutton Coldfield BC

Rugby CC

Birmingham, Hall Green BC

Birmingham, Handsworth BC

Birmingham, Perry Barr BC

Birmingham, Sparkbrook BC

Birmingham, Stechford BC

Birmingham, Yardley BC

Nuneaton BC

23
Westmorland 1 Westmorland CC 1
Wiltshire 5 Chippenham CC

Devizes CC

Salisbury CC

Westbury CC

Swindon BC

5
Worcestershire 6 Halesowen and Stourbridge BC

Warley East BC

Warley West BC

Oldbury and Halesowen BC

Smethwick BC

Kidderminster CC

South Worcestershire CC

Bromsgrove and Redditch CC

(formerly Bromsgrove CC)

Worcester BC

7
Yorkshire

(East Riding)

6 Kingston upon Hull Central BC Kingston upon Hull North BC Kingston upon Hull East BC Bridlington CC

Haltemprice CC

Howden CC

Kingston upon Hull West BC

6
Yorkshire

(North Riding)

7 Cleveland and Whitby CC

Scarborough CC

Middlesbrough BC

Redcar BC

Thornaby BC

Cleveland CC

Scarborough and Whitby CC

Middlesbrough East BC

Middlesbrough West BC

Richmond (Yorks) CC

Thirsk and Malton CC

Stockton BC

(formerly Stockton-on Tees BC)

8
Yorkshire

(West Riding)

44 Bradford East BC Penistone CC

Bradford North BC

Bradford South BC

Bradford West BC

Leeds East BC

Leeds North East BC

Leeds North West BC

Leeds South BC

Leeds South East BC

Sheffield, Attercliffe BC

Sheffield, Brightside BC

Sheffield, Hallam BC

Sheffield, Heeley BC

Sheffield, Hillsborough BC

Sheffield, Park BC

Barkston Ash CC

Colne Valley CC

Dearne Valley CC

Don Valley CC

Goole CC

Harrogate CC

Hemsworth CC

Normanton CC

Ripon CC

Rother Valley CC

Shipley CC

Skipton CC

Sowerby CC

Barnsley BC

Batley and Morley CC

Brighouse and Spenborough BC

Dewsbury BC

Doncaster BC

Halifax BC

Huddersfield East BC

Huddersfield West BC

Keighley BC

Leeds West BC

Pontefract and Castleford BC

(formerly Pontefract BC)

Pudsey BC

Rotherham BC

Wakefield BC

York BC

43

Wales

County Seats

1955-74

Created Abolished Altered No change

(or very minor change)

Seats

1974-83

Anglesey 1 Anglesey CC 1
Breconshire and

Radnorshire

1 Brecon and Radnor CC 1
Caernarvonshire 2 Caernarvon CC

Conway CC

2
Cardiganshire 1 Cardigan CC 1
Carmarthenshire 2 Carmarthen CC

Llanelly CC

2
Denbighshire 2 Denbigh CC

Wrexham CC

2
Flintshire 2 East Flint CC

West Flint CC

2
Glamorganshire 16 Cardiff North West BC

Rhondda BC

Rhondda East BC

Rhondda West BC

Barry CC

Cardiff North BC

Cardiff South East BC

Cardiff West BC

Aberavon CC

Caerphilly CC

Gower CC

Neath CC

Ogmore CC

Pontypridd CC

Aberdare BC

Merthyr Tydfil CC

Swansea East BC

Swansea West BC

16
Merionethshire 1 Merioneth CC 1
Monmouthshire 6 Abertillery CC

Bedwellty CC

Ebbw Vale CC

Monmouth CC

Pontypool CC

Newport BC

6
Montgomeryshire 1 Montgomery CC 1
Pembrokeshire 1 Pembroke CC 1

Scotland

County Seats

1955-74

Created Abolished Altered No change

(or very minor change)

Seats

1974-83

Aberdeenshire 4 East Aberdeenshire CC

West Aberdeenshire CC

Aberdeen North BC

Aberdeen South BC

4
Angus and

Kincardineshire

4 North Angus and Mearns CC

South Angus CC

Dundee East BC

Dundee West BC

4
Argyll 1 Argyll CC 1
Ayrshire and Bute 5 Central Ayrshire CC

Kilmarnock CC

Ayr CC

Bute and North Ayrshire CC

South Ayrshire CC

5
Banffshire 1 Banff CC 1
Berwickshire and

East Lothian

1 Berwick and East Lothian CC 1
Caithness and

Sutherland

1 Caithness and Sutherland CC 1
Dumfriesshire 1 Dumfries CC 1
Dunbartonshire 2 Central Dunbartonshire CC East Dunbartonshire CC

West Dunbartonshire CC

3
Fife 4 Central Fife CC

Dunfermline CC

Kirkcaldy CC

West Fife CC

Dunfermline Burghs BC

Kirkcaldy Burghs BC

East Fife CC 4
Inverness-shire and

Ross and Cromarty

3 Inverness CC

Ross and Cromarty CC

Western Isles CC

3
Kirkcudbrightshire

and Wigtownshire

1 Galloway CC 1
Lanarkshire 22 East Kilbride CC

Glasgow, Garscadden BC

Glasgow, Queen's Park BC

Motherwell and Wishaw BC

Motherwell CC

Glasgow, Bridgeton BC

Glasgow, Gorbals BC

Glasgow, Scotstoun BC

Glasgow, Woodside BC

Bothwell CC

Hamilton CC

Lanark CC

North Lanarkshire CC

Rutherglen CC

Glasgow, Cathcart BC

Glasgow Central BC

Glasgow, Craigton BC

Glasgow, Govan BC

Glasgow, Hillhead BC

Glasgow, Kelvingrove BC

Glasgow, Maryhill BC

Glasgow, Provan BC

Glasgow, Shettleston BC

Glasgow, Springburn BC

Coatbridge and Airdrie BC

Glasgow, Pollok BC

21
Midlothian 8 Edinburgh Central BC

Edinburgh, Leith BC

Edinburgh North BC

Edinburgh, Pentlands BC

Edinburgh South BC

Edinburgh West BC

Midlothian CC

Edinburgh East BC

8
Moray and

Nairnshire

1 Moray and Nairn CC 1
Orkney and

Shetland

1 Orkney and Shetland CC 1
Perthshire and

Kinross-shire

2 Kinross and West Perthshire CC

Perth and East Perthshire CC

2
Renfrewshire 4 Greenock and Port Glasgow BC Greenock BC East Renfrewshire CC

West Renfrewshire CC

Paisley BC 4
Roxburghshire,

Selkirkshire and

Peebleshire

1 Roxburgh, Selkirk and

Peebles CC

1
Stirlingshire and

Clackmannanshire

3 Clackmannan and

East Stirlingshire CC

West Stirlingshire CC

Stirling, Falkirk and Grangemouth BC

(formerly Stirling and Falkirk

Burghs BC)

3
West Lothian 1 West Lothian CC 1

Northern Ireland

County Seats

1955-74

Created Abolished Altered No change

(or very minor changes)

Seats

1974-83

Antrim 6 North Antrim CC

South Antrim CC

Belfast East BC

Belfast North BC

Belfast South BC

Belfast West BC

6
Armagh 1 Armagh CC 1
Down 2 North Down CC South Down CC 2
Fermanagh

and Tyrone

2 Fermanagh and South Tyrone CC

Mid Ulster CC

2
Londonderry 1 Londonderry CC 1

References

  1. Gay, Oonagh (28 July 2010). "The Rules for the Redistribution of Seats - history and reform" (PDF). SN05628.
  2. Craig, Fred W. S. (1972). Boundaries of parliamentary constituencies 1885-1972;. Chichester: Political Reference Publications. p. 166. ISBN 0900178094. OCLC 539011.
  3. "The Parliamentary Constituencies (England) Order 1970". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  4. "The Parliamentary Constituencies (Wales) Order 1970". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  5. "The Parliamentary Constituencies (Northern Ireland) Order 1970". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  6. "The Parliamentary Constituencies (Scotland) Order 1970". www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-04.
  7. "Old maps of Britain and Europe from A Vision of Britain Through Time". www.visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved 2019-11-08.
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