Visa requirements for Japanese citizens

Visa requirements for Japanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Japan.

The cover of a biometric Japanese passport

As of 5 January 2021, Japanese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 191 countries and territories, ranking the Japanese passport the strongest passport in the world in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Besides the Japanese passport, there are only 3 other passports that provide either visa-free entry, or entry via an electronic travel authorisation, to the world's four largest economies: China (visa-free, 15 days), India (visa on arrival, 60 days, or e-Visa, 60 days), the European Union (visa-free, 90 days within 180 days), and the United States (ESTA required for arrivals by air and sea, 90 days): those of Brunei, San Marino and Singapore.

Visa requirements map
Visa requirements for Japanese citizens
  Japan
  Visa not required / ESTA / eTA
  Visa obtainable on arrival
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Electronic authorization or eVisa required
  Pre-arrival visa required

2020 travel restrictions
Main article: Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic
Countries that have imposed some form of travel restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, several countries have imposed temporary travel restrictions on Japanese citizens or persons arriving from Japan.[2]

  •  China - 14 day quarantine for visitors from Japan.
  •  Cook Islands - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Hong Kong - 14 day quarantine for visitors from Japan.
  •  India - visitors who have been in Japan after 1 February 2020 are not allowed to enter.
  •  Iraq - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Israel - Admission refused to all non-citizens except those with Aliyah visas.
  •  Kiribati - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Kuwait - nationals of Japan are not allowed to enter.
  •  Kyrgyzstan - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 20 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Marshall Islands - visitors who have been in Japan after 31 December 2019 are not allowed to enter.
  •  Mongolia - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Oman - 14 day quarantine for visitors from Japan.
  •  Paraguay - 14 day quarantine for visitors from Japan.
  •  Philippines - admission refused, except spouses and children of Filipino nationals.
  •  Qatar - 14 day quarantine for visitors from Japan.
  •  Saint Lucia - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Samoa - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Solomon Islands - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  South Korea - visa requirement was introduced for Japanese citizens and a mandatory two-week quarantine for Japanese visitors.[3]
  •  Vanuatu - visitors who have been in Japan in the previous 14 days are not allowed to enter.
  •  Vietnam - admission refused, except spouses and children of Vietnamese nationals.

Visa requirements

Visa requirements for holders of normal passports travelling for tourist purposes:

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[4]
 Albania Visa not required[5] 90 days
 Algeria Visa required[6]
 Andorra Visa not required[7]
 Angola eVisa[8][9] 30 days
  • Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa or have requested such pre-visa from the consulates of Angola abroad, are then issued with a visa on arrival at the country's border check points.
  • For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period.[10]
  • Besides having printed confirmation that a visa will be issued upon arrival, passengers must: have a return/onward ticket, and have a hotel reservation confirmation.[11]
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[12] 1 month
 Argentina Visa not required[13] 90 days
 Armenia Visa not required[14] 180 days
 Australia Electronic Travel Authority[15] 90 days
  • 90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted
 Austria Visa not required[16] 6 months[17] however
 Azerbaijan eVisa / Visa on arrival[18] 30 days
 Bahamas Visa not required[20] 3 months
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[21] 14 days
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[22] 30 days
  • Not available at all entry points.[23]
 Barbados Visa not required[24] 6 months
 Belarus Visa not required[25] 30 days
 Belgium Visa not required[26] 90 days
 Belize Visa not required[27][28] 90 days
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[29][30] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[31]
 Bolivia Visa not required[32] 90 days
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[33] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 Botswana Visa not required[34] 90 days
  • 90 days within year period
 Brazil Visa not required[35] 90 days
  • Up to 90 days per visit, but no more than 180 days per year.
 Brunei Visa not required[36] 14 days
 Bulgaria Visa not required[37] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Burkina Faso Visa required[38]
 Burundi Visa required[39]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[40] 30 days
 Cameroon Visa required[41]
 Canada Visa not required[42] 6 months
  • eTA required if arriving by air.[43]
 Cape Verde Visa not required[44]
 Central African Republic Visa required[45]
 Chad Visa required[46]
 Chile Visa not required[47] 90 days
 China Visa not required[48] 15 days
 Colombia Visa not required[49] 180 days
  • 90 days – extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period
 Comoros Visa on arrival[50]
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[51][52]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[53]
 Costa Rica Visa not required[54] 90 days
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[55]
 Croatia Visa not required[56] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Cuba Tourist Card required[57] 30 days
 Cyprus Visa not required[58] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Czech Republic Visa not required[59] 90 days
 Denmark Visa not required[60] 90 days
 Djibouti eVisa[61] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[62] 6 months
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[63] 90 days
 Ecuador Visa not required[64] 90 days[65]
 Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival[66][67] 30 days
 El Salvador Visa not required[68] 3 months
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[69]
 Eritrea Visa required[70]
 Estonia Visa not required[71] 90 days
 Eswatini Visa not required[72] 30 days[65]
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[73] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa not required[76] 4 months
 Finland Visa not required[77] 90 days
 France Visa not required[78] 90 days
 Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival[79]
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[80]
 Gambia Visa not required[81]
  • An entry clearance must be obtained from the Gambian Immigration prior to travel.[82]
 Georgia Visa not required[83] 1 year
 Germany Visa not required[84] 90 days
 Ghana Visa required[85]
 Greece Visa not required[86] 90 days
 Grenada Visa not required[87] 3 months
  • Beginning on December 1, 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada.[88]
 Guatemala Visa not required[89] 90 days
 Guinea eVisa[90] 90 days
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[91] 90 days
 Guyana Visa not required[92] 3 months
 Haiti Visa not required[93] 3 months
 Honduras Visa not required[94] 3 months
 Hungary Visa not required[95] 90 days
 Iceland Visa not required[96] 90 days
 India eVisa / Visa on arrival[97][98] 60 days
  • Visa on Arrival is only granted at Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai airport.
  • Japanese citizens can also apply for e-Visa online for 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][99]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.
 Indonesia Visa not required[100] 30 days
 Iran Visa on arrival[101] 30 days[102]
 Iraq Visa required[103]
 Ireland Visa not required[104] 3 months
 Israel Visa not required[105] 3 months
 Italy Visa not required[106] 90 days
 Jamaica Visa not required[107] 30 days
 Jordan Visa on arrival[108]
  • Conditions apply.[109]
  • Not available at all entry points.[110]
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[111] 30 days
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[112] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa not required[113] 30 days
 North Korea Visa required[114]
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[115] 3 months
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[116] 60 days
 Laos Visa not required[117] 15 days
 Latvia Visa not required[118] 90 days
 Lebanon Visa on arrival[119] 1 month
  • 1 month extendable for 2 additional months
  • Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.
 Lesotho Visa not required[120] 90 days
 Liberia Visa required[121]
 Libya Visa required[122]
 Liechtenstein Visa not required[123] 90 days
 Lithuania Visa not required[124] 90 days
 Luxembourg Visa not required[125] 90 days
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[126] 90 days
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[127][128] 90 days
 Malaysia Visa not required[129] 90 days
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[130] 30 days[65]
 Mali Visa required[131][132]
 Malta Visa not required[133] 90 days
 Marshall Islands Visa on arrival[134] 90 days
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[135]
 Mauritius Visa not required[136] 90 days
 Mexico Visa not required[137] 180 days
 Micronesia Visa not required[138] 30 days
 Moldova Visa not required[139] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Monaco Visa not required[140]
 Mongolia Visa not required[141] 30 days
 Montenegro Visa not required[142] 90 days
 Morocco Visa not required[143] 3 months
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[144] 30 days[145]
 Myanmar Visa not required[146] 30 days
 Namibia Visa not required[147] 3 months
 Nauru Visa required[148]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[149] 90 days
 Netherlands Visa not required[150] 90 days
 New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority[151] 3 months
  • May enter using eGate.[152]
  • International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority.[153]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[154] Such travellers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy.[153]
 Nicaragua Visa not required[155] 90 days
 Niger Visa required[156]
 Nigeria Visa required[157]
 North Macedonia Visa not required[158] 90 days
 Norway Visa not required[159] 90 days
 Oman eVisa[160] 30 days
 Pakistan Electronic Travel Authorization[161]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for tourism purposes.[162]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[163]
  • Online Visa eligible.[164]
 Palau Free visa on arrival[165] 30 days
 Panama Visa not required[166] 180 days
 Papua New Guinea eVisa / Free visa on arrival[167] 60 days
 Paraguay Visa not required[168] 90 days
 Peru Visa not required[169] 183 days
 Philippines Visa not required[170] 30 days
  • Rarely extendable up to 90 days
 Poland Visa not required[171] 90 days
 Portugal Visa not required[172] 90 days
 Qatar Visa not required[173] 30 days
 Romania Visa not required[174] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Russia eVisa[175] 16 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive and departure via 29 checkpoints[176]
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[177] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[178] 3 months
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[179] 6 weeks
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[180] 1 month
 Samoa Free Entry Permit on arrival[181] 60 days
 San Marino Visa not required[182]
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[183] 15 days[184][185]
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[186][187] 90 days
 Senegal Visa not required[188] 90 days
 Serbia Visa not required[189] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[190] 3 months[65]
 Singapore Visa not required[191] 30 days
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[192]
 Slovakia Visa not required[193] 90 days
 Slovenia Visa not required[194] 90 days
 Solomon Islands Visitor's permit on arrival[195] 3 months
 Somalia Visa on arrival[196] 30 days
 South Africa Visa not required[197] 90 days
 South Korea Visa not required[198] 90 days
 South Sudan Electronic Visa[199]
  • Obtainable online[200]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[201]
 Spain Visa not required[202] 90 days
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[203] 30 days
 Sudan Visa required[204]
 Suriname Visa not required[205] 90 days
 Sweden Visa not required[206] 90 days
  Switzerland Visa not required[207] 90 days
 Syria Visa required[208]
 Tajikistan eVisa[209] 45 days [210]
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[211][212] 3 months
 Thailand Visa not required[213] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[214] 30 days
  • Not available at all entry points.[215]
 Togo Visa on arrival[216] 7 days
 Tonga Visa on arrival[217] 31 days
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[218] 90 days
 Tunisia Visa not required[219] 90 days
 Turkey Visa not required[220] 3 months
 Turkmenistan Visa required[221]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[222] 1 month[65]
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[223] 3 months
 Ukraine Visa not required[225] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 United Arab Emirates Visa not required[226] 30 days
 United Kingdom Visa not required[227] 6 months
 United States Visa Waiver Program[228] 90 days
 Uruguay Visa not required[230] 90 days
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[231] 30 days
 Vanuatu Visa not required[232] 30 days[65]
  Vatican City Visa not required[233]
 Venezuela Visa not required[234] 90 days
 Vietnam Visa not required[235] 15 days
  • A single entry eVisa valid for 30 days is also available.[236]
 Yemen Visa required[237]
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[238] 90 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe.
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[239] 3 months
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia.

Territories, disputed areas or restricted zones

Visa requirements for Japanese citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:

Europe
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 Abkhazia Visa required[240]
Mount Athos Special permit required Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[241][242]
Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa-free for 10 days[243]
 Republic of Crimea eVisa[244] 16 days. Visa policy of Russia applies de facto.[245]
 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Visa not required 3 months[246][247]
UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required[248] Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.
 Faroe Islands Visa not required[249]
 Gibraltar Visa not required[250]
 Guernsey Visa not required[251]
 Isle of Man Visa not required[252]
Jan Mayen Permit required[253] Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[254] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[255]
 Jersey Visa not required[256]
 Kosovo Visa not required 90 days[257]
 Artsakh Visa required[258][259] Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[260]
 Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[261]
 Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[262]
 South Ossetia Visa not required Multiple entry visa to Russia and three-day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[263][264]
 Transnistria Visa not required Registration required after 24h.[265][266]
Africa
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[267]
 Mayotte Visa not required[268]
 Réunion Visa not required[268]
 Ascension Island eVisa[269][270]
  • 3 months within any year period
 Saint Helena Visitor's Pass required Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[271]
 Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[272]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Visa required Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.
 Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[273][274]
 Sudan Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
Darfur Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required.[275]
Asia
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required.[276]
 Hong Kong Visa not required[277] 3 months[278]
 India PAP/RAP PAP/RAP required Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh. Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[279][280][281][282][283]
 Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival 15 days[284]
 Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[285]
Kish Island Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[286]
 Macao Visa not required[287] 90 days
Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[288]
Maldives outside Malé Permission required Tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[289]
 North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)
 Palestine Visa not required[290] Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[291]
 Taiwan Visa not required[292] 90 days
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province OIVR permit required OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[293][294][295]
Tibet Autonomous Region TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[296][297][298]
 Turkmenistan Special permit required A special permit, issued prior to arrival by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, is required if visiting the following places: Atamurat, Cheleken, Dashoguz, Serakhs and Serhetabat.[299]
Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted area
UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted area
 Yemen Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[300]
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 Anguilla Visa not required[301] 3 months
 Aruba Visa not required[302] 30 days, extendable to 180 days[303]
 Bermuda Visa not required Up to 6 months, decided on arrival.[304]
Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba Visa not required[305] 3 months[306]
 British Virgin Islands Visa not required[307] 30 days, extensions possible
San Andrés and Leticia Tourist Card on arrival Visitors arriving at Gustavo Rojas Pinilla International Airport and Alfredo Vásquez Cobo International Airport must buy tourist cards on arrival.[308]
 Cayman Islands Visa not required[309] 6 months
 Curaçao Visa not required[310] 3 months
French Guiana Visa not required[311]
French West Indies Visa not required French West Indies refers to Martinique, Guadeloupe, Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy.[312]
 Greenland Visa not required[249]
Margarita Island Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted.[313]
 Montserrat Visa not required[314] 6 months
 Puerto Rico Visa not required[315] Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required[268]
 Sint Maarten Visa not required[316] 3 months[317]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required[318] 90 days
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required[319] Visa not required under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.
Oceania
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 American Samoa Electronic authorization[320] 30 days
Ashmore and Cartier Islands Special authorisation required Special authorisation required.[321]
Clipperton Island Special permit required Special permit required.[322]
 Cook Islands Visa not required[323] 31 days
Lau Province Special permission required Special permission required.[324]
 French Polynesia Visa not required[325]
 Guam Visa not required[326] 45 days
 New Caledonia Visa not required[268]
 Niue Visa on arrival[327] 30 days
 Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required[328] 45 days
 Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore.[329][330][331]
United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[332][333][334][335][336][337][338]
 Wallis and Futuna Visa not required[268]
South America
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
Galápagos Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[339]
South Atlantic and Antarctica
Visitor toVisa requirementNotes (excluding departure fees)
 Falkland Islands Visa not required Visa is not required.[340]
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[341][342]
Antarctica Special permits required for  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Territory, Bouvet Island, Chilean Antarctic Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land, Ross Dependency.[343][344][345][346][347][348][349][350][351][352][353][354]

APEC Business Travel Card
  Full members of the scheme
  Transitional members (United States, Canada)

Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[355]

1 – up to 90 days
2 – up to 60 days
3 – up to 59 days

The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[356]

  • no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by  Canada and  United States)
  • undertake legitimate business in participating economies
  • expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members
  • expedited scheduling of visa interview (United States)

Consular protection of Japanese citizens abroad
See also: List of diplomatic missions of Japan
Diplomatic missions of Japan

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[357] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination
An International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever
Main article: International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[358]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[359]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[360] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[361] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[362]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[363] and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[364][365] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[366]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[367] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[368]

Israeli stamps
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[369] Lebanon,[370] Libya,[371] Sudan,[372] Syria,[373] and Yemen[374] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[375]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity
Main article: Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
Entry Permit to Nagorno-Karabakh issued in Yerevan as a stand-alone document rather than a visa affixed in a passport

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[376][377]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[378] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[379] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[380] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics
See also: Countries applying biometrics
A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[381]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[382][383] Argentina,[384] Brunei, Cambodia,[385] China,[386] Ethiopia,[387] Ghana, Guinea,[388] India, Japan,[389][390] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[391] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[392] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[393] Singapore, South Korea,[394] Taiwan, Thailand,[395] Uganda[396] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[397] [398] [399] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[400]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[401] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[402][403] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[404] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[405][406]

See also

References and Notes
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Notes
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