Visa requirements for Czech citizens

Visa requirements for Czech citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of the Czech Republic.

A Czech national identity card is valid for travel to most European countries.

As of 7 April 2020, Czech citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 184 countries and territories, ranking the Czech passport 8th overall (tied with the passport of Greece, Malta, and New Zealand), and tied as highest of all the European Union member states that have joined the EU since 1 May 2004, in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Historical perspective

Visa requirements for Czech citizens were lifted by Belarus on February 2017,[2] the Solomon Islands in October 2016,[3] Tuvalu in July 2016,[4] the Marshall Islands in June 2016,[5] Palau (December 2015),[6] Tonga (November 2015),[7] Sao Tome and Principe (August 2015),[8] Indonesia (June 2015),[9][10] United Arab Emirates, Timor-Leste, Samoa (May 2015),[11][12][13][14] Cape Verde (1 January 2019)[15] and Uzbekistan (1 February 2019).[16]

Czech citizens were made eligible for eVisas recently by Saudi Arabia (September 2019), Suriname and Pakistan (April 2019), Tanzania and Papua New Guinea (November 2018),[17] Angola (March 2018), Djibouti (February 2018),[18] Egypt (December 2017),[19] Azerbaijan (January 2017),[20] Tajikistan (June 2016),[21][22] India (e-Tourist visa from February 2016)[23] and Myanmar (September 2014).[24]

In 2014, Czech Republic ranked 10th on the list of countries based on the visa requirements for their citizens. This means that Czech citizens could travel to 162 countries and territories visa-free or can obtain visa on arrival.[25] In 2009 Czech citizens could travel to 131 countries without a visa,[26] to 142 in 2010,[27] 152 in 2012,[28] 167 in 2016,[29] 168 in 2017,[30] 182 in 2018,[31] 181 in 2019,[32] and 183 in 2020.[33]

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for Czech citizens
  Czech Republic
  Freedom of movement
  Visa not required
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required prior to arrival

Visa requirements

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[34]
 Albania Visa not required[35] 90 days
 Algeria Visa required[36]
 Andorra Visa not required[37]
 Angola eVisa[38][39] 30 days
  • Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa or have requested such pre-visa from the consulates of Angola abroad, are then issued with a visa on arrival at the country's border check points.
  • For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period.[40]
  • Besides having printed confirmation that a visa will be issued upon arrival, passengers must: have a return/onward ticket, and have a hotel reservation confirmation.[41]
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[42] 180 days
 Argentina Visa not required[43] 90 days
 Armenia Visa not required[44] 180 days
 Australia and territories eVisitor[45] 90 days
  • 90 days on each visit in 12-month period if granted
 Austria Visa not required[46]
 Azerbaijan eVisa[47] 30 days[48]
 Bahamas Visa not required[49] 3 months
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[50] 14 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[51]
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[52] 30 days
 Barbados Visa not required[53] 3 months
 Belarus Visa not required[54] 30 days
 Belgium Visa not required[55]
 Belize Visa not required[56] 1 month
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[57][58] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[59]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 Bolivia Visa not required[60] 90 days
  • 90 days within any year period
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[61] 90 days
 Botswana Visa not required[63] 90 days
  • 90 days within any year period
 Brazil Visa not required[64] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Brunei Visa not required[65] 90 days
 Bulgaria Visa not required[66]
 Burkina Faso Visa on arrival[67] 1 month
 Burundi Visa required[68]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[69] 30 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[70]
 Cameroon Visa required[71]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 Canada Visa not required[72] 6 months
 Cape Verde Visa not required[15] 30 days
  • Must register online at least five days prior to arrival.[75]
 Central African Republic Visa required[76]
 Chad Visa required[77]
 Chile Visa not required[78] 90 days
 China Visa required[79]
 Colombia Visa not required[81] 180 days
  • 90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period
 Comoros Visa on arrival[82] 45 days
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[83]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[84]
 Costa Rica Visa not required[85] 90 days
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[86] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
 Croatia Visa not required[87]
 Cuba Tourist Card required[88] 30 days
 Cyprus Visa not required[89]
 Denmark Visa not required[90]
  • Freedom of movement (DK)
  • ID card valid
 Djibouti eVisa[91] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[92] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[93]
 Ecuador Visa not required[94] 90 days
 Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival[95][96] 30 days
  • Visa free for a max. stay of 15 days for holders of normal passports, traveling as tourists and arriving at Sharm El Sheik (SSH), Saint Catherine (SKV) or Taba (TCP) airports and remaining in the Sinai resorts.
 El Salvador Visa not required[97] 3 months
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[98]
 Eritrea Visa required[99]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 Estonia Visa not required[100]
 Eswatini Visa not required[101] 30 days
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[102] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa not required[105] 4 months
 Finland Visa not required[106]
 France Visa not required[107]
 Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival[108] 90 days
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[109]
 Gambia Visa required[110]
  • Visa exemption according to IATA[111]
 Georgia Visa not required[112] 1 year
 Germany Visa not required[114]
 Ghana Visa required[115]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 Greece Visa not required[116]
 Grenada Visa not required[117] 3 months
 Guatemala Visa not required[118] 90 days
 Guinea eVisa[119] 90 days
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[120] 30 days
 Guyana Visa required[121]
 Haiti Visa not required[122] 90 days
 Honduras Visa not required[123] 3 months
 Hungary Visa not required[124]
 Iceland Visa not required[125]
 India e-Visa[126] 60 days
 Indonesia Visa not required[127] 30 days[128]
 Iran eVisa/Visa on arrival[129] 30 days[130]
 Iraq Visa required[131] 30 days
 Ireland Visa not required[132]
 Israel Visa not required[133] 3 months
 Italy Visa not required[134]
 Jamaica Visa not required[135] 30 days
 Japan Visa not required[136] 90 days
 Jordan Visa on arrival[137]
  • Conditions apply for free visa[138]
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[139] 30 days
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[140] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa not required[141] 120 days
  • 120 days within any one-year period
 North Korea Visa required[142]
 South Korea Visa not required[143] 90 days
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[144] 3 months
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[145] 60 days
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[146][147] 30 days
  • Visa on arrival is available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge,[Note 1] and at 13 border crossings[Note 2] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand.[148] Visa on arrival facility will be gradually phased out at various border crossings starting January 2020.[149]
  • eVisa may be used to enter Laos through the following entry points — Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
  • Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders.
  • Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.
 Latvia Visa not required[150]
 Lebanon Visa on arrival[151] 1 month
  • 1 month extendable for 2 additional months
  • Available at Beirut International Airport. They must have a return/onward ticket, a telephone number and address in Lebanon.
 Lesotho Visa not required[152] 14 days
 Liberia Visa required[153]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 Libya Visa required[154]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 Liechtenstein Visa not required[155]
 Lithuania Visa not required[156]
 Luxembourg Visa not required[157]
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[158] 90 days
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[159][160] 90 days
 Malaysia Visa not required[161] 3 months
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[162] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[163]
 Malta Visa not required[164]
 Marshall Islands Visa not required[165] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[166] 3 months
 Mauritius Visa not required[167] 90 days
 Mexico Visa not required[168] 180 days
 Micronesia Visa not required[169] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Moldova Visa not required[170] 90 days
 Monaco Visa not required[172]
 Mongolia Visa required[173]
 Montenegro Visa not required[174] 90 days
 Morocco Visa not required[176] 90 days
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[177] 30 days
 Myanmar eVisa / Visa on arrival[178] 30 days
 Namibia Visa on arrival[180] 3 months
 Nauru Visa required[181]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[182] 90 days
 Netherlands Visa not required[183]
 New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority[184] 3 months
  • International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority.[185]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[186] Such travellers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy.[185]
 Nicaragua Visa not required[187] 90 days
  • All visitors are required to obtain a Tourist Card on arrival. Fee: USD 10.-
 Niger Visa required[188]
 Nigeria Visa required[189]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 North Macedonia Visa not required[190] 90 days
 Norway Visa not required[192]
 Oman Visa not required[193] 14 days
 Pakistan Online Visa[194]
  • Online Visa eligible.[195]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[196]
 Palau Visa not required[197] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Panama Visa not required[198] 180 days
 Papua New Guinea eVisa / Free visa on arrival[199] 60 days
 Paraguay Visa not required[200] 90 days
 Peru Visa not required[201][202] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 Philippines Visa not required[203] 30 days
 Poland Visa not required[204]
 Portugal Visa not required[205]
 Qatar Visa not required[206][207] 90 days
 Romania Visa not required[208]
 Russia eVisa[209] 16 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive and departure via 29 checkpoints[210]
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[211] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[212] 3 months
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[213] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[214] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Samoa Visa not required[215] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 San Marino Visa not required[216]
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[217] 15 days
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[218][219] 90 days
 Senegal Visa not required[220] 90 days
 Serbia Visa not required[221] 90 days
 Seychelles Visa not required[223] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[224]
 Singapore Visa not required[225] 90 days
 Slovakia Visa not required[226]
 Slovenia Visa not required[227]
 Solomon Islands Visa not required[228] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Somalia Visa on arrival[229]
 South Africa Visa not required[230] 90 days
 South Sudan Electronic Visa[231]
  • Obtainable online[232]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[233]
 Spain Visa not required[234]
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Free visa on arrival[235] 30 days
 Sudan Visa required[236]
 Suriname E-tourist card[237] 90 days
  • Multiple entry eVisa is also available.[238]
 Sweden Visa not required[239]
  Switzerland Visa not required[240]
 Syria Visa required[241]
 Tajikistan eVisa[242] 45 days
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[243][244] 3 months
 Thailand Visa not required[245] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air
 Timor-Leste Visa not required[246] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Togo Visa on arrival[247] 7 days
 Tonga Visa not required[7] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[248] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Tunisia Visa not required[249] 3 months
 Turkey Visa not required[250] 3 months
 Turkmenistan Visa required[251]
  • Pre-approved visa can be picked up on arrival.
 Tuvalu Visa not required[252] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[253] 3 months
 Ukraine Visa not required[255] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 United Arab Emirates Visa not required[256] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period[13][14]
 United Kingdom Visa not required[257] 6 months
 United States Visa Waiver Program[259][260] 90 days
  • On arrival from overseas; ESTA (valid for 2 years when issued) required if arriving by air or cruise ship.[261]
 Uruguay Visa not required[262] 90 days
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[263] 30 days
 Vanuatu Visa not required[264] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
  Vatican City Visa not required[265]
 Venezuela Visa not required[266] 90 days
 Vietnam eVisa[267] 30 days[268]
 Yemen Visa required[269]
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[270] 90 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe.
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[271] 3 months
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia.

Territories and disputed areas

Visa requirements for Czech citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries and restricted zones:

Europe

Africa

Asia

Caribbean and North Atlantic

Oceania

South America

  • Galápagos — Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[352]

South Atlantic and Antarctica

Right to consular protection in non-EU countries

Czech diplomatic missions

When in a non-EU country where there is no Czech embassy, Czech citizens as EU citizens have the right to get consular protection from the embassy of any other EU country present in that country.

See also List of diplomatic missions of the Czech Republic.

Non-visa restrictions

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[370] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination

An International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[371]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[372]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[373] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[374] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[375]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[376] and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[377][378] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[379]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[380] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[381]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[382] Lebanon,[383] Libya,[384] Sudan,[385] Syria,[386] and Yemen[387] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[388]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Entry Permit to Nagorno-Karabakh issued in Yerevan as a stand-alone document rather than a visa affixed in a passport

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[389][390]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[391] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[392] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[393] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics

A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[394]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[395][396] Argentina,[397] Brunei, Cambodia,[398] China,[399] Ethiopia,[400] Ghana, Guinea,[401] India, Japan,[402][403] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[404] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[405] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[406] Singapore, South Korea,[407] Taiwan, Thailand,[408] Uganda[409] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[410] [411] [412] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[413]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[414] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[415][416]

See also

References and Notes

References
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  2. "Five-day visa-free regime to enter into force in Belarus on 12 February 2017". 11 January 2017.
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  10. "Resmi, Wisatawan Dari 45 Negara Ini Bebas Visa Kunjungan Wisata Ke Indonesia".
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  12. EU signs visa waiver agreements with 7 ACP countries
  13. EU signs visa waiver agreement with the United Arab Emirates
  14. Agreement between the European Union and the United Arab Emirates on the short-stay visa waiver
  15. "Citizens of 32 European countries exempted from visas for Cape Verde from January 1". macaubusiness.com.
  16. "Uzbekistan announces visa waiver for citizens of 45 countries | Indiablooms - First Portal on Digital News Management".
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  389. Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC’s 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the “what if” stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
  390. Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
  391. LIPTON, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
  392. Campoy, Ana. "The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country". Quartz. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
  393. "ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  394. "Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012.
  395. "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
Notes
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammuan
    • Bokeo
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
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