Visa requirements for Guyanese citizens

Visa requirements for Guyanese citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Guyana. As of 02 July 2019, Guyanese citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 86 countries and territories, ranking the Guyanese passport 60th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for Guyanese citizens
  Guyana
  Visa free access
  Visa on arrival
  eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required

Visa requirements

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees)
 Afghanistan Visa required[2]
 Albania Visa required[3]
 Algeria Visa required[4]
 Andorra Visa required[5]
 Angola Visa required[6]
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[7] 6 months
 Argentina Visa not required[8] 90 days
 Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival[9] 120 days
 Australia Visa required[10]
  • May apply online (Online Visitor e600 visa).[11]
 Austria Visa required[12]
 Azerbaijan Visa required[13]
 Bahamas Visa not required[14] 3 months
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[15]
  • May also obtain a visa online.
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[16] 30 days
 Barbados Visa not required[17] 6 months
 Belarus Visa required[18]
 Belgium Visa required[19]
 Belize Visa not required[20] 6 months
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[21][22] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 Bhutan Visa required[23]
 Bolivia Visa on arrival[24] 90 days
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa required[25]
 Botswana Visa not required[26] 90 days
 Brazil Visa not required[27] 90 days
 Brunei Visa required[28]
 Bulgaria Visa required[29]
 Burkina Faso Visa required[30]
 Burundi Visa required[31]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[32] 30 days
  • May also be obtained on arrival.
 Cameroon Visa required[33]
 Canada Visa required[34]
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[35]
 Central African Republic Visa required[36]
 Chad Visa required[37]
 Chile Visa not required[38] 90 days
 China Visa required[39]
 Colombia Visa not required[40] 180 days
  • 90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period
 Comoros Visa on arrival[41]
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[42]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[43]
 Costa Rica Visa not required[44] 30 days
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[45] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
 Croatia Visa required[46]
 Cuba Tourist Card required[47] 30 days
  • Visa not required, but Tourist Card must be obtained in advance through a travel agent, airline, or Cuban diplomatic mission.
 Cyprus Visa required[48]
 Czech Republic Visa required[49]
 Denmark Visa required[50]
 Djibouti eVisa[51] 31 days
 Dominica Visa not required[52] 6 months
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[53]
 Ecuador Visa not required[54] 90 days
 Egypt Visa on arrival[55] 30 days
 El Salvador Visa required[56]
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[57]
 Eritrea Visa required[58]
 Estonia Visa required[59]
 Eswatini Visa not required[60] 30 days
 Ethiopia eVisa[61] up to 90 days
 Fiji Visa not required[62] 4 months
 Finland Visa required[63]
 France Visa required[64]
 Gabon eVisa[65]
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.
 Gambia Visa not required[66] 90 days
 Georgia eVisa[67] 30 days
  • 30 days within any 120 day period
 Germany Visa required[68]
 Ghana Visa required[69]
 Greece Visa required[70]
 Grenada Visa not required[71] 6 months
 Guatemala Visa required[72]
 Guinea Visa required[73]
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[74] 90 days
 Haiti Visa not required[75] 3 months
 Honduras Visa required[76]
 Hungary Visa required[77]
 Iceland Visa required[78]
 India e-Visa[79] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][80]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.
 Indonesia Visa not required[81] 30 days
 Iran Visa on arrival[82] 15 days[83]
 Iraq Visa required[84]
 Ireland Visa not required[85]
 Israel Visa required[86]
 Italy Visa required[87]
 Jamaica Visa not required[88] 6 months
 Japan Visa required[89]
 Jordan Visa on arrival[90] 30 days
 Kazakhstan Visa required[91]
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[92] 3 months
 Kiribati Visa required[93]
 North Korea Visa required[94]
 South Korea Visa not required[95] 30 days
 Kuwait Visa required[96]
 Kyrgyzstan eVisa[97]
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[99] 30 days
  • Visa on arrival is available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge,[Note 3] and at 13 border crossings[Note 4] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand.[100] Visa on arrival facility will be gradually phased out at various border crossings starting January 2020.[101]
  • eVisa may be used to enter Laos through the following entry points — Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
  • Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders.
  • Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.
 Latvia Visa required[102]
 Lebanon Visa required[103]
 Lesotho Visa not required[104] 90 days
 Liberia Visa required[105]
 Libya Visa required[106]
 Liechtenstein Visa required[107]
 Lithuania Visa required[108]
 Luxembourg Visa required[109]
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[110] 90 days
 Malawi Visa on arrival[111] 30 days
  • Can extend for a total of 90 days.
 Malaysia Visa not required[112] 90 days
 Maldives Visa on arrival[113] 30 days
 Mali Visa required[114]
 Malta Visa required[115]
 Marshall Islands Visa required[116]
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[117]
 Mauritius Visa not required[118] 90 days
 Mexico Visa required[119]
 Micronesia Visa not required[120] 30 days
 Moldova Visa required[121]
 Monaco Visa required[122]
 Mongolia Visa required[123]
 Montenegro Visa required[124]
 Morocco Visa required[125]
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[126] 30 days
 Myanmar Visa required[127]
 Namibia Visa required[128]
 Nauru Visa required[129]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[130] 90 days
 Netherlands Visa required[131]
 New Zealand Visa required[132]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[133]
 Nicaragua Visa on arrival[134] 90 days
 Niger Visa required[135]
 Nigeria Visa required[136]
 North Macedonia Visa required[137]
 Norway Visa required[138]
 Oman Visa required[139]
 Pakistan Online Visa[140]
 Palau Visa on arrival[141] 30 days
 Panama Visa not required[142]
 Papua New Guinea Easy Visitor Permit[143] 30 days
 Paraguay Visa required[144]
 Peru Visa not required[145] 180 days
 Philippines Visa not required[146] 30 days
 Poland Visa required[147]
 Portugal Visa required[148]
 Qatar Visa not required[149] 30 days
 Romania Visa required[150]
 Russia Visa not required[151] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[152] 30 days
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[153] 6 months
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[154] 6 months
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[155] 6 months
 Samoa Entry Permit on arrival[156] 60 days
 San Marino Visa required[157]
 São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa[158]
 Saudi Arabia Visa required[159]
 Senegal Visa required[160]
 Serbia Visa required[161]
 Seychelles Visitor's Permit on arrival[162] 3 months
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[163]
 Singapore Visa not required[164] 30 days
 Slovakia Visa required[165]
 Slovenia Visa required[166]
 Solomon Islands Visa on arrival[167]
 Somalia Visa on arrival[168] 30 days
 South Africa Visa not required[169] 90 days
 South Sudan Electronic Visa[170]
  • Obtainable online[171]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[172]
 Spain Visa required[173]
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[174] 30 days
 Sudan Visa required[175]
 Suriname Visa not required[176] 6 months
 Sweden Visa required[177]
  Switzerland Visa required[178]
 Syria Visa required[179]
 Tajikistan eVisa[180][181] 45 days
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[182] 3 months
 Thailand Visa required[183]
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[184] 30 days
 Togo Visa on arrival[185] 7 days
 Tonga Visa required[186]
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[187] 6 months
 Tunisia Visa required[188]
 Turkey Visa required[189]
 Turkmenistan Visa required[190]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[191] 1 month
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[192]
 Ukraine Visa required[194]
 United Arab Emirates Visa required[195]
 United Kingdom Visa required[196]
 United States Visa required[197]
 Uruguay Visa not required[198] 90 days
 Uzbekistan eVisa[199] 30 days
  • 5-day visa-free transit when in transit at the international airports on condition of holding a confirmed onward ticket for a flight to a third country.[200]
 Vanuatu Visa not required[201] 30 days
  Vatican City Visa required[202]
 Venezuela Visa required[203]
 Vietnam Visa required[204]
 Yemen Visa not required[205] 3 months
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[206] 90 days
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[207] 3 months

Dependent territories and disputed areas

Countries Conditions of access Notes
China
 Hong Kong Visa not required 90 days[208]
 Macau Visa on arrival 30 days[209]
Denmark
 Faroe Islands Visa required[210]
 Greenland Visa required[211]
France
 French Guiana Visa required[212] 90 days
 French Polynesia Visa required[213]
French West Indies Visa required[214]

Saint Martin and Saint Barthélemy

Visa required[215]
 Mayotte Visa not required[216] 90 days
 New Caledonia Visa required [217]
 Réunion Visa not required[218] 90 days
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required[219] 90 days
 Wallis and Futuna Visa not required[220]> 90 days
Netherlands
 Aruba Visa not required[221] 90 days
Caribbean Netherlands Visa not required[222] 90 days (includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba)
 Curaçao Visa not required[223] 90 days
 Sint Maarten Visa required[224]
New Zealand
 Cook Islands Visa not required 31 days[225]
 Niue Visa not required 30 days[226]
 Tokelau Visa required[227]
United Kingdom
 Anguilla Visa required[228]
 Bermuda Visa not required[229]
 British Virgin Islands Visa required[230]
 Cayman Islands Visa not required[231] 60 days for tourism / 10 days for business
 Falkland Islands Visa required[232]
 Gibraltar Visa required[233]
 Guernsey Visa required[234]
 Isle of Man Visa required[235]
 Jersey Visa required[236]
 Montserrat Visa not required[237] 6 months
 Saint Helena eVisa[238]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required[239] 90 days
United States
 American Samoa Visa required[240]
 Guam Visa required[241]
 Northern Mariana Islands Visa required[242]
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa required[243]
 Puerto Rico Visa required[244]
Vietnam
Phú Quốc Visa not required [245]

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[246] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination

An International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[247]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[248]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[249] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[250] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[251]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[252] and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[253][254] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[255]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[256] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[257]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[258] Lebanon,[259] Libya,[260] Sudan,[261] Syria,[262] and Yemen[263] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[264]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Entry Permit to Nagorno-Karabakh issued in Yerevan as a stand-alone document rather than a visa affixed in a passport

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[265][266]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[267] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[268] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[269] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics

A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[270]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[271][272] Argentina,[273] Brunei, Cambodia,[274] China,[275] Ethiopia,[276] Ghana, Guinea,[277] India, Japan,[278][279] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[280] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[281] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[282] Singapore, South Korea,[283] Taiwan, Thailand,[284] Uganda[285] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[286] [287] [288] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[289]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[290] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[291][292] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[293] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[294][295]

See also

References and Notes

References
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  172. List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden, Government of Sweden.
  173. Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality, State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland.
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  192. Travel without a visa, United States Department of State.
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  194. Official electronic visa portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan
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  204. Entry and exit of non-residents, Public Security Police Force of Macau.
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  206. "Advice & Services for travelling to and staying in Greenland".
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  208. Ruling of 29 December 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of French Polynesia, Légifrance (in French).
  209. Ruling of 4 February 2015 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Mayotte, Légifrance (in French).
  210. Ruling of 22 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of New Caledonia, Légifrance (in French).
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  213. Ruling of 26 July 2011 regarding the documents and visas required for the entry of foreigners in the territory of Wallis and Futuna, Légifrance (in French).
  214. Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom?, Government of the Netherlands.
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  217. Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom?, Government of the Netherlands.
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  219. Travelling to Niue, Niue Tourism Office.
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  222. Bermuda entry visas, Government of Bermuda.
  223. Visas, Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands.
  224. Visa-free and visa-required countries, Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands.
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  226. Visas and immigration, Government of Gibraltar.
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  230. Countries not requiring a visa, Immigration Department of Montserrat.
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  263. Calder, Simon (24 April 2017). "Airline lobbying for a relaxation of draconian rules for London-Auckland travellers". The Independent. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Travellers heading west from the UK to New Zealand may soon be able to avoid the onerous requirement to clear US border control during the refuelling stop at Los Angeles airport (LAX). Unlike almost every other country in the world, the US insists on a full immigration check even for passengers who simply intend to re-board their plane to continue onwards to a foreign destination. Air New Zealand, which flies daily from Heathrow via Los Angeles to Auckland, says there are currently “strict requirements for travellers” in transit at LAX. Through passengers to Auckland on flight NZ1 or Heathrow on NZ2 must apply in advance for an ESTA (online visa) even though they have no intention of staying in the US. They also have to undergo screening by the Transportation Security Administration.
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  265. Nordland, Rod (19 November 2011). "In Afghanistan, Big Plans to Gather Biometric Data". Nytimes.com.
  266. "Argentina strengthens migratory control". Archived from the original on 2 December 2013.
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  268. "China to Start Fingerprinting Foreign Visitors". Air Canada. 31 Jan 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2018. Effective April 27, 2018, border control authorities at all of China’s ports of entry, including its airports, will start collecting the fingerprints of all foreign visitors aged between 14 and 70. Diplomatic passport holders and beneficiaries of reciprocal agreements are exempted..
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  272. "Immigration & Visas FAQs". Kenya Airports Authority. Retrieved 6 May 2019. Will visitors still have their digital photo and fingerprints taken at the immigration desk on arrival? Yes, the need to have photos and fingerprints taken upon arrival is to authenticate that the person who applied for the Visa is the same person at the port of entry
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  278. Brown, Theresa Cardinal (9 May 2016). "Biometric Entry-Exit Update: CBP Developing Land Border Process". Bipartisan Policy Center. Retrieved 25 April 2019. While a requirement for a biometric entry-exit system has been in law for over a decade, it is not yet a reality. Many reasons for the long gestating development have been documented in BPC’s 2014 report Entry-Exit System: Progress, Challenges, and Outlook, including the technological, operational, and cost challenges of creating exit systems and infrastructure where none exist today. However, many critics, especially in Congress, simply accused the Department of Homeland security of dragging its feet... the major operational, logistical, and technical challenge in implementing exit capability at our ports has been the land borders. Unlike airports and seaports, the land border environment is not physically controlled, there is no means to get advance information on who is arriving, and the sheer volume of travel—both vehicular and pedestrian—creates challenges in any system to not further exacerbate delays. While biometric exit for land vehicular traffic is still in the “what if” stage, CBP is moving ahead and piloting systems and technology to use with the large population of pedestrian crossers at the U.S.-Mexico border.
  279. Lipton, Eric (21 May 2013). "U.S. Quietly Monitors Foreigners' Departures at the Canadian Border". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Long demanded by lawmakers in Congress, it is considered a critical step to developing a coherent program to curb illegal immigration, as historically about 30 percent to 40 percent of illegal immigrants in the United States arrived on tourist visas or other legal means and then never left, according to estimates by Homeland Security officials.
  280. LIPTON, Eric (15 December 2006). "Administration to Drop Effort to Track if Visitors Leave". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 April 2019. Efforts to determine whether visitors actually leave have faltered. Departure monitoring would help officials hunt for foreigners who have not left, if necessary. Domestic security officials say, however, it would be too expensive to conduct fingerprint or facial recognition scans for land departures.
  281. Campoy, Ana. "The US wants to scan the faces of all air passengers leaving the country". Quartz. Retrieved 2019-04-24.
  282. "ICAO Document 9303: Machine Readable Travel Documents, Part 9: Deployment of Biometric Identification and Electronic Storage of Data in MRTDs, 7th edition" (PDF). 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
  283. "Iris Scan Implemented at Doha International Airport". Archived from the original on 8 January 2012.
  284. "Iris Scanner Could Replace Emirates ID In UAE". SimplyDXB. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2018. The breach of privacy is probably the biggest threat to the biometric technique of iris recognition. Secondly, a device error can false reject or false accept the identity which can also have some heinous consequences. Lastly, the method isn’t the most cost-effective one. It is complex and therefore expensive. Furthermore, the maintenance of devices and data can also be relatively burdensome. However, thanks to the oil money and spending ability of Dubai, they are economically equipped to effectively embrace this system.
  285. Roberts, Jeff John (12 September 2016). "Homeland Security Plans to Expand Fingerprint and Eye Scanning at Borders". Fortune. Fortune Media IP Limited. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Unlike with documents, it’s very hard for a traveler to present a forged copy of a fingerprint or iris. That’s why the U.S. Department of Homeland Security plans to vastly expand the amount of biometric data it collects at the borders. According to Passcode, a new program will ramp up a process to scan fingers and eyes in order to stop people entering and exiting the country on someone else’s passport.
  286. "Singapore tests eye scans at immigration checkpoints". Reuters. 6 August 2018. Retrieved 24 April 2019. Singapore has started scanning travellers’ eyes at some of its border checkpoints, its immigration authority said on Monday, in a trial of expensive technology that could one day replace fingerprint verification.
  287. Lee, Vivien (6 August 2018). "5 Reasons We Prefer Iris Scans To Fingerprint Checks At Our Borders In Singapore". Retrieved 24 April 2019. The iris technology could potentially scan irises covertly, as opposed to the scanning of thumbprints which necessitates active participation.
Notes
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammuan
    • Bokeo
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)
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