Visa requirements for Australian citizens

Visa requirements for Australian passport holders are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Australia entering with an Australian passport.

As of 7 July 2020, Australian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 183 countries and territories, ranking the Australian passport 9th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Canada) according to the Henley Passport Index.[1]

Besides visa requirements, most countries specify other requirements for the entry of Australian and other citizens into their countryfor example, that a prospective entrant has no criminal history or health issues, or that there is evidence of sufficient funds or of a ticket for exit.

Visa requirements map

Visa requirements for Australian passport holders
  Australia
  Freedom of Movement (Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement)
  Visa not required / ESTA / eTA
  Visa issued upon arrival
  Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa
  Both visa on arrival and eVisa available
  Visa required prior to arrival

Visa requirements

Each country has a multitude of visa types, each with its particular purpose and requirements. Rules for visits by ordinary passport holders are as follows:

Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees) Reciprocity [Note 1]
 Afghanistan Visa required[2]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens to not visit Afghanistan.[3]
 Albania Visa not required[4] 90 days X
 Algeria Visa required[5]
 Andorra Visa not required[6] X
 Angola eVisa[7][8] 30 days
  • Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa or have requested such pre-visa from the consulates of Angola abroad, are then issued with a visa on arrival at the country's border check points.
  • For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period.[9]
  • Besides having printed confirmation that a visa will be issued upon arrival, passengers must: have a return/onward ticket, and have a hotel reservation confirmation.[10]
X
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[11] 1 month X
 Argentina Visa not required[12] 90 days X
 Armenia Visa not required[13] 180 days X
 Austria Visa not required[14] 90 days
 Azerbaijan eVisa[16] 30 days[17] X
 Bahamas Visa not required[18] 3 months X
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[19] 14 days X
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[20] 30 days
  • Not available at all entry points.[21]
X
 Barbados Visa not required[22] 6 months X
 Belarus Visa not required[23] 30 days X
 Belgium Visa not required[24] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Additionally bilateral agreement permits 2 months on top of this.
 Belize Visa not required[25] X
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[26][27] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
X
 Bhutan Visa required[28]
  • Visa approved via tour operators only.
 Bolivia Visa not required[29] 90 days X
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[30] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
X
 Botswana Visa not required[31] 90 days
  • 90 days within any year period
X
 Brazil Visa not required[32] 90 days
  • Up to 90 days per visit, but no more than 180 days per year.
X
 Brunei Visa on arrival[33] 30 days X
 Bulgaria Visa not required[34] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Burkina Faso Visa on arrival[35] 1 month X
 Burundi Visa required[36]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Burundi.[37]
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[38] 30 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[39]
X
 Cameroon Visa required[40]
 Canada Visa not required[41] 6 months
  • eTA required if arriving by air.[42]
 Cape Verde Visa on arrival[43]
  • Not available at all entry points.[44]
X
 Central African Republic Visa required[45]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Central African Republic.[46]
 Chad Visa required[47]
  • Letter of invitation required.
 Chile eVisa[48][49] 90 days X
 China Visa required[50]
  • 30-day visa free access is available for Hainan Province when arriving by air at Haikou or Sanya or by sea at designated sea ports. [52]
  • Hong Kong and Macau have separate immigration policies from the mainland.
 Colombia Visa not required[53] 180 days
  • 90 days - extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period
X
 Comoros Visa on arrival[54] X
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[55]
  • Visa and invitation letters approved via tour operators only.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[56]
 Costa Rica Visa not required[57] 90 days X
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[58] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
X
 Croatia Visa not required[59] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Cuba Tourist Card required[60] 30 days
  • Visitors travelling to Cuba can purchase a tourist card at the Cuban embassy or nearest travel agent that sells authorized cards.
 Cyprus Visa not required[61] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Czech Republic Visa not required[62] 90 days
 Denmark Visa not required[63] 90 days
 Djibouti eVisa[64] 31 days X
 Dominica Visa not required[65] 6 months X
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[66] 90 days X
 Ecuador Visa not required[67] 90 days[68] X
 Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival[69][70] 30 days X
 El Salvador Visa not required[71] 3 months X
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[72]
  • Letter of invitation required.
 Eritrea Visa required[73]
  • A tourist visa for Australian citizens is issued for a stay of 1 month from arrival to Eritrea.
 Estonia Visa not required[74] 90 days
 Eswatini Visa not required[75] 30 days[68] X
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[76] up to 90 days X
 Fiji Visa not required[79] 4 months X
 Finland Visa not required[80] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries
 France Visa not required[81] 90 days
 Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival[82]
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[83]
X
 Gambia Visa not required[84] 90 days X
 Georgia Visa not required[85] 1 year[86] X
 Germany Visa not required[87] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries
 Ghana Visa required[88][89]
 Greece Visa not required[90] 90 days
 Grenada Visa not required[91] 3 months[68]
  • Beginning on December 1, 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada.[92]
X
 Guatemala Visa not required[93] 90 days X
 Guinea eVisa[94] 90 days X
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[95] 90 days X
 Guyana Visa not required[96] 3 months X
 Haiti Visa not required[97] 3 months X
 Honduras Visa not required[98] 3 months X
 Hungary Visa not required[99] 90 days
 Iceland Visa not required[100] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries
 India e-Visa[101] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 2] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 3][102]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.
X
 Indonesia Visa not required[103][104] 30 days X
 Iran eVisa/Visa on arrival[105] 30 days[106] X
 Iraq Visa required[107]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Iraq.[108]
 Ireland Visa not required[109] 3 months
 Israel Visa not required[110] 3 months
  • Entry refused to anyone who "knowingly issues a public call for boycotting Israel."[111]
X
 Italy Visa not required[112] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries
 Jamaica Visa not required[113] X
 Japan Visa not required[114] 90 days
 Jordan Visa on arrival[115]
  • Conditions apply.[116]
  • Not available at all entry points.[117]
X
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[118] 30 days X
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[119] 3 months X
 Kiribati Visa not required[120] 120 days X
 North Korea Visa required[121]
  • Independent travellers must be accompanied by a tour guide at all times.
 South Korea Visa not required[122] 90 days
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[123] 3 months X
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[124] 60 days
  • A single or multiple tourist or business e-visa for 90 days is also available.[125]
X
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[126] 30 days
  • Visa on arrival is available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge,[Note 4] and at 13 border crossings[Note 5] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand.[127] Visa on arrival facility will be gradually phased out at various border crossings starting January 2020.[128]
  • eVisa may be used to enter Laos through the following entry points — Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
  • Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders.
  • Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.
X
 Latvia Visa not required[129] 90 days
 Lebanon Free visa on arrival[130] 1 month
  • Visa extendible for 2 additional months
  • Granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket.
X
 Lesotho Visa not required[131] 14 days[68] X
 Liberia Visa required[132]
 Libya Visa required[133]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Libya.[134]
 Liechtenstein Visa not required[135] 90 days
 Lithuania Visa not required[136] 90 days
 Luxembourg Visa not required[137] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[138] 90 days X
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[139][140] X
 Malaysia Visa not required[141] 3 months
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[142] 30 days[68] X
 Mali Visa required[143]
 Malta Visa not required[144] 90 days
 Marshall Islands Visa on arrival[145] 90 days X
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[146] X
 Mauritius Visa not required[147] 90 days X
 Mexico Visa not required[148] 180 days X
 Micronesia Visa not required[149] 30 days X
 Moldova Visa not required[150] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
X
 Monaco Visa not required[151]
 Mongolia Visa required[152]
  • Registration upon arrival for stays longer than 30 days is mandatory.
 Montenegro Visa not required[153] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
X
 Morocco Visa not required[154] 3 months X
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[155] 30 days X
 Myanmar eVisa / Free visa on arrival[157] 28 days X
 Namibia Visa not required[158] 3 months X
 Nauru Visa required[159]
  • Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Australian citizens.[160]
   Nepal Visa on arrival[161] 90 days X
 Netherlands Visa not required[162] 90 days
 New Zealand Visa not required[163]
  • Australian citizens and permanent residents are eligible to be granted a Resident Visa on arrival under the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, provided that they meet New Zealand character requirements.[164]
    • Under the Immigration Act 2009, Australian citizens and permanent residents granted a Resident Visa on arrival are entitled to live, work and study in New Zealand indefinitely.[165]
    • From 1 October 2019, permanent residents of Australia must obtain an Electronic Travel Authority prior to travelling to New Zealand. Australian citizens are exempt from this requirement.[166]
  • Australian citizens and permanent residents who do not meet character requirements (as described in Sections 15 and 16 of the Immigration Act 2009) will not be granted a Resident Visa on arrival, and must apply for a visa prior to travel.[167]
 Nicaragua Visa not required[168] 90 days X
 Niger Visa required[169]
 Nigeria Visa required[170]
  • Visa not required for Nigerian-born citizens.
 North Macedonia Visa not required[171] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
X
 Norway Visa not required[172] 90 days
 Oman eVisa[176] 30 days X
 Pakistan Online Visa[177]
  • Online Visa eligible.[178]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[179]
X
 Palau Free visa on arrival[180] 30 days X
 Panama Visa not required[181] 180 days X
 Papua New Guinea eVisa / Free visa on arrival[182] 30 days X
 Paraguay Visa on arrival[183] 90 days X
 Peru Visa not required[184] 183 days X
 Philippines Visa not required[185] 30 days X
 Poland Visa not required[186] 90 days
 Portugal Visa not required[187] 90 days
 Qatar Visa not required[188] 30 days X
 Romania Visa not required[189] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 Russia Visa required[190]
  • Registration required after 2 business days.
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[191] 30 days X
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[192] 3 months X
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[193] 6 weeks X
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[194] 1 month X
 Samoa Visa not required[195] 60 days X
 San Marino Visa not required[196]
 São Tomé and Príncipe eVisa[197] X
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[198][199] 90 days X
 Senegal Visa on arrival[200] 90 days X
 Serbia Visa not required[201] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
X
 Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[202] 3 months[68] X
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[203] X
 Singapore Visa not required[204] 90 days
 Slovakia Visa not required[205] 90 days
 Slovenia Visa not required[206] 90 days
 Solomon Islands Free Visitor's permit on arrival[207] 3 months X
 Somalia Visa on arrival[208]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Somalia.[209]
X
 South Africa Visa not required[210] 90 days X
 South Sudan Electronic Visa[211]
  • Obtainable online[212]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[213]
X
 Spain Visa not required[214] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[215] 30 days X
 Sudan Visa required[216]
  • Visa not required for Sudanese-born citizens.
 Suriname eVisa[217] X
 Sweden Visa not required[218] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries (except other Nordic countries)
  Switzerland Visa not required[219] 90 days
 Syria Visa required[220]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Syria.[221]
 Tajikistan Visa on arrival[222] 45 days X
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[224][225] 3 months X
 Thailand Visa not required[226] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
X
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[227] 30 days
  • Not available at all entry points.[228]
X
 Togo Visa on arrival[229] 7 days X
 Tonga Free visa on arrival[230] 31 days X
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa on arrival[231] 30 days X
 Tunisia Visa not required[232][233] 3 months X
 Turkey eVisa[234] 3 months[235]
  • Cruise ship passengers do not require a visa for up to 72 hours.[236]
X
 Turkmenistan Visa required[237]
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[238] 1 month[68] X
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[239]
  • Determined at the port of entry.
  • May apply online.[240]
X
 Ukraine Visa not required[241] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
X
 United Arab Emirates Free visa on arrival[242] 30 days X
 United Kingdom and Crown dependencies Visa not required[243] 6 months
  • Can use ePassport gates starting 1 June 2019 [244]
 United States Visa Waiver Program[245] 90 days
 Uruguay Visa not required[247] 3 months X
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[248] 30 days
  • Local registration is required on arrival
X
 Vanuatu Visa not required[249] 30 days[68] X
  Vatican City Visa not required[250]
 Venezuela Visa not required[251] 90 days
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Venezuela.[252]
X
 Vietnam eVisa[253] 30 days X
 Yemen Visa required[254]
  • Due to safety concerns, Australian government advises its citizens not to visit Yemen.[255]
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[256] 90 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe. eVisa available.
X
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[257] 3 months
  • Strictly tourism purposes only.
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia. eVisa available.
X

Dependent, disputed, or restricted territories

Unrecognized countries
Territory Conditions of access Notes
 Abkhazia Visa required[258]
 Kosovo Visa not required[259] 90 days
 Northern Cyprus Visa not required[260] 3 months
 Artsakh Visa on arrival[261] Travellers with Artsakh visa (expired or valid) or evidence of travel to Artsakh (stamps) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan.[262]
 Palestine Visa not required[263] Arrival by sea to Gaza Strip not allowed.[264]
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Undefined visa regime in the Western Sahara controlled territory.
 Somaliland Visa on arrival 30 days for 30 US dollars, payable on arrival.[265][266]
 South Ossetia Visa not required[267] Multiple entry visa to Russia and three day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia.[268][269]
 Taiwan Visa not required[270][271] 90 days
 Transnistria Visa not required[272] Registration required after 24h.[273][274]
Dependent and autonomous territories
Territory Conditions of access Notes
Hong Kong
 Hong Kong Visa not required[275] 90 days
Macau
 Macau Visa not required[276] 30 days
Denmark
 Faroe Islands Visa not required[277]
 Greenland Visa not required[278]
France
 French Guiana Visa not required[279] 3 months
 French Polynesia Visa not required[280] 90 days within 180 days
French West Indies Visa not required Includes overseas departments of Guadeloupe and Martinique and overseas collectivities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.
 Mayotte Visa not required[281] 3 months
 New Caledonia Visa not required[282] 3 months
 Réunion Visa not required[283] 3 months
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Visa not required[284] 3 months
 Wallis and Futuna Visa not required[285] 3 months
Netherlands
 Aruba Visa not required[286] 30 days, extendable to 180 days
Caribbean Netherlands Visa not required[287] 90 days. Includes Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba.
 Curaçao Visa not required[288] 90 days
 Sint Maarten Visa not required[289] 90 days
New Zealand
 Cook Islands Visa not required[290] 31 days
 Niue Visa not required[291] 30 days
 Tokelau Visa required[292]
United Kingdom
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia Visa not required[293] Stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period require a permit.[294]
 Anguilla Visa not required[295] 3 months
 Bermuda Visa not required[296] Up to 6 months, decided on arriva
 British Indian Ocean Territory Special permit required Special permit required.[297]
 British Virgin Islands Visa not required[298] 30 days, extensions possible
 Cayman Islands Visa not required[299] 6 months
 Falkland Islands Visa not required[300]
 Gibraltar Visa not required[301]
 Montserrat Visa not required[302] 6 months
 Pitcairn Islands Visa not required 14 days visa free and landing fee US$35 or tax of US$5 if not going ashore.[303][304][305]
 Ascension Island eVisa
 Saint Helena Visitor's Pass required Visitor's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4/10/21/60/90 days for 12/14/16/20/25 pound sterling.[308]
 Tristan da Cunha Permission required Permission to land required for 15/30 pounds sterling (yacht/ship passenger) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island, Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands.[309]
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Permit required Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required (72 hours/1 month for 110/160 pounds sterling).[310][311]
 Turks and Caicos Islands Visa not required[312] 90 days
United States
 American Samoa Electronic authorization[313] 30 days
 Guam Visa not required[314] 45 days
 Northern Mariana Islands Visa not required[315] 45 days
 Puerto Rico Visa not required[316] Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.
 U.S. Virgin Islands Visa not required[317] Under the Visa Waiver Program, for 90 days on arrival from overseas for 2 years. ESTA required.
Antarctica and adjacent islands
Special permits required for  Bouvet Island,  British Antarctic Territory,  French Southern and Antarctic Lands,  Argentine Antarctica, Australian Antarctic Territory, Chilean Antarctic Territory, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Peter I Island, Queen Maud Land, Ross Dependency.[318][319][320][321][322][323][324][325][326][327][328][329]
Other territories
Territory Conditions of access Notes
Brest and Grodno Visa not required Visa-free for 10 days[330]
 China
Hainan
Visa on arrival[331] 15 days. Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport.
Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group (5 or more people)[332]
 China
Tibet Autonomous Region
TTP required Tibet Travel Permit required (10 US Dollars).[333][334][335]
Crimea Visa required Visa issued by Russia is required.[336]
 Ecuador
Galápagos
Pre-registration required Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[337]
 Eritrea outside Asmara Travel permit required To travel in the rest of the country, a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required (20 Eritrean nakfa).[338]
 Greece
Mount Athos
Special permit required Special permit required (4 days: 25 euro for Orthodox visitors, 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors, 18 euro for students). There is a visitors' quota: maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed.[339][340]
 India PAP/RAP PAP/RAP required Protected Area Permit (PAP) required for whole states of Nagaland and Sikkim and parts of states Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Jammu and Kashmir, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh.
Restricted Area Permit (RAP) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and parts of Sikkim. Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year.[341][342][343]
 Iran
Kish Island
Visa not required Visitors to Kish Island do not require a visa.[344]
 Iraqi Kurdistan Visa on arrival Visa on arrival for 15 days is available at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports.[345]
 Fiji
Lau Province
Special permission required Special permission required.[346]
 France
Clipperton Island
Special permit required Special permit required.[347]
 Kazakhstan Special permission required Special permission required for the town of Baikonur and surrounding areas in Kyzylorda Oblast, and the town of Gvardeyskiy near Almaty.[348]
 North Korea outside Pyongyang Special permit required People are not allowed to leave the capital city, tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide (no independent moving)
 Malaysia Sabah and Sarawak Visa not required These states have their own immigration authorities and passport is required to travel to them, however the same visa applies.[349]
 Maldives outside Malé Permission required With the exception of the capital Malé, tourists are generally prohibited from visiting non-resort islands without the express permission of the Government of Maldives.[350]
 Norway
Jan Mayen
Permit required Permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours[351] and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours.[352]
 Svalbard of  Norway Visa not Required

Right to live and work under the Svalbard Treaty.

 Novorossiya Restricted area Crossing from Ukraine requires visit purpose to be explained to Ukrainian passport control on exit and those who entered from Russia are not allowed to proceed further into Ukraine.[353]
 Russia Special authorization required Several closed cities and regions in Russia require special authorization.[354]
 Sudan outside Khartoum Travel permit required All foreigners traveling more than 25 kilometers outside of Khartoum must obtain a travel permit.
 Sudan
Darfur
Travel permit required Separate travel permit is required.[355]
 Tajikistan
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
OIVR permit required OIVR permit required (15+5 Tajikistani Somoni) and another special permit (free of charge) is required for Lake Sarez.[356][357][358]
UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus Access Permit required[359] Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone, except Civil Use Areas.
Korean Demilitarized Zone Restricted zone.
UNDOF Zone and Ghajar Restricted zone.
United States Minor Outlying Islands Special permits required Special permits required for Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Atoll, Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island.[360][361][362][363][364][365][366]
 Venezuela
Margarita Island
Visa not required All visitors are fingerprinted.[367]
 Vietnam
Phú Quốc
Visa not required 30 days[368]
 Yemen outside Sana’a or Aden Special permission required Special permission needed for travel outside Sana’a or Aden.[369]

Reciprocity issues

Some countries regard Australia's requirement for obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority (ETA) prior to travel as being equivalent to offering visa-free travel when deciding whether to grant the same to Australians wishing to enter their territory. The United States, for example, offers their Visa Waiver Program to Australian passport-holders,[370] and one of the conditions for joining this scheme is that "Governments provide reciprocal visa-free travel for U.S. citizens for 90 days for tourism or business purposes".[371] However, the United States has required from January 2009 a similar ETA from citizens of Australia and some more countries. This system is not called a visa, but Electronic System for Travel Authorization, therefore the USA still allows visa-free travel for Australians. As of December 1998, Japan has also granted visa-free access to Australians.[372] Other ETA eligible countries and territories including Canada,[373] Hong Kong,[374] Malaysia,[375] Singapore,[376] South Korea (90 days)[377] and Taiwan (90 days)[378] also grant visa-free access to Australians while Brunei grants Australians a 30-day visa on arrival.[379]

Additional rules

A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than three months (but no more than three months in any individual member state)

The Australian Government has signed bilateral visa waiver agreements with a number of the individual countries who are Schengen signatories, which allow Australian citizens to spend up to three months in the relevant country, without reference to time spent in other Schengen signatory states. Since these agreements continue to remain valid despite the implementation of the Schengen agreement, the European Commission has confirmed that in practice if Australians visit Schengen countries which have signed these types of bilateral agreements with Australia, then the terms of these agreements override the conditions normally imposed as a result of the Schengen visa exemption agreement.[380] However, amendments are under consideration to restrict exit from the Schengen area only through the territory of the Member State which is a Contracting Party to the bilateral agreement and the authorities of which have extended the stay.[381]

Australia has individual bilateral visa waiver agreements with the following Schengen signatories:

Consequently, Australian citizens can visit the above Schengen member states visa-free for periods of up to three months in each country. If, however, an Australian citizen then visits another Schengen state not included in the list above, the restriction of no more than three months out of a six-month period in the Schengen area as a whole applies. Therefore, if an Australian citizen has already spent three months in one or more of the above Schengen countries, any visits to another Schengen country without a bilateral visa waiver agreement with Australia may lead to difficulties with local law enforcement agencies (e.g. being accused of having overstayed upon leaving a Schengen country which is not in the list above).

A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of up to three months

Australian citizens are classified as 'Annex II' foreign nationals, and so are permitted to stay visa-free in the 26 member states of the Schengen Area as a whole — rather than each country individually — for a period not exceeding 3 months every 6 months.

During the visa exemption period, Australian citizens are permitted to work in Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Slovenia and Sweden.[397] In addition, Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for up to 90 days can do so without a visa as long as the employer has completed a 'registration of short-term employment'.[398]

A stay in the Schengen Area as a whole of more than 3 months (and more than 3 months in an individual member state)

In general, any person who is not a European Union, European Economic Area or Swiss citizen and who wishes to stay in a Schengen member state for more than 3 months is required to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit. Australian citizens aged 18–30 (or 18–35 in some cases) are able to obtain a national long-stay 'D' visa and/or a residence permit from some Schengen member states on the basis of a working holiday (see below). Schengen member states also issue national long-stay 'D' visas and residence permits for other reasons to those fulfilling criteria laid out in their national immigration policies (e.g. skilled workers, students, au pair).

In general, the national long-stay 'D' visa/residence permit needs to be obtained in advance through the member state's embassy/consulate. However, some Schengen member states offer exceptions for Australian citizens.

 Austria allows Australian citizens to enter the country without a visa and to apply for a temporary residence permit or a 'Red-White-Red Card' (issued to permanent immigrants) after arrival, rather than in advance through an Austrian embassy/consulate.[399][400]

The  Czech Republic allows Australian citizens to apply for a work visa under a special scheme known as a 'Green Card' (rather than a 'Blue Card' or work permit which is required by most non-EU citizens). The application for a Green Card can be lodged at any Czech embassy/consulate (or, in some circumstances, within the Czech Republic if the applicant is already resident there) and is usually processed within 60 days.[401] Note that 'Green Cards' are no longer issued after 24 June 2014.[402]

 Germany permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months to enter without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many other non-EEA and Swiss citizens, a residence permit and visa for a stay over 3 months must be applied for in advance at a German foreign mission).[403][404]

 Estonia permits Australian citizens to stay and work in Estonia for more than 90 days but less than 6 months as long as they obtain a category 'D' long-stay visa at a cost of €80 in advance at an Estonian foreign mission after the employer has completed a 'registration of short-term employment'.[405] Australian citizens intending to stay and work in Estonia for more than 6 months can apply for a temporary residence permit for employment after arrival in the country.[406]

 Hungary allows Australian citizens who wish to stay for more than 90 days in the country to apply for a residence card from the regional directorate of the Office of Immigration and Nationality within 90 days of arrival and do not need to obtain a residence permit prior to arrival in Hungary (unlike most other non-EEA and Swiss foreign nationals).[407]

 Latvia permits Australian citizens intending to stay in the country for over 3 months as self-employed persons or as businesspersons to enter Latvia without a visa and to apply for a residence permit after arrival (whilst for many non-EEA and Swiss citizens, an application for a residence permit must be lodged in advance at a Latvian foreign mission).[408]

 Netherlands exempts Australian citizens from the requirement to obtain a Schengen category "D" visa (the visa issued for long term stays in The Netherlands of over 90 days, known in Dutch as the "MVV" visa) - an exemption which goes beyond the visa waiver afforded to most other non-EEA and non-Swiss foreign nationals who are usually only given a visa waiver of up to 90 days in a 180-day period.[409]

 Norway permits Australian citizens who have qualifications as a skilled worker to stay in the country without a visa for up to 6 months to seek employment as a skilled worker or a specialist (except as a religious leader/teacher or an ethnic cook), as long as they register with the police within 3 months of arriving in Norway.[410]

Visa exemptions and requirements for the United Kingdom

Australian citizens are able to visit the United Kingdom for up to 6 months (or 3 months if they enter from the Republic of Ireland) without the need to apply for a visa as long as they fulfil all of the following criteria:

  • they do not work during their stay in the UK
  • they must not register a marriage or register a civil partnership during their stay in the UK
  • they can present evidence of sufficient money to fund their stay in the UK (if requested by the border inspection officer)
  • they intend to leave the UK at the end of their visit and can meet the cost of the return/onward journey
  • they have completed a landing card and submitted it at passport control unless in direct transit to a destination outside the Common Travel Area[411]
  • if under the age of 18, they can demonstrate evidence of suitable care arrangements and parental (or guardian's) consent for their stay in the UK[412]

However, even though, strictly speaking, they are not required to apply for a visa if they satisfy all of the above criteria, an Australian citizen who falls into any of the following categories has been strongly advised by the UK Border Agency (replaced by UK Visas and Immigration) to apply for a visa prior to travelling to the UK if they:

  • have any unspent criminal convictions in any country
  • have previously been refused or breached the terms of any entry to the UK, or been deported or otherwise removed from the UK
  • have previously applied for a visa and been refused one
  • have been warned by a UK official that they should obtain a visa before travelling to the UK

Australian citizens who were born before 1983 and qualify for the right of abode are able to live and work in the United Kingdom indefinitely.

Australian citizens with a grandparent born either in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands or Isle of Man at any time or in the Republic of Ireland on or before 31 March 1922 can apply for UK Ancestry Entry Clearance, which enables them to work in the UK for five years, after which they can apply to settle indefinitely.

Australian citizens aged 18 to 30 can apply for a Youth Mobility Scheme visa which allows them to pursue a working holiday in the UK for two years.

Visa exemption for New Zealand

By virtue of the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement, Australian citizens are exempt from the requirement to hold a permit on arrival in New Zealand and may reside or work for an indefinite period as long as:[413]

  • they present a valid Australian passport OR hold a foreign passport showing their Australian Citizen Endorsement or Australian Citizen Declaratory Visa (either with a label or a confirmation letter) as evidence of their Australian citizenship
  • they have no criminal convictions
  • they have no untreated tuberculosis
  • they have not been deported, excluded or removed from any country

Travel ban

It is an offence for Australians to travel or remain in Declared Areas. Those are currently parts of northern Iraq and parts of northern Syria.

APEC Business Travel Card

  Full members of the scheme
  Transitional members (United States, Canada)

Holders of an APEC Business Travel Card (ABTC) travelling on business do not require a visa to the following countries:[414]

1 – up to 90 days
2 – up to 60 days
3 – up to 59 days

The card must be used in conjunction with a passport and has the following advantages:[415]

  • no need to apply for a visa or entry permit to APEC countries, as the card is treated as such (except by  Canada and  United States)
  • undertake legitimate business in participating economies
  • expedited border crossing in all member economies, including transitional members
  • expedited scheduling of visa interview (USA)

Consular protection of Australian citizens abroad

Diplomatic missions of Australia

There are currently over 100 Australian missions overseas.

In some countries Australians may also receive consular assistance from Canadian missions under the Canada–Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement.

Foreign travel statistics

According to the statistics these are the numbers of Australian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

  1. Data for 2017
  2. Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
  3. Data for 2016
  4. Data for 2013
  5. Data for 2011
  6. Data for arrivals by air only.
  7. Data for 2012
  8. Data for 2014
  9. Data for 2009
  10. Data for arrivals by air only.
  11. Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

Non-visa restrictions

Many countries have entry restrictions on foreigners that go beyond the common requirement of having either a valid visa or a visa exemption. Such restrictions may be health related or impose additional documentation requirements on certain classes of people for diplomatic or political purposes.

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[531] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination

An International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[532]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[533]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[534] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[535] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[536]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[537] and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[538][539] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[540]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[541] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[542]

Israeli stamps

Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[543] Lebanon,[544] Libya,[545] Sudan,[546] Syria,[547] and Yemen[548] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[549]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity

Entry Permit to Nagorno-Karabakh issued in Yerevan as a stand-alone document rather than a visa affixed in a passport

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[550][551]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[552] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[553] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[554] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics

A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[555]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[556][557] Argentina,[558] Brunei, Cambodia,[559] China,[560] Ethiopia,[561] Ghana, Guinea,[562] India, Japan,[563][564] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[565] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[566] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[567] Singapore, South Korea,[568] Taiwan, Thailand,[569] Uganda[570] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[571] [572] [573] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[574]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[575] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[576][577]

See also

Notes

  1. In this column, Australia's eVisitor and ETA systems are deemed to be reciprocal to U.S.'s ESTA system, Canada's eTA system and other countries' visa-free programs.
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammuan
    • Bokeo
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)

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