Visa requirements for Canadian citizens


Visa requirements for Canadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Canada. As of 7 January 2021, Canadian citizens have visa-free or visa on arrival access to around 189 countries and territories, ranking the Canadian passport 3rd in the world Along with German , Swiss , Singapore Passports in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley & Partners Passport Index.[1][2]

Visa requirements map
Visa requirements for Canadian citizens
  Canada
  Visa not required
  Visa not required / eTA
  Electronic authorisation or online payment required / eVisa
  Visa available both on arrival or online
  Visa required prior to arrival

COVID-19 travel restrictions
Main article: Travel restrictions related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Current Travel restriction for Canadian citizens[3]
  Canada
  Entry Ban
  Airport Closure/Flight Suspension
  No current travel restriction

Visa requirements
Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes (excluding departure fees) Reciprocity
 Afghanistan Visa required[4][5]
  • Due to safety concerns, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit Afghanistan.[6]
 Yes
 Albania Visa not required[7] 90 days No
 Algeria Visa required[8][9] Yes
 Andorra Visa not required[10] Yes
 Angola eVisa[11][12] 30 days
  • Visitors who have been granted an online pre-visa or have requested such pre-visa from the consulates of Angola abroad, are then issued with a visa on arrival at the country's border check points.
  • For a maximum total stay of 90 days within a one year period.[13]
  • Besides having printed confirmation that a visa will be issued upon arrival, passengers must: have a return/onward ticket, and have a hotel reservation confirmation.[14]
 No
 Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required[15] 6 months No
 Argentina Visa not required[16] 90 days No
 Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival[17][18] 180 days within 1 year No
 Australia and territories Electronic Travel Authority[19] 90 days Yes
 Austria Visa not required[20] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Azerbaijan eVisa[23][24] 30 days[25] No
 Bahamas Visa not required[26] 8 months Yes
 Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival[27] 14 days [28] No
 Bangladesh Visa on arrival[29] 30 days No
 Barbados Visa not required[30] 6 months Yes
 Belarus Visa not required[31] 30 days No
 Belgium Visa not required[34] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Belize Visa not required[35] No
 Benin eVisa / Visa on arrival[36][37][38] 30 days / 8 days
  • Must have an international vaccination certificate.
 No
 Bhutan Visa required[39] Yes
 Bolivia Visa not required[40] 90 days No
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required[41] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 6-month period
 No
 Botswana Visa not required[42] 90 days No
 Brazil Visa not required[43][44] 90 days
  • Up to 90 days per visit, but no more than 180 days per year.
 No
 Brunei Visa not required[45] 14 days Yes
 Bulgaria Visa not required[46] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Burkina Faso Visa on arrival[47] 1 month No
 Burundi Visa required[48] Yes
 Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival[49][50] 30 days
  • Visa is also obtainable online.[51]
 No
 Cameroon Visa required[52][53] Yes
 Cape Verde Visa not required[54] 30 days
  • Must register online at least five days prior to arrival.[55]
 No
 Central African Republic Visa required[56][57] Yes
 Chad Visa required[58][59] Yes
 Chile Visa not required[60] 90 days Yes
 China Visa required[61]
  • 72-hour visit without a visa when in transit at Changsha, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Guilin, Harbin, Kunming, Qingdao, Wuhan, Xi'an and Xiamen.
  • 144-hours visit without a visa when in transit through Beijing Capital International Airport,[57] Dalian, Hangzhou, Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport in Hebei,[58] Nanjing, Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Shanghai Pudong International Airport, Shanghai Railway Station and the Port of Shanghai; Shenyang and Tianjin Binhai International Airport[59]
  • Visas for Canadian citizens are valid for up to 9 years and 11 months.
 Yes
 Colombia Visa not required[62] 90 days
  • Extendable up to 180-days stay within a one-year period
 No
 Comoros Visa on arrival[63] No
 Republic of the Congo Visa required[64][65] Yes
 Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required[66][67] Yes
 Costa Rica Visa not required[68] 90 days No
 Côte d'Ivoire eVisa[69] 3 months
  • eVisa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport.
 No
 Croatia Visa not required[70] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Cuba Tourist Card required[71] 90 days
  • Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba.
  • Tourist Card is valid up to 90 days stay for Canadian citizens
 Yes
 Cyprus Visa not required[72] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Czech Republic Visa not required[73] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Denmark and territories Visa not required[74] 90 days Yes
 Djibouti eVisa[76] 31 days No
 Dominica Visa not required[77] 6 months No
 Dominican Republic Visa not required[78] 90 days No
 Ecuador Visa not required[79] 90 days No
 Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival[80][81] 30 days No
 El Salvador Visa not required[82] 3 months No
 Equatorial Guinea Visa required[83][84] Yes
 Eritrea Visa required[85] Yes
 Estonia Visa not required[86] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Eswatini Visa not required[87] 30 days No
 Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival[88] up to 90 days No
 Fiji Visa not required[91] 4 months No
 Finland Visa not required[92] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 France and territories Visa not required[93] 90 days Yes
 Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival[96] 90 days
  • Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport.[97]
 No
 Gambia Visa not required[98] 90 days No
 Georgia Visa not required[99] 360 days[100] No
 Germany Visa not required[101] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Ghana Visa required[102][103] Yes
 Greece Visa not required[104] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Grenada Visa not required[105] 3 months
  • May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States.
  • Beginning on December 1, 2020, all travellers to Grenada will be required to complete an online application in order to receive a Pure Safe Travel Authorization Certificate to enter Grenada.[106]
 No
 Guatemala Visa not required[107] 90 days No
 Guinea eVisa[108] up to 5 years No
 Guinea-Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival[109] 90 days No
 Guyana Visa not required[110] 3 months No
 Haiti Visa not required[111] 3 months No
 Honduras Visa not required[112] 3 months No
 Hungary Visa not required[113] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries.[114] Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Iceland Visa not required[115] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 India e-Visa[116] 60 days
  • e-Visa holders must arrive via 26 designated airports[Note 1] or 3 designated seaports.[Note 2][117]
  • An Indian e-Tourist Visa can only be obtained twice in one calendar year.
  • Canadians who are or have been Pakistani nationals or have had ancestors who are or have been Pakistani nationals are required to follow a stringent and longer procedure and will be granted a much more restricted visa if at all. [118]
 No
 Indonesia Visa not required[119] 30 days No
 Iran Visa required[120]
  • Canadian citizens, need to travel to Iran with a fully organized tour. Applying for an Iran visa without booking a complete tour from a local travel agency will result in getting rejected by the Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA). [121]
 Yes
 Iraq Visa required[122] 15 days Yes
 Ireland Visa not required[123] 90 days Yes
 Israel Visa not required[124] 3 months
  • Entry refused to anyone who "knowingly issues a public call for boycotting Israel."[125]
 Yes
 Italy Visa not required[126] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Jamaica Visa not required[127] 90 days
  • 90 days (business), 6 months (tourist)
 No
 Japan Visa not required[128] 90 days Yes
 Jordan Visa on arrival[129] No
 Kazakhstan Visa not required[131][132] 30 days No
 Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival[133] 3 months No
 Kiribati Visa not required[134] 30 days No
 North Korea Visa required[135][136]
  • Due to uncertain security issues, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit North Korea.[137]
 Yes
 South Korea Visa not required[138] 6 months Yes
 Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival[139] 3 months No
 Kyrgyzstan Visa not required[140] 60 days No
 Laos eVisa / Visa on arrival[141][142] 30 days
  • Visa on arrival is available at international airports Luangphabang, Pakse, Savannakhet and Vientiane, and at 4 land borders Friendship Bridge,[Note 3] and at 13 border crossings[Note 4] as well as Tanalaeng train station in Vientiane, which connects to the train station in Nongkai, Thailand.[143] Visa on arrival facility will be gradually phased out at various border crossings starting January 2020.[144]
  • eVisa may be used to enter Laos through the following entry points — Wattay International Airport and the First Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge
  • Entry points Lalai, Lantui, Meuang mom, Pakxan, and Phoudou are open only to visa holders.
  • Visa on arrival is extendable up to 60 days.
 No
 Latvia Visa not required[145] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS electronic system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Lebanon Visa on arrival[146] 1 month
  • Extendable for 2 additional months; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal, holding a telephone number, an address in Lebanon, and a non-refundable return or circle trip ticket.
 No
 Lesotho Visa not required[147] No
 Liberia Visa required[148][149] Yes
 Libya Visa required[150][151] Yes
 Liechtenstein Visa not required[152] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Lithuania Visa not required[153] 90 days Yes
 Luxembourg Visa not required[154] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Madagascar eVisa / Visa on arrival[155] 90 days No
 Malawi eVisa / Visa on arrival[156][157] No
 Malaysia Visa not required[158] 3 months No
 Maldives Free visa on arrival[159] 30 days
  • Extendable stay
 No
 Mali Visa required[160][161] Yes
 Malta Visa not required[162] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Marshall Islands Visa on arrival[163] 90 days No
 Mauritania Visa on arrival[164] No
 Mauritius Visa not required[165] 90 days No
 Mexico Visa not required[166] 180 days Yes
 Micronesia Visa not required[167] 30 days No
 Moldova Visa not required[168] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 No
 Monaco Visa not required[169] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period (Monaco does not have a visa policy of its own and the Schengen Visa policy applies)
 Yes
 Mongolia Visa not required[170] 30 days No
 Montenegro Visa not required[171] 90 days No
 Morocco Visa not required[172] 3 months No
 Mozambique Visa on arrival[173] 30 days No
 Myanmar eVisa[175] 28 days No
 Namibia Visa not required[176] 3 months No
 Nauru Visa required[177]
  • Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens.[178]
 Yes
   Nepal Visa on arrival[179] 90 days No
 Netherlands and territories Visa not required[180] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 New Zealand Electronic Travel Authority[181] 3 months
  • May enter using eGate.[182]
  • International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy must be paid upon requesting an Electronic Travel Authority.[183]
  • Holders of an Australian Permanent Resident Visa or Resident Return Visa may be granted a New Zealand Resident Visa on arrival permitting indefinite stay (pursuant to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement), subject to meeting character requirements and obtaining an Electronic Travel Authority prior to departure.[184] Such travelers are not required to pay the International Visitor Conservation and Tourism Levy.[183]
 Yes
 Nicaragua Visa not required[185] 90 days No
 Niger Visa required[186] Yes
 Nigeria Visa required[187][188] Yes
 North Macedonia Visa not required[189] 90 days No
 Norway Visa not required[190] 3 months
  • 3 months within a 6 month period, regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries, but including time spent in other Nordic countries[191][192]
  • Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Oman eVisa[193] 30 days No
 Pakistan Online Visa[194]
  • Online Visa eligible.[195]
  • Electronic Travel Authorization to obtain a visa on arrival for business purposes.[196]
 No
 Palau Free visa on arrival[197] 30 days
  • Extendable stay by twice only with a fee
 No
 Panama Visa not required[198] 180 days No
 Papua New Guinea eVisa / Free visa on arrival[199] 60 days Yes
 Paraguay Visa on arrival[200] 90 days
  • Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travellers. Reciprocity fee of US$150 must be paid upon arrival.[201] Travellers arriving otherwise (e.g. at a land border) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival.
 No
 Peru Visa not required[202] 90 days No
 Philippines Visa not required[203] 30 days No
 Poland Visa not required[204] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Portugal Visa not required[205] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Qatar Visa not required[206] 30 days No
 Romania Visa not required[207] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Russia Visa required[208][209]
  • Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours, who spend each night on board, and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company, do not require a tourist visa.[210]
 Yes
 Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival[211] 30 days No
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required[212] 6 months No
 Saint Lucia Visa not required[213] 6 weeks No
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required[214] 6 months No
 Samoa Free Entry Permit on arrival[215] 60 days Yes
 San Marino Visa not required[216] Yes
 São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required[217] 15 days No
 Saudi Arabia eVisa / Visa on arrival[218][219] 90 days No
 Senegal Visa not required[220] 90 days No
 Serbia Visa not required[221] 90 days No
 Seychelles Free Visitor's Permit on arrival[222] 3 months
  • Extendable up to a year with a fee
 No
 Sierra Leone Visa on arrival[223] No
 Singapore Visa not required[224] 30 days Yes
 Slovakia Visa not required[225] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Slovenia Visa not required[226] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Solomon Islands Free Visitor's permit on arrival[227] 3 months
  • 3 months with any year period
 Yes
 Somalia Visa on arrival[228] No
 South Africa Visa not required[229] 90 days No
 South Sudan Electronic Visa[230]
  • Obtainable online[231]
  • Printed visa authorization must be presented at the time of travel[232]
 No
 Spain Visa not required[233] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival[234] 30 days No
 Sudan Visa required[235][236] Yes
 Suriname E-tourist card[237] 90 days
  • Multiple entry eVisa is also available.[238]
 No
 Sweden Visa not required[239] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
  Switzerland Visa not required[240] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area. Beginning in January 2021, ETIAS system will become mandatory for all Non-EU international travellers.[21][22]
 Yes
 Syria Visa required[241][242]
  • Due to safety concerns, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit Syria.[243]
 Yes
 Tajikistan eVisa[244] 45 days
  • E-visa holders can enter through all border points.[245]
 No
 Tanzania eVisa / Visa on arrival[246][247] 3 months No
 Thailand Visa not required[248] 30 days
  • Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air.
 No
 Timor-Leste Visa on arrival[249] 30 days No
 Togo Visa on arrival[250] 7 days No
 Tonga Free visa on arrival[251] 31 days No
 Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required[252] No
 Tunisia Visa not required[253] 4 months No
 Turkey eVisa[254] 3 months[255]
  • Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa.[256]
 No
 Turkmenistan Visa required[257] Yes
 Tuvalu Visa on arrival[258] 1 month No
 Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival[259] No
 Ukraine Visa not required[261] 90 days
  • 90 days within any 180 day period
 No
 United Arab Emirates Free visa on arrival[262][263][264][265][266] 30 days (multiple)
  • Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge.[267]
 Yes
 United Kingdom Visa not required[268] 6 months
  • Can use ePassport gates starting June 1, 2019 [269]
 Yes
 United States Visa not required[270] 6 months
  • Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay.[270]
  • Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA.[270]
    For frequent travellers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved, low-risk travellers cross the Canada–United States border quickly.[271]
 Yes
 Uruguay Visa not required[272] 3 months No
 Uzbekistan Visa not required[273] 30 days No
 Vanuatu Visa not required[274] 30 days No
  Vatican City Visa not required[275] Yes
 Venezuela Visa required[276]
  • Due to the criminal and political issues, Canadian government advises its citizens not to visit Venezuela.[277]
 Yes
 Vietnam eVisa[278] 30 days No
 Yemen Visa required[279][280] Yes
 Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival[281] 90 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe.
 No
 Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival[282] 90 days
  • Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia.
 No

Dependent, disputed, or restricted territories

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries, and restricted zones:

Africa
Asia
Caribbean and North Atlantic
Europe
Oceania
South America
  • Galápagos — Online pre-registration is required. Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure.[351]
South Atlantic and Antarctica

Consular protection of Canadian citizens abroad
See also: List of diplomatic missions of Canada
Countries that have a Canadian Embassy or High Commission are shown in blue. Canada is shown in green.

Canada has diplomatic and consular offices (including honorary consuls) in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries. In some countries Canadians may receive consular assistance from Australian missions under the Canada–Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement. On the last page of a standard Canadian passport, under "Reach Us", it states "In case of an emergency you can reach us by: contacting the nearest Canadian government office (in countries where there is no Canadian office, you should contact the nearest British or Australian office...".

Non-visa restrictions

Blank passport pages

Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages to be available in the passport being presented, typically one or two pages.[367] Endorsement pages, which often appear after the visa pages, are not counted as being available.

Vaccination
An International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis is required to prove that someone has been vaccinated against yellow fever
Main article: International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis

Many African countries, including Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Sudan, Uganda, and Zambia, require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis, as does the South American territory of French Guiana.[368]

Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area or has visited one recently.[369]

Passport validity length

In the absence of specific bilateral agreements, countries requiring passports to be valid for at least 6 more months on arrival include Afghanistan, Algeria, Anguilla, Bahrain,[370] Bhutan, Botswana, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire, Curaçao, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Gabon, Guinea Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,[371] Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mongolia, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Oman, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tokelau, Tonga, Turkey, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Vanuatu, Venezuela, and Vietnam.[372]

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia.

Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include Albania, Honduras, North Macedonia, Panama, and Senegal.

Countries requiring passports with a validity of at least 3 months beyond the date of intended departure include Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Nauru, Moldova, and New Zealand. Similarly, the EEA countries of Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, all European Union countries (except the Republic of Ireland) together with Switzerland and the United Kingdom also require 3 months validity beyond the date of the bearer's intended departure unless the bearer is an EEA or Swiss national.

Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry.

Countries that require a passport validity of at least one month beyond the date of intended departure include Eritrea, Hong Kong, Lebanon, Macau, the Maldives[373] and South Africa.

Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay. Some countries have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the period of passport validity required for each other's citizens[374][375] or even accept passports that have already expired (but not been cancelled).[376]

Criminal record

Some countries, including Australia, Canada, Fiji, New Zealand and the United States,[377] routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record.

Persona non grata

The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity.[378]

Israeli stamps
Israeli border control Entry Permit (issued as a stand-alone document rather than a stamp affixed in a passport)

Kuwait,[379] Lebanon,[380] Libya,[381] Sudan,[382] Syria,[383] and Yemen[384] do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa, or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt.

To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel, the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel (unless the entry is for some work-related purposes). Since 15 January 2013, Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport. Passports are still (as of 22 June 2017) stamped at Erez when passing into and out of Gaza.

The Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage claims that having an Israeli stamp does not disqualify someone from visiting Saudi Arabia.[385]

Iran refuses admission to holders of passports containing an Israeli visa or stamp that is less than 12 months old.

Armenian ethnicity
Main article: Armenia–Azerbaijan relations
Entry Permit to Nagorno-Karabakh issued in Yerevan as a stand-alone document rather than a visa affixed in a passport

Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the government of Azerbaijan not only bars entry of Armenian citizens, but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent, into the Republic of Azerbaijan.[386][387]

Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh[388] (the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh), its surrounding territories, and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki, Yuxarı Əskipara, Barxudarlı, and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under the control of Armenia, without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan. Foreign citizens who enter these territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan[389] and will be included in their "list of personae non gratae".[390] As of 2 September 2019, the list mentioned 852 people.

Upon request, the authorities of the largely unrecognised Republic of Artsakh may attach their visa and/or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their territory.

Biometrics
See also: Countries applying biometrics
A fingerprint scanner at Dulles International Airport collects biometric data on visitors, which can be used for confirming identities.

Several countries mandate that all travellers, or all foreign travellers, be fingerprinted on arrival and will refuse admission to or even arrest travellers who refuse to comply. In some countries, such as the United States, this may apply even to transit passengers who merely wish to quickly change planes rather than go landside.[391]

Fingerprinting countries include Afghanistan,[392][393] Argentina,[394] Brunei, Cambodia,[395] China,[396] Ethiopia,[397] Ghana, Guinea,[398] India, Japan,[399][400] Kenya (both fingerprints and a photo are taken),[401] Malaysia upon entry and departure,[402] Paraguay, Saudi Arabia,[403] Singapore, South Korea,[404] Taiwan, Thailand,[405] Uganda[406] and the United States.

Many countries also require a photo be taken of people entering the country. The United States, which does not fully implement exit control formalities at its land frontiers (although long mandated by its legislature),[407] [408] [409] intends to implement facial recognition for passengers departing from international airports to identify people who overstay their visa.[410]

Together with fingerprint and face recognition, iris scanning is one of three biometric identification technologies internationally standardised since 2006 by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) for use in e-passports[411] and the United Arab Emirates conducts iris scanning on visitors who need to apply for a visa.[412][413] The United States Department of Homeland Security has announced plans to greatly increase the biometric data it collects at US borders.[414] In 2018, Singapore began trials of iris scanning at three land and maritime immigration checkpoints.[415][416]

Visa requirements amendment log

Visa requirements for Canadian citizens were lifted by Austria in 1956,[417] Finland in 1958,[417] Japan (20 September 1964),[418] Micronesia (18 December 1980),[419] Taiwan (1 January 1994),[420] Ukraine (1 August 2005),[421] Kyrgyzstan (27 July 2012),[422] Mongolia (1 January 2014), Kazakhstan (1 January 2017), Argentina (1 January 2018),[423] Armenia (10 July 2018),[424][425][426][427] and Brazil (17 June 2019).[428]

Canadian citizens were made eligible for eVisas by India (1 May 2015),[429] Brazil (25 January 2018, visa free since 17 June 2019)[430] and Angola (30 March 2018).[431]

Foreign travel statistics

According to the statistics these are the numbers of Canadian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 (unless otherwise noted):

  1. Data for 2016
  2. Data for 2017
  3. Data for 2014
  4. Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments.
  5. Data for 2013
  6. Data for 2011
  7. Data for arrivals by air only.
  8. Data for 2012
  9. Excluding one-day visits
  10. Data for 2010
  11. Data for 2007
  12. Data for 2009
  13. Total number includes tourists, business travelers, students, exchange visitors, temporary workers and families, diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions (I-94).

See also

Notes
    • Vientiane
    • Savannakhet
    • Khammuan
    • Bokeo
    • Panghok - Taichang (Vietnam)
    • Samliemkham - (Thailand and Myanmar)
    • Nonghaed - Nam kanh (Vietnam)
    • Nam phao - Cau treo (Vietnam)
    • Na pao - Cha lo (Vietnam)
    • Daensavan - Lao bao (Vietnam)
    • Veunkham - Nong nok khian (Cambodia)
    • Vang tao - Chongmek (Thailand)
    • Boten - Bo han (China)
    • Nam ngeun - Huay konl (Thailand)
    • Namheuang - Nakaseng (Thailand)
    • Nam soy - Na meo (Vietnam)
    • Phoukeua - Kontoum (Vietnam)

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