List of unused railways

This is a list of unused railways, comprising railways and rail infrastructure on which some construction work took place but which were never used for revenue traffic as intended:

Railways not operated

These are projects which failed completely, receiving no revenue traffic.

Australia

Canada

Newfoundland
  • Newfoundland Railway - branch lines from Northern Bight to Terranceville and from Deer Lake to Bonne Bay were abandoned uncompleted at the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.[1]
Nova Scotia
  • Blomidon Railway - began work to build a line from Wolfville to Cape Split in 1911, but ceased on the outbreak of the First World War in 1914.[2]
  • Chignecto Ship Railway - a portage railway was begun across the Isthmus of Chignecto in 1888, in lieu of a ship canal. Ships were to be pulled along it in cradles. The work was abandoned uncompleted in 1891.
Ontario

Eritrea

  • Eritrean Railway, Teseney Line - extension from Bishia to Teseney begun 1932 was never finished, although later projected to Kassala, Sudan in 1940 after that area was briefly occupied by the Italians.

France

Greece

  • Thessaloniki to Tsagezi Line - less than 5% of about 150 km completed, work abandoned owing to World War II (1940).

Ireland

Italy

Because much of the Italian railway network was promoted and paid for by government authority, the abandonment of uncompleted lines often had a political dimension.

  • Emilia-Romagna:
  • Friuli:
    • A small network of electric lines in progress between the world wars, but none of it was completed:
      • Ferrovia Bertiolo-Palmanova-Savogna[18] - line between Bertiolo and existing station at Savogna d'Isonzo. Stations: Talmassons, Castions di Strada (junction with Ferrovia Udine-Castions di Strada), Gonars, Palmanova (already open, proposed junction), Jalmicco-San Vito al Torre, Medea, Mariano-Romans and Farra-Gradisca Provesano.
      • Ferrovia Teglio Veneto-Bertiolo-Udine[19] - line between existing stations at Teglio Veneto and Udine. Stations: Teglio-Suzzolins, Morsano al Tagliamento, Madrisio, Varmo-Rivignano, Bertiolo (junction with Ferrovia Bertiolo-Palmanova-Savogna), Sclaunicco, Pozzuolo del Friuli and Campoformido.
      • Ferrovia Udine-Castions di Strada[20] - line from Udine to Castions di Strada. Stations: Pozzuolo del Friuli and Mortegliano.
    • Ferrovia Cormons-Redipuglia[21] - A freight bypass line for Gorizia but a passenger service was intended from Cormons to Redipuglia, with stations at Mariano del Friuli and Gradisca Borgo Trevisan. Work began 1949, and was abandoned 1989.
    • Ferrovia Udine-Majano[22] - a line from Udine to Majano, begun 1914 and abandoned 1932. Stations: Colugna-Rizzi, Feletto Umberto, Pagnacco, Fontanabona, Colloredo di Monte Albano, Vendoglio, Treppo, Buja and Avilla-Santo Stefano.
  • Piedmont:
    • Ferrovia Bivio Orba-Cantalupo-Felizzano - a suburban line for Alessandria, begun 1939 from Felizzano to Cantalupo and diverging to Bivio Orba and Alessandria Smistamento, abandoned unfinished 1966.[23]
  • Rome:
    • Cintura Nord[24] - an attempt to provide Rome with a northern orbital railway, running from Roma San Pietro railway station to Roma Nomentana railway station. Work was in progress between 1913 and 1931. Stations were to have been at Prati di Castello, Ponte Milvio and Salario.
  • Sicily:
    • Ferriovia Bronte-Cuccovia[25] - line from Bronte to an obscure location called Cuccovia.
    • Ferrovia Caltanissetta-Misteci - an unfinished mineral branch of 5 km, from Caltanissetta south to Misteci, work abandoned 1927 when the mine was closed.[26][27]
    • Ferrovia Canicattì-Caltagirone[28] - narrow gauge from Canicatti to San Michele di Ganzaria to serve sulphur mines, work was done on the portion to Riesi but from there to San Michele no construction was undertaken. Work had begun in 1906, and was only formally abandoned in the Fifties.
    • Ferrovia Leonforte-Nicosia[29] - a narrow gauge railway from Leonforte to the small cathedral city of Nicosia was under construction between 1921 and 1929, and was almost finished when abandoned. Station buildings exist for Bivio Paternò, Rocca Vutura, Villadoro, Sperlinga (request stop) and the terminus at Nicosia.
    • Ferrovia Palermo-Salaparuta[30] - a narrow gauge line from Palermo to Salaparuta via Monreale, begun 1926 and effectively abandoned (although not officially) in the early Fifties. Construction work beyond Camporeale did not begin.
    • Ferrovia Salemi-Kaggera[31] - narrow gauge from Salemi to Kaggera (now known as Calatafimi-Segesta with stations at Salemi-Città, Vita and Calatafimi-Città. Work abandoned 1921.
    • Ferrovia Santo Stefano di Camastra-Reitano-Mistretta[32] - a narrow gauge line begun from Santo Stefano di Camastra to Mistretta via Reitano. Construction took place in the 1920s.

Mexico

  • Peninsular Railway of Lower California - the Mexican Land and Colonization Company was a British firm which obtained a concession to settle English wheat farmers in Baja California, and which began the enterprise in 1891 with a base at San Quintin. Baja California is semi-desert, and the venture was a disaster. A network of railroads had been planned, and a start made on a line from San Quintin to Ensenada and Tijuana. 27 km (17 miles) of this was finished,[33] ending at a place called San Ramón.[34]

United Kingdom

United States

The railroad history of the United States is marked by many companies which began construction work but never completed any of it. For example, the Panic of 1873 interrupted the construction of a number of railroads, several of which were never resumed. The published evidence for these abortive railroads is poor, and available citations are often lacking.

Alabama

Alaska

Arizona

  • American-Mexican Pacific Railway - incorporated 1905 to build a 2000-mile (3200 km) system of trunk lines west from Phoenix to Los Angeles and San Diego, and south-east into Mexico via Florence, Tucson and Nogales with a branch from Canoa south of Tucson to Naco.[60] Began work on the line from Phoenix to Naco but opened nothing. Some of the routes were later occupied by Southern Pacific Railroad lines.[61]
  • Arizona Narrow Gauge Railroad - began construction of a line from Tucson to Globe in 1882, built 10 miles to Magee Road, graded another 20 miles, never operated despite re-incorporating as the Tucson, Globe and Northern Railroad in 1887.[62]

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

  • Delaware Electric Traction - began 1900 on a line from Smyrna via Leipsic to Dover and Milford with a branch to Woodland Beach. Abandoned when almost finished 1906, after having bought ten passenger cars for operation.[81]

Georgia

  • Gainesville and Dahlonega Railroad - began a narrow gauge line between Gainesville and Dahlonega, Georgia in 1878, became the Gainesville and Dahlonega Electric Railway in 1905 and went bankrupt in 1909. Completed the line to the Chattahoochee River and left earthworks northwards, but never ran a public service.[82][83]

Illinois

Indiana

This state had a high number of interurban electric railway proposals, many of which began construction.[89]

Kansas

Louisiana

Maryland

  • Elkton and Middletown Railroad - 1895 attempt by the Pennsylvania Railroad to give its Delmarva Peninsula lines better access from the Washington direction with a cut-off from Elkton to Middletown. The company had a monopoly on the peninsula, and decided that it couldn't be bothered to short-haul itself. Only a half-mile spur at Elkton was built.[105]

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

New Jersey

New Mexico

  • Albuquerque Eastern Railway - began 1909 on a line from Albuquerque through the Tijeras Canyon to Moriarty with a branch to coal mines at Hagan. Work was abandoned unfinished.[119] Hagan did obtain a railroad, the Rio Grande Eastern Railroad, but that arrived from the north-west.[120]
  • Northern New Mexico and Gulf Railroad - 1905 began construction between Española and Abiquiu. Proposed to the north-west corner of the state.[121]
  • Santa Fe, Liberal and Englewood Railroad - promoted by mine owners at Raton, New Mexico, 1907, to run from the Santa Fe, Raton and Des Moines Railroad at Des Moines to Woodward, Oklahoma via Liberal, Kansas and Englewood, Kansas. This was partly graded in 1907.[122] In 1914 it had 0.75 miles (1.2 km) of track, and in 1920 it was abandoned.[123]

New York

New York State is a hot-spot for unfinished railroads.[124]

North Carolina

Ohio

  • Cincinnati and Dayton Short Line Railroad - 1852 began a direct line between Cincinnati and Dayton, via the Deer Creek Tunnel under Walnut Hills. The incomplete tunnel was abandoned 1855, although another attempt was made in 1872 by the Cincinnati Railway Tunnel Company.[164]
  • Cincinnati Subway - the city of Cincinnati began the construction of an underground rapid transit line in 1916, but this was abandoned unfinished in 1929 after available funds ran out.[165]
  • Cincinnati Western Railroad - began 1854 to build a line to New Castle, Ohio. Abandoned works are traceable near Cincinnati, including a tunnel under Roll Hill.[166]
  • Clinton Air Line - chartered 1854 to build a line from New York to Omaha, based at Hudson. Grading was effected in places on the route in Ohio between Kinsman[167] via Hudson to Fostoria through New London and Republic.[168]

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

South Dakota

  • Forest City and Western Railroad - 1883 graded between Forest City and Hoven on its proposed line from the former place to Bowdle.[205]

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

  • Burlington and Hinesburg Railroad - 1890 began a steam road from Burlington to Hinesburg. Was still incomplete in 1903, when it became the Burlington and Southeastern Railway. This proposed to electrify as an interurban, and extend to Windsor. Abandoned 1905 with grading to Hinesburg completed and four miles (6.5 km) of track laid.[255][256]

Virginia

Washington State

West Virginia

Wisconsin

  • Bayfield, Lake Shore and Western Railroad - 1905 consolidated several tiny railroad companies operating around Bayfield and began a line from Racket Creek to Superior via Cornucopia. Only graded to the latter place, and laid some track. The railroad history of Bayfield is extremely complicated.[263]

Changed plans leaving unfinished works

The following projects had their aims altered when under construction, with work in hand being abandoned as a result.

Australia

Canada

United Kingdom

  • Louth and Lincoln Railway - began 1866 on a direct line from Louth to Lincoln, reaching the latter place via a junction with the Great Northern Railway at Five Mile House. The western terminus was changed to Bardney, with a junction facing away from Lincoln. This was to save some money, but the proposed Louth-Lincoln service was abandoned in favour of accessing iron ore deposits that proved uneconomic to exploit.
  • London Underground, Fleet Line - A section of what is now called the Jubilee line between Charing Cross and Aldwych was constructed with the first phase of the line in the 1970s along the planned route for phase 2 to the City of London. Phase 2 was cancelled and when the line was eventually extended, the route followed a more southerly route from Green Park. A short section of tunnel was also constructed to test construction techniques near New Cross on what would have been phase 3 of the Jubilee line; this has never been used.[264]
  • Manchester and Milford Railway - The company changed its northern terminus from Llanidloes to Aberystwyth. Llanidloes to Strata Florida, with a heavily engineered summit section, was abandoned as being too expensive to complete, including a 2.2 km tunnel and a long high viaduct over the Afon Ystwyth at Pont Rhyd-y-groes. The portion from Llanidloes to Llangurig was briefly opened as the Llangurig branch, and there are traces of works on both of the Myherin Tunnel portals at Blaen Myherin and Cae Gaer Roman fort. There is also evidence on maps between Llangurig and a point 2 km west at Pont Aberbidno where it would have crossed to the south side of the A44. The line would have travelled via the Afon Merin valley to Devil's Bridge before heading south to Strata Florida. The M&MR completed the rail link from Carmarthen to the north by diverting the line at Strata Florida to Aberystwyth.[265]
  • Oxford and Rugby Railway - intended to run from Oxford to Rugby when begun in 1845. Bought by Great Western Railway, which joined it with the Birmingham and Oxford Junction Railway to create a main line to Birmingham. Abandoned earthworks for the original route diverge from the line at Bishop's Itchington.

United States

Massachusetts
Missouri
New York
Texas
  • Panhandle and Gulf Railway - 1899 set out to build a line from Sweetwater to Laredo via San Angelo, with the hope of going on to the Mexican Pacific coast at Topolobampo. Taken over 1900 by the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway which had the same idea. Began extending north to around Quanah, but the KCMO revised its proposed route and the 15 miles (24 km) completed from Sweetwater north-east to Sylvester as well as a 7 mile (11 km) stub running south-east were abandoned.[267]

Railways partly operated (original intentions unfulfilled)

These projects were partial failures, with work on uncompleted portions being abandoned.

Australia

Canada

Alberta
British Columbia
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Ontario
Quebec

Haiti

Honduras

  • Ferrocarril Nacional de Honduras - work on an interoceanic railway from Puerto Cortés to La Brea was begun in 1869, but never got beyond Potrerillos despite several attempts.[286]

Italy

  • Ferrovia Subappennina Italica[287] - a major main line railway project, intending to provide an alternative inland route to the coastal main line between Rimini and Ancona. It was to run from Santarcangelo di Romagna to Fabriano, was begun in 1894 but the project was terminated in 1933. The section between Urbino and Fabriano was completed and opened. That between Santarcangelo and San Leo was abandoned incomplete, with stations at Poggio Berni, Verucchio and Pietracuta (the last two and part of the route then being used for a different successful railway project). From San Leo to Auditore no work was done. From Auditore to Urbino construction was also abandoned, with stations at Schieti and Trasanni.

Mexico

Russia

  • Salekhard–Igarka Railway (Трансполярная магистраль or Transpolar Mainline) was a Soviet Union infrastructure project under construction as part of the Gulag from 1947 to 1953. Some portions were completed, either entering operation or being abandoned and awaiting rebuilding.

Spain

  • Ferrocarril Lledia-La Pobla is the completed part of a major international railway project to build a railway over the Pyrenees from Lleida to Saint-Girons in France with a tunnel under the Port de Salau. The scheme received final approval in 1907, and the line Balaguer was opened in 1924. Work on the Spanish side then slowed, and opening to La Pobla de Segur was in 1954. The Spanish government then announced that it was abandoning further work.
  • Ferrocarril Santander - Mediterráneo[291] - begun in 1925 to connect the ports of Santander and Valencia with a new line from the former to a junction at Calatayud with the Ferrocarril Central de Aragón. The line from Calatayud to Cidad-Dosante south of Salamanca was finished and opened in 1930. Construction continued on the unfinished portion to the latter city until abandonment in 1959. This had to cross the Cantabrian Mountains, and the Engaña Tunnel would have been the longest railway tunnel in Spain.

Turkey

  • İzmir–Eğirdir railway - was intended to reach Konya, but work beyond Eğirdir was stopped at the outbreak of the First World War and never resumed. The line from Bozanönü to Eğirdir was abandoned 2003.

United Kingdom

United States

American lumber companies could have a sense of humor when naming their railroads. Titles such as Atlanta, Skeetercloud and Gulf are not, on their own, reliable indicators of unfinished projects.

Alabama

  • Birmingham and Gulf Railway and Navigation - the Black Warrior River was made navigable to Tuscaloosa in the 1890s, and in response this company bought the city's streetcar system in 1907 with the intention of using it to switch freight from riverboats and of extending to Birmingham as an electric passenger and freight line. The scheme collapsed in 1912, and the city lost its streetcars.[298]
  • Birmingham, Laney and Piedmont Railroad - began a line from Laney (south-east of Gadsden) east to Piedmont in 1892, but abandoned in 1895.[299][300]
  • Cullman Coal and Coke Company - attempted to build a public railroad from Cullman to Bremen 1911-17 but only completed six miles which were leased to a private lumber company.[301][302]
  • Montgomery and Southern Railway - began 1880 to build a narrow-gauge line south from Montgomery to the Gulf coast, but only got as far as Luverne by 1889. This town grew around the terminus.
  • Tennessee River, Ashville and Coosa Railroad - began in 1890 to build from Anniston to Sheffield, 189 miles (304 km). Completed a spur of 6 miles (9.5 km) from Whitney to Ashville but failed and the track had been scavenged by 1900.[303][304]

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Florida

  • Tampa and Jacksonville Railroad - in 1906 took over the Gainesville and Gulf Railroad from Sampson City through Gainesville to Micanopy as part of a proposed main line from Jacksonville to Tampa, but only completed a dead-end extension to Emathla.[326]
  • Pensacola, Mobile and New Orleans Railroad - begun in 1907 to build a direct link between Pensacola and Mobile with terminal facilities for the trunk line railroads using the two ports. Only built from Pensacola to a dead-end location called Pemona AL, and operated as a logging railroad. Became the Gulf Ports Terminal Railway in 1917. This is quoted as an example of a publicly expressed proposal being possibly fraudulent, to mislead investors.[327]
  • South Florida and Gulf Railway - graded 1914 from Kenansville to Basinger, and laid tracks to Prairie Ridge. This was part of an attempt to bring the area into cultivation, but it comprises fossil sand dunes and the railroad was scrapped in 1918.[328][329]
  • Tallahassee, Perry and Southeastern Railroad - built from Tallahassee through Covington to Waylonzo, and graded to Perry before abandoning work in 1907.[330]

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

  • Kent County Railroad - began a dead-end line from Massey to Chestertown in 1870, and made two abortive attempts to reach the Chesapeake Bay. The original terminus was to have been Rock Hall from Worton, begun by the Bay Extension Railroad 1872 but only completed as a stub to a place called Belair, Fairlee, Parsons or Nicholson. There is evidence for a second stub from Chestertown, and possibly two stub termini (Nicholson was the northern one) with a triangular layout if the project had completed.[374] In 1873, the projected terminus was altered to Tolchester Beach from Nicholson, and this route was graded and a steamer pier begun by the Smyrna and Delaware Bay Railroad before the second abandonment the same year.[375]
  • Washington, Brandywine and Point Lookout Railroad - it and its predecessors only built from Brandywine to Mechanicsville, although much of the route to Point Lookout was later used by the US Navy line to Patuxent. Also graded a stub in east Washington, the East Washington Railroad. appropriated illegally by the Chesapeake Beach Railway and later a short line in its own right.

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

New Jersey

New Mexico

  • Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway - Colmor Cutoff was begun 1930 from Felt, Oklahoma, the terminus of a line from Dodge City, Kansas to Colmor (north of Wagon Mound) via Mount Dora. This was to have been part of the company's transcontinental route. Only finished a stub from Mount Dora to Farley, and the rest was abandoned unfinished.[402]
  • Santa Fe, Raton and Des Moines Railroad - began 1906 on a line from mines at Carisbrooke east of Raton to Des Moines via Cunningham on the St. Louis, Rocky Mountain and Pacific Railway. The line from Cunningham to Des Moines was ready for rails when work was abandoned. This would have linked to the failed Santa Fe, Liberal and Englewood Railroad scheme.[403]
  • St Louis, Rocky Mountain and Pacific Railroad - 1907 did some work on an extension from its terminus at Ute Park to Taos, including a tunnel at Eagle Nest Lake.[404]

New York

North Carolina

  • Appalachian Interurban Railway - 1905 proposed an electric interurban from Hendersonville to Asheville,[422] and in the following year also from Hendersonville to Rutherfordton via Chimney Rock.[423] Opened a horsecar line from Laurel Park to Rainbow Lake as the first part of the former.[424] The equipment was three cars and three horses named Appalachian, Electric and Interurban. Taken over by the local streetcar company, Henderson Traction (which used battery cars), in 1912.[425][426]
  • Asheville and Northern Railway - 1905 projected as a steam road from Asheville north-eastwards via Weaverville, Mars Hill, Faust and English to the Tennessee border and a connection with the Clinchfield Railroad beyond.[427] Affiliated with the Asheville and Craggy Mountain Railroad.[428] Morphed into a small electric interurban to Weaverville, the Asheville and Eastern Tennessee Railroad, which got no further.[429]
  • Blue Ridge and Atlantic Railroad - 1888 bought a pre-existing railroad from Cornelia, Georgia to Tallulah Falls, Georgia in order to extend it to Maryville, Tennessee and create a low-level trunk route from Knoxville, Tennessee to Savannah, Georgia. Failed, but its successor the Tallulah Falls Railway built on its grade to Franklin.
  • Carolina and Northeastern Railroad - formed 1917 and opened a line from Gummberry near Weldon to Lasker. Lasker to Ahoskie was never completed.[430]
  • Carolina and Tennessee Southern Railroad - 1915 intended to connect with the Tennessee and Carolina Southern Railroad through the Deals Gap, but only got to Fontana from Bushnell.[431] This was the last of several attempts at this low-level route from Knoxville to Savannah. See Blue Ridge and Atlantic Railroad above.[432]

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

  • Denver, Wichita and Memphis Railway - operated 1905 to 1910,[458] a 14 mile (22.5 km) stub[459] running south-east of Catoosa.[460]
  • Oklahoma, New Mexico and Pacific Railway - 1913 began a line from Ardmore to Lawton but only opened to Ringling. Incorporated a subsidiary, the Ringling and Oilfields Railway to build to Oklahoma City 1916, which opened a short stub to Healdton.[461]
  • Oklahoma-Southwestern Railway - 1920 began a line from Bristow to Okmulgee but only completed to Nuyaka.[462]

Oregon

Pennsylvania

South Carolina

South Dakota

[481]

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Virginia

Washington State

West Virginia

  • Parkersburg and Ohio Valley Electric Railway - began 1903 to build a major electric interurban between Wheeling and Parkersburg. Opened five miles (8 km) between Sistersville and Friendly. The latter place was claimed as one of the smallest settlements in the USA with a dedicated interurban service, since it only had 217 residents at the time.[535]

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Military railway facilities

The following abortive projects were intended for the use of armed forces.

Australia

  • During World War II a number of extra crossing loops were built between Werris Creek and Wallangarra, but were not brought into use.
  • During World War II triangle junctions were built at Griffith, Stockinbingal, which were removed soon after the war. A triangle at Goobang Junction near Parkes from west to south was only partly built. It was finally completed around 2000.

Germany

  • Strategic Railway Embankment - The German government ordered the construction of a dedicated military railway in 1904, running from the Ruhr towards the western border of Germany. This was solely in order to enable the rapid deployment of troops. The project was never completed.

Construction interrupted for decades

The following projects were completed long after initial abandonment.

Australia

Mexico

  • Ferrocarril Kansas City, Mexico y Oriente - this Mexican subsidiary of the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway was to have been part of a trunk line from Kansas City to the Pacific port of Topolobampo. When the company went bankrupt in 1912 it had built three separate sections between Topolobampo and Presidio, Texas: Pacific Division between Topolobampo and El Fuerte, Mountain Division between Sánchez and Miñaca and Chihuahua Division between Chihuahua City and Marquéz. El Fuerte to Sánchez only opened in 1961 as part of the Ferrocarril Chihuahua al Pacífico, and Marquéz to Presidio opened in 1930.[539]

United Kingdom

Unused infrastructure improvements

The following projects resulted in abortive improvements to existing railways.

Australia

United Kingdom

Germany

  • Freilassing–Berchtesgaden railway - Work was suspended on double-tracking in 1938, and part of line left with work uncompleted was abandoned and replaced with a bus service.

United Kingdom

Failed motive power systems

Work was done on prototypes of the following newly invented motive power systems, which proved to be failures by either not entering commercial operation at all or needing speedy abandonment once installed.

France

  • Aérotrain - a hover monorail system was developed between 1965 and 1977 by Jean Bertin. Four experimental tracks (one in the USA) and five prototypes were built before abandonment.

Germany

  • Scherl Monorail - the German publisher August Scherl arranged a one-day demonstration of a Gyro monorail at the Berlin Zoological Garden on 10 November 1909. The small railcar stayed on one rail owing to the conservation of angular momentum supplied by two heavy horizontal flywheels rotating in opposite directions. No investor interest was forthcoming. See Shilovsky Monorail and Brennan Monorail below.

Russia

  • Shilovsky Monorail - the Russian aristocrat Pyotr Shilovsky was developing his gyro transit system after 1910, both for road vehicles in England and for monorail in Russia. For a gyrocar his system was dangerous because it involved only one flywheel, and so vehicles were unstable on bends. A gyro monorail railway project was begun in 1922 by the nascent Soviet Union between St Petersburg and Tsarskoye Selo, but funding was pulled after construction began.

United Kingdom

  • Atmospheric Railway - the Samuda and Clegg System was developed from 1838 and initially used by the London and Croydon Railway snd the South Devon Railway Company. It involved an iron pipe containing a piston attached by a rod to the train, which was pulled along by pumping the air out of the pipe in front of the piston. This was a materials technology failure, since the continuous valve containing the piston rod was sealed by leather which quickly perished. Also used on the Dalkey Atmospheric Railway in Ireland, and the Paris to Saint-Germain Railway in France.
  • Bennie Railplane - George Bennie opened a short prototype demonstration line of his elevated monorail system in 1930, at Milngavie in Scotland. The individual cars hung on a single rail, with guide rails underneath. The propulsion was by propeller, hence the name. The idea was to build lines above conventional railways, and use them for fast passenger traffic. The idea attracted no investment, and Bennie went bankrupt in 1937.
  • Behr Monorail - Fritz Behr developed the successful Lartigue Monorail system to create a high-speed electric monorail, which he demonstrated as a full-scale model at the Brussels International Exposition (1897). As a result, the Manchester and Liverpool Electric Express Railway was authorised in 1901 to run between the two cities via Eccles and Warrington. Only minor preliminary work was done, as Behr could not attract funding.[540][541]
  • Brennan Monorail - Louis Brennan patented his monorail system in 1903. This was a gyro monorail, whereby the train stayed on one rail owing to the conservation of angular momentum supplied by a pair of heavy vertical flywheels, rotating in opposite directions. He demonstrated a full-sized model at the Japan–British Exhibition of 1910, and photos taken of the two trains were widely circulated. He failed to attract backers, and abandoned work.
  • Great Eastern Railway, Decapod - the GER did not have the funds to electrify its London suburban lines at the start of the 20th century, so instructed its motive power department to create a steam engine (locomotive) that could match the speed and acceleration of an electric train and so take charge of these services. The result was a ten-wheel (0-5-0) monster. Unfortunately the permanent way department was not consulted, and the engine was too heavy for both track and bridges. Only the prototype was built, and hauled no revenue train before being rebuilt for goods (freight) service.
  • Kearney High-Speed Tube - Elfric Wells Chalmers Kearney promoted his monorail underground rapid transit system from 1905 to the 1940s in Britain and elsewhere, but only a single prototype passenger car was built.
  • Rammell Pneumatic Railway - Thomas Webster Rammell was the engineer for the London Pneumatic Despatch Company, which involved cars being pushed along underground tubes by stationary air pumps. He demonstrated a passenger version at Crystal Palace in 1864, as a prototype subway system. This involved a carriage in a large tube with a ring of bristles at one end forming a seal, being moved back and forth by alternately pumping in and extracting the air in the tube. The system was taken up by the failed Waterloo and Whitehall Railway.
  • Ro-Railer - in 1931 the Karrier Company built an experimental single-decker bus with a wheel arrangement that allowed it to run both on roads and on rails. The wheels needed to be adjusted when transferring from one to the other.[542] It ran a brief scheduled London, Midland and Scottish Railway service in 1932 from Blisworth railway station to Stratford Old Town railway station over the former Stratford-upon-Avon and Midland Junction Railway, then by road to the Welcombe Hotel. The service was abandoned after a few weeks when an axle broke.

United States

  • Beach Pneumatic Transit - this was the first attempt to build an underground public transit system in New York City. The system was developed by Alfred Ely Beach in 1869, and a short demonstration subway line running on pneumatic power was opened in 1870. It was abandoned in 1873. The independently developed Rammell Pneumatic Railway (see above) in England was very similar.
  • Boynton Bicycle Railroad - after a successful demonstration under steam of this monorail system at Coney Island, in 1894 a demonstration electric line was built between Bellport and East Patchogue as the first section of a proposed suburban system on Long Island. Nothing further was achieved.[543]
  • Centennial Monorail - this was similar to the relatively successful Lartigue Monorail system, but independently developed in the US. The inventor Roy Stone demonstrated it at the Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, which was held in Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.[544] The system was used for the Bradford and Foster Brook Railway, opened 1878 and abandoned in a year after a train wreck and boiler explosion.
  • Macke's Three-Rail System - this three-rail elevated urban rapid transit system was proposed for Boston between 1888 and 1891, and discussed by the Massachusetts state legislature. Unlike its competitor the Meigs system (see below), no demonstration line was built. It features two load-bearing rails and a third traction rail in a gully between the two, with vertical driving wheels attached to the rail by wrap-round flanges.[545]
  • Meigs Elevated Railway - this elevated steam-powered urban rapid transit system is often described as a monorail but was technically pre-electric third rail. It was invented in by Josiah Vincent Meigs (also known as Joe Meigs or Joe Vincent Meigs), of Lowell, Massachusetts, and was demonstrated on a short experimental line in a suburb of Boston called East Cambridge from 1886 to 1894.[546]
  • Miami and Erie Transportation Company - the Miami and Erie Canal ran from ran from Cincinnati to Toledo, Ohio, and like all canals in the 19th century relied on horses and mules to tow the boats. The idea was floated to replace the animals with electric locomotives, running on rails laid on the towpath (Electric Mules). Rails were laid from Cincinnati through Dayton by 1904. The idea failed in general because of the new availability of internal combustion engines to power boats, and specifically because the canal was already moribund.[547]
  • Tunis Monorail - the inventor Howard Hansel Tunis demonstrated his monorail system the Jamestown (Virginia) exposition of 1907, and this was used for the Pelham Park and City Island Railway which was a New York suburban transit line. The monorail had s single ground rail, and two elevated guide rails. It ran from 1910 to 1914, and was then replaced by conventional streetcars.

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