List of place names of Native American origin in the United States

Many places throughout the United States of America take their names from the languages of the indigenous Native American/American Indian tribes. The following list includes settlements, geographic features, and political subdivisions whose names are derived from these languages.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

State names
Main article: List of U.S. state name etymologies

Alabama
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in Alabama
  • Wetumpka- Is an Alabamu tribal name, referring to both a traditional Alabamu Indian village and the band of people who lived there. Although the villagers were Alabamu Indians, "Wetumpka" was not their own word for themselves-- it was the name given to the village by the neighboring Creek tribe. Wetumhka (also spelled Wetumka, Wetumhkv, We-wau-tum-cau, and a variety of other ways) means "tumbling water" in Creek, and refers to a waterfall near the village site.

Alaska

Arizona

Arkansas

Solgohachia (pronounced saw-guh-HATCH-ee [1]) is an unincorporated community in Conway County, Arkansas, United States, about 10 miles (16 km) north of Morrilton on state highway 9 and Highway 287. The name is from the Choctaw word Sok-ko-huch-cha, meaning "muscadine river" (Cushman, p. 603).

California
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in California

Colorado

Connecticut
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
  • Housatonic River From the Mohican phrase "usi-a-di-en-uk", translated as "beyond the mountain place"
  • Niantic River and Niantic village – For the Niantic tribe, called the Nehântick or Nehantucket in their own language
  • Quinnipiac River – From an Algonquian phrase for "long water land".
  • Hammonasset Beach - for the Hammonassett tribe of Eastern Woodland Indians, one of five tribes that inhabited the shoreline area of Connecticut. The Indian word “Hammonassett” means “where we dig holes in the ground,” a reference to the tribe's agricultural way of life.

Delaware

District of Columbia

Florida


Georgia
  • Cherokee County
  • Coweta County
  • Dahlonega
  • Muscogee County
  • Seminole County
  • Toccoa
  • Cataula - a small community on US 27 in Harris county where 20th century guitar virtuoso Chet Adkins was born.
  • Upatoi - a creek that runs between Muscogee and Chattahoochee counties in west-central Georgia.
  • Chattahoochee River - a major tributary of the Apalachicola River that makes up the southern half of the Alabama-Georgia border.
  • Nankipooh - once a whistle stop on the Central of Georgia railroads "R" branch, it is now a suburb of Columbus, GA
  • Ochillie - a creek that flows northwest through Chattahoochee county, within the boundaries of the Fort Benning military reservation, and into Upatoi creek.
  • Schatulga - a small community in western Columbus, GA/Muscogee county.
  • Weracoba - a creek and city park in Columbus, GA

Idaho

Illinois

Communities

Counties and Townships

Lakes and Rivers

Protected areas

Names from fiction

Indiana
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in Indiana

Iowa

Kansas
  • Topeka – from Kansa dóppikʔe, "a good place to dig wild potatoes".
  • Wichita – Wichita (/ˈwɪtʃɪtɔː/ WITCH-i-taw) disputed; from Choctaw, "Big Arbor".Osage, "Scattered Lodges". Kiowa, "Tattooed Faces". Creek, "Barking Water".
  • Osawatomie- Osawatomie's name is a compound of two primary Native American Indian tribes from the area, the Osage and Pottawatomie.
  • Ottawa- Ottawa Tribe of is one of four federally recognized Native American tribes of Odawa people in the United States.
  • Tonganoxie- derives its name from a member of the Delaware tribe that once occupied land in what is now Leavenworth County and western Wyandotte County.
  • Shawnee- The Shawnee Tribe is a federally recognized Native American tribe.
  • Osage City- The Osage Nation (English pronunciation: /ˈoʊseɪdʒ/ OH-sayj) (Ni-u-kon-ska, “People of the Middle Waters”) is a Midwestern Native American tribe

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

Maryland
Main article: List of place names in Maryland of Native American origin

Massachusetts
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin
  • Housatonic River From the Mohican phrase "usi-a-di-en-uk", translated as "beyond the mountain place"

Michigan
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in Michigan

Minnesota

Political units

The following are state, county, townships, cities, towns, villages and major city neighborhoods of Minnesota with placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas.

Water bodies

Landforms

Mississippi

Counties

Municipalities & Unincorporated Communities

Geographic Features

Missouri

Montana
  • Belly River - The name of the river may come from the Blackfoot word mokowan of mokoan, meaning 'stomach'. The river was previously referred to as Mokowan River.[1] Its Gros Ventre name also means 'belly river'.[101]

Nebraska
Main article: List of place names in Nebraska of Native American origin

Nevada

Reno Washoe County Tonapah Tahoe Goshute Winnemucca Ely

Panaca the name "Panaca" comes from the Southern Paiute word Pan-nuk-ker, which means "metal, money, wealth".

New Jersey
Main article: List of place names in New Jersey of aboriginal origin

New Hampshire
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

New Mexico
  • Jemez Springs, New Mexico - Named for the nearby Pueblo of Jemez
  • Nambe, New Mexico - Tewa: Nambe Owingeh [nɑ̃̀ŋbèʔ ʔówîŋgè]; Nambé is the Spanish version of a similar-sounding Tewa word, which can be interpreted loosely as meaning "rounded earth."
  • Pojoaque, New Mexico - Tewa: P'osuwaege Owingeh [p’òhsũ̀wæ̃̀gè ʔówîŋgè]
  • Taos, New Mexico - The English name Taos derives from the native Taos language meaning "place of red willows"
  • Tesuque, New Mexico - Tewa: Tetsuge Owingeh [tèʔts’úgé ʔówîŋgè])
  • Tucumcari, New Mexico - from Tucumcari Mountain, which is situated nearby. Where the mountain got its name is uncertain. It may have come from the Comanche word tʉkamʉkarʉ, which means 'ambush'. A 1777 burial record mentions a Comanche woman and her child captured in a battle at Cuchuncari, which is believed to be an early version of the name Tucumcari.

New York
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

{Pembina... Kittson county were Chippewa and French and Irish... also known as Metis

Ohio
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in Ohio
  • Ashtabula—from Lenape ashtepihəle, 'always enough (fish) to go around, to be given away';[110] contraction from apchi 'always'[111] + tepi 'enough' + həle (verb of motion).[112]
  • Chillicothe—from Shawnee Chala·ka·tha, referring to members of one of the five divisions of the Shawnee people: Chalaka (name of the Shawnee group, of unknown meaning) + -tha 'person';[113] the present Chillicothe is the most recent of seven places in Ohio that have held that name, because it was applied to the main town wherever the Chalakatha settled as they moved to different places.
  • Conneaut—probably derived from Seneca ga-nen-yot, 'standing stone'. See the article conneaut. Compare Juniata, originating from the name Onayutta or Onojutta in another Iroquoian language (probably Susquehannock), and the Oneida nation, whose name Onę˙yóteˀ also means 'standing stone'.
  • Coshocton—derived from Unami Lenape Koshaxkink 'where there is a river crossing', probably adapted as Koshaxktun 'ferry' ('river-crossing device').[114]
  • Cuyahoga—originally Mohawk Cayagaga 'crooked river', possibly related to kayuha 'creek' or kahyonhowanen 'river'. The Mohawk form of the name "Cayagaga" means 'crooked river', though it became assimilated to the Seneca name "Cuyohaga," meaning 'place of the jawbone' in Seneca.[115] The river is in an area mainly settled by the Seneca people in the 18th century, and the Seneca name stuck.
  • Geauga—Onondaga jyo’ä·gak,[116] Seneca jo’ä·ka’, 'raccoon'[117] (originally the name of the Grand River).[118]
  • Mingo and Mingo Junction—named after the Mingo people, Iroquoians who moved west to Ohio in the 18th century, largely of the Seneca nation; alternate form Minqua, both derived from Lenape Menkwe,[119] referring to all Iroquoian peoples in general, possibly from Onondaga yenkwe, 'men'.[120]
  • Muskingum—Shawnee Mshkikwam 'swampy ground' (mshkikwi- 'swamp' + -am 'earth');[121]

"The Muskingum River was the channel by which eastern Ohio was penetrated, mainly by the Delawares during the first half of the eighteenth century, and to a much lesser extent by bands of Shawnees preceding the Delawares by a few decades. In its present form Muskingum, this river name has been in use among both Indians and whites for more than two centuries as another one of those terms of Indian-white travel-and-trade lingo, such as Ohio, Scioto, and others.

Whatever its aboriginal form may have been, Muskingum as a river name was fragmentary, requiring in any Indian language the addition of a term signifying 'river.' Zeisberger and other Moravian missioners spelled it Muskingum, as we do today, as well as Mushkingum (transliterated from German-based Muschkingum). Most likely, both of these spellings represented two different pronunciations current among the Delawares. Zeisberger's definition of the name, based on a combination of moos, 'an elk,' and wuschking, 'eye' (in his own spelling), meaning 'elk's eye,' looks like a folk etymology resting on the similarity in sound between Muschkingum and wuschgingunk (Zeisberger's spelling), defined as 'on or in the eye.'

John Johnston states that 'Muskingum is a Delaware word, and means a town on the river side.' This is partly correct and partly wrong. Muskingum (or Mushkingum, for that matter) indeed is a Delaware word, but by no stretch of the imagination does it mean 'a town on the river side.' It is certain though that it named a town on the river side. Possibly this town was an old Shawnee settlement whose name the nearby Delawares adapted to their own tongue in the form of *M'shkiink'm (Mushkinkum), and by force of folk etymology understood it to mean 'elk's eye.' It appears quite probable that the original Shawnee place name as assimilated by the Delawares, may have been *m'shkeenkw/aam(-), a Shawnee term combining *m'shkeenkw-, 'swampy,' with -aam, a stem approximately denoting '(land, soil, etc.) being as indicated,' and invariably followed by -'chki or some other adverbial determinant, with the composite meaning, 'where the land is swampy, soggy.' Where this place was located, it is impossible to ascertain.

Evidently, in their assimilation of this Shawnee place name, the Delawares, disregarding as unessential the final locative affix, were solely concerned with *M'shkeenkwaam, from which it was but a small step, over intermediary *M'shkeenk'm, to folk-etymologically conditioned *Muushkiink'm ( Mushkinkum; Muskingum).</ref> taken to mean 'elk's eye' in Lenape by folk etymology, as if < mus 'elk'[122] + wəshkinkw 'its eye'.[123]

  • Ohio River—from Seneca Ohiyo 'the best river' or 'the big river'.[124] Ohiyo (pronounced "oh-ˈhee-yoh") is the Iroquois translation of the Algonquian name Allegheny, which also means 'the best river'. The Indians considered the Allegheny and Ohio to be all one river.[125] Alleghany, or as some prefer to write it, Allegheny,—the Algonkin name of the Ohio River, but now restricted to one of its branches,—is probably (Delaware) welhik-hanné or [oo]lik-hanné, 'the best (or, the fairest) river.' Welhik (as Zeisberger wrote it) is the inanimate form of the adjectival, meaning 'best,' 'most beautiful.' In his Vocabulary, Zeisberger gave this synthesis, with slight change of orthography, as "Wulach'neü" [or [oo]lakhanne[oo], as Eliot would have written it,] with the free translation, "a fine River, without Falls." The name was indeed more likely to belong to rivers 'without falls' or other obstruction to the passage of canoes, but its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, "best rapid-stream," or "finest rapid-stream;" "La Belle Riviere" of the French, and the Oue-yo´ or O hee´ yo Gä-hun´-dä, "good river" or "the beautiful river," of the Senecas. For this translation of the name we have very respectable authority,—that of Christian Frederick Post, a Moravian of Pennsylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Muhhekan Indians and was twice married among them, and whose knowledge of the Indian languages enabled him to render important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war. In his "Journal from Philadelphia to the Ohio" in 1758, after mention of the 'Alleghenny' river, he says: "The Ohio, as it is called by the Sennecas. Alleghenny is the name of the same river in the Delaware language. Both words signify the fine or fair river." La Metairie, the notary of La Salle's expedition, "calls the Ohio, the Olighinsipou, or Aleghin; evidently an Algonkin name,"—as Dr. Shea remarks. Heckewelder says that the Delawares "still call the Allegany (Ohio) river, Alligéwi Sipu.</ref>
  • Olentangy—an Algonquian name, probably from Lenape ulam tanchi or Shawnee holom tenshi, both meaning 'red face paint from there'. The Vermilion River likewise was named with a translation of the original Ottawa name Ulam Thipi, 'red face paint river'.[126]
  • Piqua—Shawnee Pekowi, name of one of the five divisions of the Shawnee.
  • Sandusky—from Wyandot saandusti meaning 'water (within water-pools)'[127] or from andusti 'cold water'.[128]
  • Scioto—derived from Wyandot skɛnǫ·tǫ’, 'deer'[128][129] (compare Shenandoah, also derived from the word for deer in a related Iroquoian language).
  • Tuscarawas—after the Iroquoian Tuscarora people, who at one time had a settlement along the river of that name.[130]
  • Wapakoneta—from Shawnee Wa·po’kanite 'Place of White Bones' (wa·pa 'white'+(h)o’kani 'bone'+-ite locative suffix).[131][132][133]

Oklahoma
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in Pennsylvania
The Lackawanna Valley by George Inness (c. 1855)
  • Lackawanna—Lenape laxaohane 'fork of a river'[151][152]
  • Loyalhanna—after the name of a Lenape town, Layalhanning, meaning 'at the middle of the river': layel or lawel 'middle' + hane 'river' + -ink locative suffix.[153]
  • Loyalsock—Lenape, 'middle creek.' (It is located halfway between lycoming and muncy creeks.)[141]
  • Lycoming—from Lenape lekawink 'place of sand' or lekawi hane 'sandy stream', from lekaw 'sand'.[154]
  • Manayunk—Lenape məneyunk 'place of drinking': məne 'drink' + yu 'here' + -nk locative suffix.[155]
  • Mauch Chunk—Lenape maxkw-chunk 'bear mountain'.[156]
  • Mehoopany—Lenape, 'where there are wild potatoes."[141]
  • Meshoppen Lenape, 'corals,' or 'beads.'[141]
  • Monongahela—Lenape Mənaonkihəla 'the high riverbanks are washed down; the banks cave in or erode',[157] inanimate plural of mənaonkihəle 'the dirt caves off (such as the bank of a river or creek; or in a landslide)'[158] < mənaonke 'it has a loose bank (where one might fall in)'[159] + -həle (verb of motion).
  • Muckinipattis—Lenape for 'deep running water', from mexitkwek 'a deep place full of water'[160] or mexakwixen 'high water, freshet'.[161]
  • Muncy–after the Munsee people < Munsee language mənsiw, 'person from Minisink' (minisink meaning 'at the island': mənəs 'island' + -ink locative suffix) + -iw attributive suffix.[162]
  • Nanticoke—From the Nanticoke language, 'Tide water people.' (In reference to themselves)[141]
  • Nemacolin—after the 18th-century Lenape chief Nemacolin.
  • Nescopeck—Shawnee, 'deep and still water.' [141]
  • Nittany—'single mountain', from Lenape nekwti 'single'[163] + ahtəne 'mountain'.[164]
  • Ohiopyle—from the Lenape phrase ahi opihəle, 'it turns very white',[165][166] referring to the frothy waterfalls.[167]
  • Passyunk—from Lenape pahsayunk 'in the valley',[168] from pahsaek 'valley' (also the name of Passaic, New Jersey).
  • Pennypack–Lenape pənəpekw 'where the water flows downward'.[169]
  • Perkiomen—Lenape, 'where there are cranberries.'[141]
  • Poconos—Lenape pokawaxne 'a creek between two hills'.[170]
  • Punxsutawney—Lenape Punkwsutenay 'town of sandflies or mosquitoes': punkwəs 'sandfly' (<punkw 'dust' + -əs diminutive suffix) + utenay 'town'.[171]
  • Pymatuning—Lenape Pimhatunink 'where there are facilities for sweating'[110] < pim- 'to sweat in a sweat lodge'[172] + hatu 'it is placed'[173] + -n(e) inanimate object marker + -ink locative suffix.
  • Queonemysing—Lenape kwənamesink 'place of long fish': kwəni 'long' + names 'fish' + -ink locative suffix.[174]
  • Quittapahilla Creek—Lenape kuwe ktəpehəle 'it flows out through the pines':[175] kuwe 'pine tree'[176] + ktəpehəle 'it flows out'.[177]
  • Shackamaxon—Lenape sakimaksink 'place of the chiefs':[178] sakima 'chief'[179] + -k plural suffix + -s- (for euphony) -ink locative suffix
  • Shamokin—Lenape Shahəmokink[180] 'place of eels', from shoxamekw 'eel'[181] + -ink locative suffix.
  • Shickshinny—Lenape, 'a fine stream.' [141]
  • Sinnemahoning—Lenape ahsəni mahonink 'stony lick', from ahsən 'stone'[182] and mahonink 'at the salt lick'.[183]
  • Susquehanna—Lenape siskuwihane 'muddy river': sisku 'mud' + -wi- (for euphony) + hane 'swift river from the mountains'.[184]
  • Tamaqua—Lenape, 'little beaver;' named for a Delaware chief, "King Beaver."[141]
  • Tiadaghton—Seneca, 'pine creek.'[141]
  • Tinicum—Lenape mahtanikunk 'Where they catch up with each other'.[185]
  • Tulpehocken—Lenape tulpehakink 'in the land of turtles': tulpe 'turtle' + haki 'land' + -nk locative suffix.[186]
  • Tioga—Onondaga, 'At the forks.'[141]
  • Tionesta—Munsee, 'There it has fine banks.'[141]
  • Towamensing—Lenape, 'pasture land,' (literally 'the place of feeding cattle.') [141]
  • Towanda—Nanticoke, 'where we bury the dead.'[141]
View on the Wissahickon by James Peale (1830)
  • Tunkhannock—Lenape tank hane 'narrow stream',[187] from tank 'small' + hane 'stream'.
  • Venango—From Lenape 'Onange,' meaning 'a mink.'[141]
  • Wapwallopen—Lenape òphalahpink, 'where the white wild hemp grows,'[141] from òp- 'white'[188] + halahpis 'Indian hemp'[189] + -nk locative.
  • Wiconisco—Lenape wikin niskew 'A muddy place to live',[190] from wikin 'to live in a place'[191] + niskew 'to be dirty, muddy'.[192]
  • Wissahickon—contraction of Lenape wisamekwhikan 'catfish creek': wisamekw 'catfish'[193] (literally 'fat fish':[194] <wisam 'fat' + -èkw, bound form of namès 'fish'[195] ) + hikan 'ebb tide, mouth of a creek'.[196][197]
  • Wyalusing—Lenape, 'the place where the aged man dwells,' a reference to the Moravian missionaries who set up a village in the area.[141]
  • Wyoming Valley—Munsee, xwēwamənk 'at the big river flat': xw- 'big' + ēwam 'river flat' + ənk locative suffix.[198]
  • Wysox—Lenape, 'the place of grapes.'[141]
  • Youghiogheny—Lenape yuxwiakhane 'stream running a contrary or crooked course', according to John Heckewelder.[199]

Rhode Island
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

South Carolina

Ashepoo River Edisto Beach and River Santee River Stono River Wadmalaw Island Wando River Kiawah Island Oconee County Seneca Coosawhatchee River Lake Keowee Lake Jocassee Lake Toxaway Walhalla

South Dakota

Counties

Settlements
  • Canistota – from the New York Native American word canistoe, meaning "board on the water".[201]
  • Capa – from the Sioux for "beaver".
  • Kadoka – Lakota for "hole in the wall".
  • Kampeska – Sioux for "bright and shining", "like a shell or glass".[201]
  • Oacoma
  • Oglala – Lakota for "to scatter one's own".[200]
  • Ottumwa – Algonquian word possibly meaning "rippling waters", "place of perseverance or self-will", or "town".
  • Owanka – Lakota for "good camping ground". It was originally named Wicota, a Lakota word meaning "a crowd".[201]
  • Pukwana – the name given to the smoke emitted from a Native American peace pipe.
  • Ree Heights – named after the Arikara people, sometimes known as the Ree. Arikara may have been a neighboring tribe's word for "horns" or "male deer".[201]
  • Seneca – from Algonquian sinnekaas, which referred to the Seneca people.[201]
  • Teton – from Dakota tinton or tinta, meaning "prairie".[201]
  • Wanblee – from Lakota Waŋblí Hoȟpi, meaning "golden eagle nest".
  • Wasta – from Dakota wastah, meaning "good".[201]
  • Wakonda – from Sioux wakor or waukon, meaning "wonder, marvel, mystery, sacred".[201]
  • Wakpala
  • Wecota – from Lakota wicota, meaning "a crowd".[201]
  • Wetonka from Dakota wi-tȟáŋka, meaning "big sun".[202]
  • Yankton – corruption of Sioux Ihanktonwan, meaning "the end village".[201]

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont
Main article: List of place names in New England of aboriginal origin

Virginia
Main article: List of place names of Native American origin in Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Counties

Cities, Towns and Villages

Bodies of Water, Forests, Parks or Regions

Wyoming
  • Cheyenne – From Dakota Šahíyena, the diminutive of Šahíya, "Cree".[211]
  • The name "Wyoming" comes from a Delaware Tribe word Mechaweami-ing or "maughwauwa-ma", meaning large plains or extensive meadows, which was the tribe's name for a valley in northern Pennsylvania. The name Wyoming was first proposed for use in the American West by Senator Ashley of Ohio in 1865 in a bill to create a temporary government for Wyoming Territory.[212]
  • Popo Agie River — From the Absalooke or Crow Language Poppootcháashe, which means "Plopping River" for the sound the water makes when it comes out of the sinkhole in Sinks Canyon, near present Lander, Wyoming.[213]

See also

References
  1. "Alabama: The State Name". Alabama Department of Archives and History. Retrieved 2007-02-24.
  2. Bright (2004:29)
  3. Ransom, J. Ellis. 1940. Derivation of the Word ‘Alaska’. American Anthropologist n.s., 42: pp. 550–551
  4. Bright (2004:47)
  5. Rankin, Robert. 2005. "Quapaw". In Native Languages of the Southeastern United States, eds. Heather K. Hardy and Janine Scancarelli. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, pg. 492
  6. "Arkansas". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-10-28. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  7. Harper, Douglas. "Connecticut". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  8. Campbell (1997:11)
  9. Afable, Patricia O. and Madison S. Beeler (1996). "Place Names", in "Languages", ed. Ives Goddard. Vol. 17 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 193
  10. Bright (2004:177)
  11. "Comments by Michael McCafferty on "Readers' Feedback (page 4)"". The KryssTal. Archived from the original on 2006-10-31. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  12. "Illinois". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2007-02-23.
  13. Bright (2004:181)
  14. 2001. "Plains", ed. Raymond J. DeMallie. Vol. 13 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 445
  15. "Iowa". American Heritage Dictionary. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved 2007-02-26.
  16. Bright (2004:185)
  17. Mithun, Marianne. 1999. Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pg. 312
  18. Bright (2004:213)
  19. Salwen, Bert, 1978. Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period. In "Northeast", ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of "Handbook of North American Indians", ed. William C. Sturtevant, pp. 160–176. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Quoted in: Campbell, Lyle. 1997. American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 401
  20. "Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary".
  21. "Michigan in Brief: Information About the State of Michigan" (PDF). Michigan.gov. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  22. Harper, Douglas. "Minnesota". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  23. "Mississippi". American Heritage Dictionary. Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on February 20, 2007. Retrieved 2007-03-06.
  24. McCafferty, Michael. 2004. Correction: Etymology of Missouri. American Speech, 79.1:32
  25. Koontz, John. "Etymology". Siouan Languages. Retrieved 2006-11-28.
  26. Campbell (1997:378)
  27. "Native Ohio". American Indian Studies. Ohio State University. Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  28. Bright (2004:3??)
  29. Bruce, Benjamin (2003). "Halito Okla Homma! (Chahta Anumpa – Choctaw Language)". Hello Oklahoma!. Archived from the original on 2007-03-16. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
  30. "Tennessee". Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2006. Archived from the original on 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  31. Bright (2004:491)
  32. Harper, Douglas. "Texas". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  33. 1986. "Great Basin", ed. Warren L. d'Azevedo. Vol. 11 of Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Cited in: Bright (2004:534)
  34. McCafferty, Michael. 2003. On Wisconsin: The Derivation and Referent of an Old Puzzle in American Placenames. Onoma 38: 39-56
  35. "Wisconsin's Name: Where it Came from and What it Means". Wisconsin Historical Society. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
  36. Bright (2004:576)
  37. Hudson, Charles M. (1997). Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun. University of Georgia Press. pp. 230–232.
  38. Bright, William (2004). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 525. ISBN 0-8061-3576-X. Retrieved April 8, 2011.
  39. Bright (2004:134)
  40. Bright (2004:516)
  41. Bright (2004:262)
  42. Bright (2004:444)
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  97. name for the Crow people; it means "children of the large-beaked bird."
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  135. "Heckewelder here does not give the strict meaning of hanne. The word in common use among Algonkin [i.e., Algonquian] tribes for river is sipu, and this includes the idea of 'a stream of flowing water'. But in the mountainous parts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia sipu did not sufficiently convey the idea of a rapid stream, roaring down mountain gorges, and hanne takes its place to designate not a mere sipu, or flowing river, but a rapid mountain stream." Russell, Erret (1885). "Indian Geographical Names". The Magazine of Western History. 2 (1): 53–59. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  136. Alleghany, or as some prefer to write it, Allegheny,—the Algonkin name of the Ohio River, but now restricted to one of its branches,—is probably (Delaware) welhik-hanné or [oo]lik-hanné, 'the best (or, the fairest) river.' Welhik (as Zeisberger wrote it) is the inanimate form of the adjectival, meaning 'best,' 'most beautiful.' In his Vocabulary, Zeisberger gave this synthesis, with slight change of orthography, as "Wulach'neü" [or [oo]lakhanne[oo], as Eliot would have written it,] with the free translation, "a fine River, without Falls." The name was indeed more likely to belong to rivers 'without falls' or other obstruction to the passage of canoes, but its literal meaning is, as its composition shows, "best rapid-stream," or "finest rapid-stream;" "La Belle Riviere" of the French, and the Oue-yo´ or O hee´ yo Gä-hun´-dä, "good river" or "the beautiful river," of the Senecas. For this translation of the name we have very respectable authority,—that of Christian Frederick Post, a Moravian of Pennsylvania, who lived seventeen years with the Muhhekan Indians and was twice married among them, and whose knowledge of the Indian languages enabled him to render important services to the colony, as a negotiator with the Delawares and Shawanese of the Ohio, in the French war. In his "Journal from Philadelphia to the Ohio" in 1758, after mention of the 'Alleghenny' river, he says: "The Ohio, as it is called by the Sennecas. Alleghenny is the name of the same river in the Delaware language. Both words signify the fine or fair river." La Metairie, the notary of La Salle's expedition, "calls the Ohio, the Olighinsipou, or Aleghin; evidently an Algonkin name,"—as Dr. Shea remarks. Heckewelder says that the Delawares "still call the Allegany (Ohio) river, Alligéwi Sipu,"—"the river of the Alligewi" as he chooses to translate it. In one form, we have wulik-hannésipu, 'best rapid-stream long-river;' in the other, wuliké-sipu, 'best long-river.' Heckewelder's derivation of the name, on the authority of a Delaware legend, from the mythic 'Alligewi' or 'Talligewi,'—"a race of Indians said to have once inhabited that country," who, after great battles fought in pre-historic times, were driven from it by the all-conquering Delawares,—is of no value, unless supported by other testimony. Trumbull, J. Hammond (1870). The Composition of Indian Geographical Names. Hartford, Conn. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
  137. "All this land and region, stretching as far as the creeks and waters that flow into the Alleghene the Delawares called Alligewinenk, which means 'a land into which they came from distant parts'. The river itself, however, is called Alligewi Sipo. The whites have made Alleghene out of this, the Six Nations calling the river the Ohio."Zeisberger, David (1999). David Zeisberger's History of the Northern American Indians in 18th Century Ohio, New York and Pennsylvania. Wennawoods Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 1-889037-17-6.
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Bibliography
  • Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 080613576X.
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195094271
  • O'Brien, Frank Waabu (2010). "Understanding Indian Place Names in Southern New England". Colorado: Bauu Press.
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