Bowie County, Texas

The farming Caddoan Mississippian culture dates as early as the Late Archaic Period 1500 BCE in Bowie County.[6] The Hernando de Soto expedition of 1541 resulted in violent encounters. Spanish and French missionaries brought smallpox, measles malaria, and influenza epidemics against which the Caddo had no immunity.[7] Eventually, these issues and problems with the Osage, forced the Caddo to abandon their homelands. Settlers had peaceful relations with the 19th Century Shawnee, Delaware, and Kickapoo in the area.

French explorer Jean Baptiste Bénard de La Harpe founded the military fort Le Poste des Cadodaquious[8] in 1719 . The fort remained in continuous use until 1770. The Red River Expedition[9] of 1806 which passed through Bowie County, headed by Thomas Freeman and Dr. Peter Custis, was of great diplomatic and economic importance to President Thomas Jefferson. Bowie County was established in December 1840 and named for James Bowie, reduced to its present size in 1846. DeKalb[10] was the temporary county seat, with Boston[11] becoming the permanent county seat in 1841.

Bowie County in the years leading up to the American Civil War was settled mostly by Southerners who brought their slave labor to work the cotton fields. By 1860, slaves outnumbered whites 2,651 to 2,401. The county voted 208–15 in favor of secession[3] from the Union. While Bowie was never a battlefield in that war, it was nevertheless occupied during Reconstruction. Between 1860 and 1870, the population declined. The occupation, and the new legal equality of blacks, became a hostile situation that fostered Cullen Baker.

Cullen Montgomery Baker[12] (b. circa 1835 - d. 1869) was a twice-widowed, mean-spirited drunk who killed his first man before he was 20. When Thomas Orr married Baker's late wife's sister, thereby denying Baker that opportunity, Baker attempted to hang Orr. Legends abound as to his activities in both Bowie and Cass Counties, including a rumored tie to the Ku Klux Klan. His exploits turned him into a folk hero dubbed "The Swamp Fox of the Sulphur River".[13][14] He was a Confederate States Army veteran who joined two units, designated as a deserter from the first, and receiving a disability discharge from the second.[15] Reconstruction enabled him to focus his anger towards what many at the time believed was a Union intrusion into their lives. Baker and his gang conducted a vicious rampage against citizens he perceived as being on the wrong side of the black labor issue, at William G. Kirkman and the Freedman's Bureau in Bowie County, and at the soldiers of the Union occupation. Kirkman unsuccessfully pursued Baker, killing one of Baker's men in the second attempt. Like Swamp Fox Francis Marion, Baker always managed to elude capture, often with the help of local citizens. Kirkland was murdered by "person or persons unknown",[3] but Baker boasted of having done the deed. In December 1869, Thomas Orr and a group of neighbors killed Baker.[15] A local legend has it that the deed was accomplished with strychnine-laced whiskey.

When the Texas and Pacific Railway[16] was constructed through the county, a new town named Texarkana[17] was founded.

Bowie was hit hard by the Great Depression like everywhere else. Measurable relief came late when the Lone Star Army Ammunition Plant was established in 1942. The base was active until[18] 2009. The Red River Army Depot,[19] opened in 1941, remains active. The two installations occupied almost 40,000 acres (160 km²) and provided job opportunities for thousands.

• I-30
• I-49
• I-369
• US 59
• US 67
• US 71
• US 82
• US 259
• SH 8
• SH 93
• SH 98
• Loop 151
• FM 44
• FM 558
• FM 559
• FM 560
• FM 989

• McCurtain County, Oklahoma (northwest)
• Little River County, Arkansas (north)
• Miller County, Arkansas (east)
• Cass County (south)
• Morris County (southwest)
• Red River County (west)

Bowie County had voting patterns similar to the Solid South up until 1976. The county has trended steadily towards the GOP with each election in the 21st century. The last Democrat to win this county was Bill Clinton of neighboring Arkansas, of which the county shares the Texarkana metropolitan area with, in both of his national victories.

• Dalby Springs