Fort Bend County, Texas

Fort Bend County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. According to 2019 census estimates, its population was 811,688[1] and Texas's 10th-most populous county. In 2015, Fort Bend County became Texas's wealthiest county, with a median household income of $95,389 and a median family income of $105,944, surpassing Collin and Rockwall Counties since the 2000 census.[2] The county seat is Richmond,[3] and its largest city located entirely within the county borders is Sugar Land, however the largest city by population located in the county is Houston, although most of Houston’s population is located in neighboring Harris county.

Fort Bend County
U.S. county
Fort Bend County Courthouse, Richmond, November 2008
Seal
Location within the U.S. state of Texas
Texas's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 29°32′N 95°46′W
Country United States
State Texas
Founded1838
Named forA blockhouse positioned in a bend of the Brazos River
SeatRichmond
Largest cityHouston
Area
 • Total885 sq mi (2,290 km2)
 • Land861 sq mi (2,230 km2)
 • Water24 sq mi (60 km2)  2.7%%
Population
 (2010)
 • Total585,375
 • Estimate 
(2019)
811,688
 • Density697/sq mi (269/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional districts9th, 22nd
Websitewww.fortbendcountytx.gov
Fort Bend County Court House in 1948

The county was founded in 1837 and organized the next year.[4] It is named for a blockhouse at a bend of the Brazos River. The community developed around the fort in early days.

Fort Bend County is included in the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan statistical area. Forbes ranked it the fifth-fastest growing county in the United States.[5] The 2018 Census Bureau estimate of Fort Bend County's population is 787,858.[6]

History

Before European settlement, the area was inhabited by the Karankawa Indians. Spanish colonists generally did not reach the area during their colonization, settling more in South Texas.

After Mexico achieved independence from Spain, Anglo-Americans started entering from the east. In 1822, a group of Stephen F. Austin's colonists, headed by William Travis, built a fort at the present site of Richmond. The fort was called Fort Bend because it was built in the bend of the Brazos River.[7] The city of Richmond was incorporated under the Republic of Texas along with 19 other towns in 1837. Fort Bend County was created from parts of Austin, Harris, and Brazoria Counties in 1838.

Fort Bend developed a plantation economy based on cotton as the commodity crop. Planters had numerous African-American slaves as laborers. By the 1850s, Fort Bend was one of six majority-black counties in Texas.[8] In 1860, the slave population totaled 4,127, more than twice that of the 2,016 whites.[9] Few free blacks lived there, as Texas refused them entry.

While the area began to attract White immigrants in the late 19th century, it continued as majority Black during and after Reconstruction. Whites struggled to control freedmen and their descendants through violence and intimidation. Freedmen and their sympathizers supported the Republican Party because of emancipation, electing their candidates to office. The state legislature was still predominately White. By the 1880s, most White residents belonged to the Democratic Party. Factional tensions were fierce, as political elements split largely along racial lines. The Jaybirds, representing the majority of the Whites, struggled to regain control from the Woodpeckers, who were made up of some Whites consistently elected to office by the majority of African Americans; several had served as Republican officials during Reconstruction.

Fort Bend County was the site of the Jaybird–Woodpecker War in 1888–89. After a few murders were committed, the political feud culminated in a gun battle at the courthouse on August 16, 1889, when several more people were killed and the Woodpeckers were routed from the county seat.[10]

Governor Lawrence Sullivan Ross sent in militia forces and declared martial law. With his support, the Jaybirds ordered a list of certain Blacks and Woodpecker officials out of the county, overthrowing the local government. The Jaybirds took over county offices and established a "White-only pre-primary," disenfranchising African Americans from the only competitive contests in the county.[10] This device lasted until 1950, when Willie Melton and Arizona Fleming won a lawsuit against the practice in United States District Court, though it was overturned on appeal. In 1953, they ultimately won their suit when the Supreme Court of the United States declared the Jaybird primary unconstitutional in Terry v. Adams,[11] the last of the white primary cases.[12]

20th century to present

In the middle 1950s, Fort Bend and neighboring Galveston County were plagued by organized crime, which was involved with brothels and illegal casinos. Editor Clymer Wright of the Fort Bend Reporter joined with state officials and the Texas Rangers to rid the area of such corruption. Wright defied death threats to report on the issues and clean up the community.[13] He soon sold his paper, now known as the Fort Bend Herald and Texas Coaster.[14]

In the 1960s, the first of several master-planned communities that came to define the county were developed, marking the beginning of its transformation from a largely rural county dominated by railroad and oil and gas interests to a major suburban county dominated by service and manufacturing industries. One of the earliest such developments was Quail Valley in Missouri City, whose golf course hosted the Houston Open during the 1973 and 1974 seasons of the PGA Tour.[15] Another was First Colony in Sugar Land, a 9,700-acre development commenced in the 1970s by Houston developer Gerald D. Hines that eventually became the southwest Greater Houston area's main retail hub, anchored by First Colony Mall and Sugar Land Town Square.[16]

Since the 1980s, new communities have continued to develop, with Greatwood, New Territory, and Sienna (originally Sienna Plantation) among the more recent notable developments.[17] In addition to continued development in the eastern part of the county around Sugar Land and Missouri City, the Greater Katy area began to experience rapid growth and expansion into Fort Bend County in the 1990s, led by the development of Cinco Ranch.[18] By 2010, the county's population exceeded 500,000, and it had become the second-largest county in the greater Houston area (behind Harris County).

In 2017, Hurricane Harvey caused significant flooding in Fort Bend County, leading to the evacuation of 200,000 residents and over 10,000 rescues. The unprecedented flooding, the result of record rainfall and overflow from the Brazos River and Barker Reservoir, resulted in damage to or destruction of over 6,800 homes in the county.[19]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 885 square miles (2,290 km2), of which 861 square miles (2,230 km2) are land and 24 square miles (62 km2) (2.7%) are covered by water.[20]

Adjacent counties

Demographics

From 1930 to 1950, the county showed a decline in the rate of expansion and even a decrease in population. This was a period when many African Americans migrated in the second wave of the Great Migration from Texas and other parts of the South to the West Coast, where a buildup in the defense industry provided more job opportunities. Other minorities settled in the county during its residential development, and African Americans are now a minority.

Historical population
CensusPop.%±
18502,533—
18606,143142.5%
18707,11415.8%
18809,38031.9%
189010,58612.9%
190016,53856.2%
191018,1689.9%
192022,93126.2%
193029,71829.6%
194032,96310.9%
195031,056−5.8%
196040,52730.5%
197052,31429.1%
1980130,846150.1%
1990225,42172.3%
2000354,45257.2%
2010585,37565.1%
2019 (est.)811,688[21]38.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[22]
1850–2010[23] 2010–2019[1]
Demographic profile[24] 2010
Total population585,375 – 100.0%
Not Hispanic or Latino446,408 – 76.3%
White alone211,680 – 36.2%
Black or African American alone123,267 – 21.1%
Asian alone98,762 – 16.9%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone1,159 – 0.2%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone174 – 0.0%
Some other race alone1,341 – 0.2%
Two or more races alone10,025 – 1.7%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)138,967 – 23.7%

As of the census[25] of 2000, 354,452 people, 110,915 households, and 93,057 families resided in the county. The population density was 405 people per square mile (156/km2). The 115,991 housing units averaged 133 per square mile (51/km2). The racial or ethnic makeup of the county was 56.96% White (46.21% White non-Hispanic), 19.85% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 11.20% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 9.10% from other races, and 2.56% from two or more races. About 21.12% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Other self-identifications were 8.8% of German ancestry, 6.3% American, and 5.8% English ancestry according to the 2000 United States Census.

In 2006, Fort Bend county had a population of 493,187. This represented a growth of 39.1% since 2000. The county's racial or ethnic makeup was 53.96% White (39.63% White non-Hispanic), 20.88% African American, 14.77% Asian, 0.51% Native American, 7.73% other races, and 2.14% from two or more races. About 22.88% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race; 23.82% of the population was foreign born; of this, 50.24% came from Asia, 37.17% came from Latin America, 5.74% from Africa, 5.28% from Europe, and 1.57% from other parts of the world.

In 2000, of the 110,915 households, 49.80% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.80% were married couples living together, 11.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.10% were not families. About 13.50% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.14, and the average family size was 3.46.

In the county, the age distribution of the population was 32.00% under the age of 18, 7.60% from 18 to 24, 32.30% from 25 to 44, 22.40% from 45 to 64, and 5.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.30 males.

As of 2002, the largest two cities in Fort Bend County were Missouri City and Sugar Land, with portions of Houston combining to make up the county's third-largest "city". In that year, 38,000 residents of the City of Houston lived in Fort Bend County.[26]

According to the 2008 American Community Survey, the median income for a household in the county was $81,456, and for a family was $90,171.[27] Males had a median income of $54,139 versus $41,353 for females. The per capita income for the county was $30,862. About 5.50% of families and 7.10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.50% of those under age 18 and 9.40% of those age 65 or over.

As of 2006, Fort Bend County is the wealthiest county in Texas, with a median household income of $95,389 and a median family income of $105,944, having surpassed Collin and Rockwall Counties since the 2000 census.[2] However, the Council for Community and Economic Research ranked Fort Bend County America's third-wealthiest county when the local cost of living was factored in.[28]

This estimate does not include property taxes and local taxes, as effective tax rates and home insurance were not measured. Along with other Texas counties, Fort Bend County has one of the nation's highest property-tax rates. In 2007, it was ranked fifth in the nation for property taxes as a percentage of the homes' value on owner-occupied housing. The list includes only counties with a population over 65,000.[29] Fort Bend County also ranked in the top 100 in property taxes paid and percentage of taxes of income. Part of this is due to Texas's complex Robin Hood plan school financing law.[30]

Ethnic backgrounds

Since the 1970s, Fort Bend County has been attracting people from all ethnic backgrounds. According to a 2001 Claritas study, it was the fifth-most diverse U.S. county, among counties with a population of 100,000 or more.[31]

It is one of a growing number of U.S. counties with an ethnic plurality, with no single ethnic group forming a majority of the population. Fort Bend County also has the highest percentage of Asian Americans in the Southern United States; the largest groups are of Vietnamese, Chinese, Indian, and Filipino ancestry. By 2011, Fort Bend was ranked the fourth-most racially diverse county in the United States by USA Today. The newspaper based the ranking on calculating the probability that two persons selected at random would be of different ethnic groups or races. According to the USA Today methodology, the chance of people of being two different ethnic groups/races being selected was 75%. Karl Eschbach, a former demographer with the State of Texas, has said that many people from Houston neighborhoods and communities with clear racial identities, such as the East End, Sunnyside, and the Third Ward, moved to suburban areas that were too new to have established racial identities. Eschbach explained, "[a]s a large minority middle class started to emerge, Fort Bend was virgin territory that all groups could move to."[32]

Government and politics

County politics in Fort Bend County, as in all Texas counties, center around a commissioners' court. It is composed of four popularly elected county commissioners, one representing each precinct drawn decennially on the basis of population, and a county judge elected to represent the entire county. Other county officials include a sheriff, district attorney, tax assessor-collector, county clerk, district clerk, county treasurer, and county attorney.

For decades, Fort Bend County was a stronghold for the Democratic Party, having achieved disenfranchisement of Blacks at the county level in 1889 in the aftermath of the Jaybird–Woodpecker War.[10] The state effectively disfranchised them with a poll tax and White primaries; the latter device was declared unconstitutional in 1944. By 1960, so few Republicans resided in Fort Bend County that the county's Republican chair once received a letter addressed simply to "Mr. Republican".[33]

As the 1960s progressed, though, rapid suburban-style development in west and southwest Houston began to overflow into Fort Bend County, where the development of numerous master-planned communities attracted many upper-middle-class families to developments in the eastern portion of the county. This development, along with the shift of conservative white Democrats towards the Republican Party in the wake of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, led to increased support for the GOP in the following years.[34] Richard Nixon narrowly carried the county in 1968, making it the only county in greater Houston outside of Harris County to go Republican that year, and carried it again in 1972. In 1976, conservative physician Ron Paul of Brazoria County, noted for his opposition to most government programs, which earned him the nickname "Dr. No", captured the 22nd district in the United States House of Representatives in a special election, before narrowly losing re-election in the November election in which Gerald Ford also won Fort Bend, despite losing Texas to Jimmy Carter.

Beginning in 1978, Republicans began to win several offices within the county, with William P. Clements carrying the county in his successful run for governor. That same year, Paul was returned to Congress, while businessman Tom DeLay captured the county's seat in the Texas House of Representatives. In 1984 DeLay succeeded Paul in Congress after the latter ran an unsuccessful U.S. Senate campaign, and became House majority leader by 2002. Beginning in 1982, Republicans won a number of county-level offices and judicial benches, and Fort Bend County's new reputation as a Republican stronghold culminated in the 1994 election of a Republican county judge to the commissioners' court for the first time since Reconstruction. As of 2019, five of Fort Bend County's eight countywide offices, including two precinct-level positions, are held by Republicans. The remaining three are held by Democrats.

With growing populations of minorities and more socially moderate suburban voters who often break Republican on fiscal and economic issues, Fort Bend County has recently become more competitive. In 2008, Democrat Barack Obama came very close to winning the county, with 48.6% of the vote to Republican John McCain's 50.9%. In 2016, Hillary Clinton became the first Democrat to carry the county since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, largely due to the unpopularity of Republican nominee Donald Trump, with many voters splitting their tickets between Clinton and Republicans for other offices; Republicans won every elected countywide office by a margin similar to Clinton's, while also defeating an incumbent Democrat on the Fort Bend County Commissioners' Court.[35][36] In 2018, significant enthusiasm for U.S. Senate candidate Beto O' Rourke and strong Democratic infrastructure resulted in Democratic control of the commissioners' court (including county judge) and a number of countywide administrative and judicial posts, with Fort Bend Independent School District board trustee K.P. George becoming Texas's first Asian-American county judge.[37]

Fort Bend County is often considered a swing county, with election results usually tilting more Democratic than statewide results, which almost always favor Republicans nowadays. Elections within the county are often decided by margins in more Republican-leaning areas in Sugar Land, Rosenberg, and southern Missouri City, with Republicans dominating in the Katy, Fulshear, and rural southern areas of the county and Democrats in the county's northeast corner around northern Missouri City and Fresno, as well as heavily Hispanic Mission Bend.

Since the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the federal government has enforced it by regularly reviewing voting patterns and local practices, and plaintiffs have sometimes sued state or local governments over discriminatory practices. In April 2009, as part of a settlement with the United States Department of Justice, officials of Fort Bend County agreed to increase assistance to Spanish-speaking Latino voters in elections held in the county.[34]

Presidential elections results
Presidential elections results[38]
Year Republican Democratic Third parties
2020 44.1% 157,718 54.7% 195,552 1.2% 4,244
2016 44.8% 117,291 51.4% 134,686 3.9% 10,089
2012 52.9% 116,126 46.1% 101,144 1.0% 2,219
2008 50.9% 103,206 48.5% 98,368 0.6% 1,248
2004 57.4% 93,625 42.1% 68,722 0.5% 822
2000 59.6% 73,567 38.5% 47,569 1.9% 2,373
1996 53.8% 49,945 41.1% 38,163 5.1% 4,748
1992 46.6% 41,039 34.1% 29,992 19.3% 17,000
1988 62.4% 39,818 36.6% 23,351 1.0% 615
1984 68.7% 41,370 31.1% 18,729 0.2% 110
1980 66.3% 25,366 30.3% 11,583 3.5% 1,337
1976 60.3% 17,354 39.1% 11,264 0.6% 169
1972 69.4% 10,475 30.1% 4,541 0.5% 73
1968 39.7% 4,573 39.0% 4,493 21.3% 2,448
1964 36.0% 3,493 63.8% 6,186 0.2% 20
1960 42.8% 3,301 56.3% 4,339 0.9% 71
1956 59.8% 3,779 39.0% 2,464 1.2% 73
1952 55.0% 3,974 44.9% 3,241 0.2% 11
1948 28.1% 1,016 57.0% 2,058 14.9% 539
1944 11.1% 442 69.9% 2,781 19.0% 757
1940 19.4% 748 80.6% 3,101
1936 6.3% 176 93.3% 2,588 0.4% 11
1932 4.5% 148 95.2% 3,109 0.3% 8
1928 26.8% 631 73.1% 1,724 0.1% 2
1924 15.8% 356 75.1% 1,690 9.1% 204
1920 0.0% 0 2.9% 27 97.1% 902
1916 28.9% 329 69.1% 788 2.0% 23
1912 24.9% 276 61.2% 679 14.0% 155

Commissioners' court
Commissioners Name Party First Elected Communities Represented
  Judge KP George Democratic 2018 Countywide
  Precinct 1 Vincent Morales [39] Republican 2016 Arcola, Beasley, Fairchilds, Fresno, Greatwood, Needville, Orchard, Richmond, Rosenberg, Sienna Plantation
  Precinct 2 Grady Prestage Democratic 1990 eastern Stafford, most of Missouri City east of FM 1092, Meadows Place, Mission Bend
  Precinct 3 Andy Meyers Republican 1996 Cinco Ranch, Fulshear, Lakemont, Pecan Grove, Simonton, small portions of Sugar Land
  Precinct 4 Ken DeMerchant Democratic 2018 Most of Sugar Land, Missouri City west of FM 1092, New Territory, Riverstone

County officials
Office Name Party
  County Attorney Bridgette Smith-Lawson Democratic
  County Clerk Laura Richard Republican
  District Attorney Brian Middleton Democratic
  District Clerk Beverley McGrew Walker Democratic
  Sheriff Eric Fagan Democratic
  Tax Assessor-Collector Carmen Turner Democratic
  Treasurer Bill Rickert Republican

United States Congress
Senators Name Party First Elected Level
  Senate Class 1 Ted Cruz Republican 2012 Junior Senator
  Senate Class 2 John Cornyn Republican 2002 Senior senator
Representatives Name Party First Elected Area(s) of Fort Bend County Represented
  District 9 Al Green Democratic 2004 Mission Bend, eastern portion of Stafford, northern and eastern portions of Missouri City, county's entire share of Houston
  District 22 Troy Nehls Republican 2020 Majority of Sugar Land, Rosenberg and Greater Katy areas, plus Fulshear, western and southern Missouri City and Stafford

Texas Senate
District Name Party First Elected Area(s) of Fort Bend County Represented
  13 Borris Miles Democratic 2016 Northern portions of Missouri City, Stafford, county's share of Houston
  17 Joan Huffman Republican 2008 most of Sugar Land, Mission Bend and southern Missouri City
  18 Lois Kolkhorst Republican 2015 (special) Richmond, Rosenberg, Katy, Fulshear, Needville and western portions of Sugar Land

Texas House of Representatives
District Name Party First Elected Area(s) of Fort Bend County Represented
  26 Jacey Jetton Republican 2020 Most of Sugar Land, plus Richmond, Pecan Grove and Greatwood
  27 Ron Reynolds Democratic 2010 Missouri City, Sienna Plantation, Fresno and county's share of Houston
  28 Gary Gates Republican 2020 Northern areas of county including Cinco Ranch, Fulshear and Richmond
  85 Phil Stephenson Republican 2012 Southern areas including Rosenberg, Needville and Riverstone; district also includes all of Wharton and Jackson counties

Corrections

The Fort Bend County Jail is at 1410 Richmond Parkway in Richmond.[40]

Texas Department of Criminal Justice operates the following facilities in Fort Bend County, all at the Jester State Prison Farm site:

Prisons for men:

Other facilities:

  • Jester I Unit – Substance Abuse Felony Punishment Facility (unincorporated area)[43] (co-located with the Jester units)
  • Jester IV Unit – Psychiatric Facility (unincorporated area)[44] (co-located with the Jester units)

The TDCJ announced that the Central Unit in Sugar Land was closing in 2011. The City of Sugar Land is exploring the property for future economic development, including light industrial uses, as well as a potential expansion of Sugar Land Regional Airport.[45]

County buildings
  • Fort Bend County Justice Center at 1422 Eugene Heimann Cir.
  • William B. Travis Building is just east of the courthouse.
  • Fort Bend County Rosenberg Annex

Economy

In contrast to greater Houston in general, Fort Bend County's economy is more diverse, with numerous service-sector jobs in healthcare, energy, education, hospitality, and other areas. Major companies with a presence in the county include Schlumberger, Minute Maid, Fluor, and Sunoco's logistics operations in Sugar Land. The Houston Business Journal reported in 2010 that the diversity of industries promoted decades of rapid population growth.[46] After Memorial Hermann Hospital and St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital opened facilities in Fort Bend County, already home to local facilities for Houston Methodist Hospital in Sugar Land, as well as locally based OakBend Medical Center in Richmond, many doctors moved their offices to the county.[47] Compared to Montgomery County, which has experienced rapid growth in corporate employment following ExxonMobil's decision to move its greater Houston operations to an area directly south of The Woodlands, Fort Bend County has yet to experience significant corporate growth, though Schlumberger recently announced plans to move its North American headquarters to Sugar Land.

Education

Public school districts

Kendleton Independent School District closed in 2010.

Higher education

Technical school

Libraries

Fort Bend County Libraries operates many libraries in the county.

Houston Public Library operates one branch in the county.

Media

Local newspapers in the county include three weeklies: the Fort Bend Star, headquartered in Stafford; the Fort Bend Independent; and the Fort Bend Sun, headquartered in Sugar Land. The daily Fort Bend Herald and Texas Coaster focuses on news coverage in the Richmond-Rosenberg area. Fort Bend County is also a major service area for the Houston Chronicle, which provides separate local coverage for the Sugar Land and Katy areas.

Transportation

Major highways
Farm to Market Road 1092, a major entry into the county

Major Farm to Market Roads

Airports

The sole publicly owned airport in the county is Sugar Land Regional Airport in Sugar Land.

Privately owned airports for public use include:

Privately owned for private use:

  • Cardiff Brothers Airport in an unincorporated area near Fulshear and Katy
  • Dewberry Heliport is a general-aviation heliport (privately owned, for private use) in unincorporated areas between Fulshear and Katy.

The closest airport with regularly scheduled commercial service is Houston's William P. Hobby Airport in Harris County. Fort Bend County is also within the primary service area of George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston.[48]

Mass transit

Fort Bend County officially created a department of public transportation in 2005 that provides commuter buses to Uptown, Greenway Plaza, and Texas Medical Center. It also provides demand-and-response buses to senior citizens and the general public that travel only in Fort Bend County.[49] Parts of the county, such as Katy and Missouri City, participate in the Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County and are served by several park-and-ride routes.

Freeway system

The TTC-69 component (recommended preferred) of the once-planned Trans-Texas Corridor went through Fort Bend County.[50]

Toll roads

The Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority in Sugar Land manages and operates tolled portions of these toll roads operating in the county:

Communities

Cities (multiple counties)

Cities

Town

Villages

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities

Ghost towns

Culture

BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir is in unincorporated Fort Bend County, within the extraterritorial jurisdiction of Stafford and with a Stafford mailing address.[51][52]

See also

References
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  2. "2015 American Community Survey: Fort Bend County, Texas". census.gov. 2015. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
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  4. "Texas: Individual County Chronologies". Texas Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. The Newberry Library. 2008. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015. Retrieved May 23, 2015.
  5. Kotkin, Joel. "No 5: Fort Bend County, Texas - pg.5". Forbes. Archived from the original on 30 December 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  6. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  7. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 128.
  8. Alvarez, Elizabeth Cruce (Nov 8, 2011). Texas Almanac 2012–2013. Texas A&M University Press. pp. Contents. ISBN 9780876112571. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
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  10. Yelderman, Pauline (2010). "Handbook of Texas Online: JAYBIRD-WOODPECKER WAR". Texas State Historical Association. Archived from the original on December 14, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2014.
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  42. "VANCE (J2) Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine." Texas Department of Criminal Justice. Retrieved September 14, 2008.
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  49. http://www.FBCTransit.org Fort Bend County Transit
  50. TxDoT, TTC Section C & S, Detailed Maps 2 & 3, 2007-12-17
  51. "Map of Stafford" (PDF). City of Stafford. Retrieved 2019-11-07. - Linked from this page on the Stafford website - Based on the location, BAPS is in the extraterritorial jurisdiction, but not the city limits
  52. "Home". BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Houston, TX, USA. Retrieved 2019-11-07. BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir 1150 Brand Lane Stafford, TX 77477 USA - Despite the "Stafford, TX" city name, it is outside of the Stafford city limits

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