2020 United States presidential election in Missouri

The 2020 United States presidential election in Missouri was held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020, as part of the 2020 United States elections in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated.[1] Missouri voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, incumbent President Donald Trump, and running mate Vice President Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Vice President Joe Biden, and his running mate California Senator Kamala Harris. Missouri has 10 electoral votes in the Electoral College.[2]

Main article: 2020 United States presidential election
2020 United States presidential election in Missouri
November 3, 2020
Turnout69.75%
 
Nominee Donald Trump Joe Biden
Party Republican Democratic
Home state Florida Delaware
Running mate Mike Pence Kamala Harris
Electoral vote 10 0
Popular vote 1,718,736 1,253,014
Percentage 56.80% 41.41%
County Results
President before election

Donald Trump
Republican

 Elected President

Joe Biden
Democratic

Elections in Missouri
Federal government
U.S. President
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
State government
Gubernatorial elections
Lieutenant gubernatorial elections
Attorney General elections
State Auditor elections
State Treasurer elections
Secretary of State elections
Missouri Senate elections
Missouri House elections
Ballot measures
2004
2006
Columbia
Mayoral elections
Kansas City
Mayoral elections
Springfield
Mayoral elections
St. Louis
Mayoral elections

Trump won Missouri again by a 15.4% margin; this was somewhat worse than his 18.5% margin in 2016. Biden performed three points better than Hillary Clinton in 2016. Prior to the election, all 12 news organizations considered this a state Trump would win, or a likely red state.

This is also the first time in 104 years since 1916 that Missouri has voted to the right of neighbouring Kansas. Missouri weighed in as 19.8% more Republican than the nation in 2020.

Analysis

Once a bellwether state, Missouri recently started trending further toward the GOP column, as the GOP has been shifting towards right-wing populism and social conservatism. It is encompassed by the Bible Belt, as well as Little Dixie through the center, a mold of socially conservative and highly religious areas that diminished the state's once assured bellwether status. Trump carried 86% of Caucasian born-again/Evangelical Christians.[3]

Biden won the same four jurisdictions Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton did in 2012 and 2016, respectively: Jackson County, home to Kansas City; Boone County, home to the college town of Columbia; and St. Louis County, home to the suburbs of St. Louis, which he also won. Biden also improved their margins in Platte and Clay counties, both suburbs of Kansas City; Platte was narrowly carried by Trump by only 1%, and Clay by 4%. In addition, St. Louis County was won with 61% of the vote, the best performance for a Democrat, as well as the first time since said party would crack 60% of the vote, in said county since Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 landslide.

Per exit polls by the Associated Press, Trump's strength in Missouri came from voters trusting him on economic policy: a 57% majority believed Trump was better able to handle international trade. With a hybrid industrial-service-agricultural economy, 63% of Missouri voters favored increasing taxes on goods imported to the U.S. from other countries, and these voters broke for Trump by 67%. As is the case in many Southern states, there was a stark racial divide in voting for this election: Caucasian Missourians supported Trump by 62%, while black Missourians supported Biden by 88%.[3]

In other elections, Republican Mike Parson easily defeated former State Auditor Nicole Galloway by 16 points--outperforming Trump--in the governor's race, further justifying the state's trend towards the GOP, and becoming the best performance for a Republican on the gubernatorial level since John Ashcroft's 1988 victory.

Primary elections

Democratic primary
Main article: 2020 Missouri Democratic primary
2020 Missouri Democratic presidential primary[4]
Candidate Votes % Delegates
Joe Biden 400,347 60.10 44
Bernie Sanders 230,374 34.59 24
Michael Bloomberg (withdrawn) 9,866 1.48 0
Elizabeth Warren (withdrawn) 8,156 1.22 0
Tulsi Gabbard 4,887 0.73 0
Pete Buttigieg (withdrawn) 3,309 0.50 0
Amy Klobuchar (withdrawn) 2,682 0.40 0
Andrew Yang (withdrawn) 953 0.14 0
Cory Booker (withdrawn) 651 0.10 0
Tom Steyer (withdrawn) 584 0.09 0
Bill Haas 392 0.06 0
Michael Bennet (withdrawn) 206 0.03 0
Velma Steinman 191 0.03 0
Leonard J. Steinman II 175 0.03 0
Marianne Williamson (withdrawn) 170 0.03 0
John Delaney (withdrawn) 159 0.02 0
Steve Burke 122 0.02 0
Julian Castro (withdrawn) 103 0.02 0
Henry Hewes 94 0.01 0
Robby Wells 79 0.01 0
Roque De La Fuente III 66 0.01 0
Deval Patrick (withdrawn) 52 0.01 0
Uncommitted 2,494 0.37 0
Total 666,112 100% 68

Republican primary
Main article: 2020 Missouri Republican primary
2020 Missouri Republican primary[5]
Candidate Votes % Estimated
delegates
Donald Trump 301,600 96.8% 54
Uncommitted 4,176 1.4%
Bill Weld 2,148 0.7%
Joe Walsh (withdrawn) 2,002 0.6%
Bob Ely 847 0.3%
Matthew John Matern 607 0.2%
Total 311,793 100% 54

Libertarian primary
Main article: 2020 Libertarian Party presidential primaries
County results of the Missouri Libertarian presidential primary, 2020.
  Jacob Hornberger
  Uncommitted
  Tie
  No votes
Missouri Libertarian presidential primary, March 10, 2020[6]
Candidate Votes Percentage
Jacob Hornberger 1,683 74.6%
Uncommitted 573 25.4%
Total 2,256 100%

Green primary
Main article: 2020 Green Party presidential primaries
Missouri Green primary, 2020[7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Green Howie Hawkins 2,733 76.93%
Green Dario Hunter 639 26.87%
Green David Rolde 214 10.99%
Total votes 3,586 100%

General election

Predictions
Source Ranking As of
The Cook Political Report[8] Likely R September 10, 2020
Inside Elections[9] Lean R September 4, 2020
Sabato's Crystal Ball[10] Likely R July 14, 2020
Politico[11] Safe R September 8, 2020
RCP[12] Lean R August 3, 2020
Niskanen[13] Safe R July 26, 2020
CNN[14] Safe R August 3, 2020
The Economist[15] Likely R September 2, 2020
CBS News[16] Likely R August 16, 2020
270towin[17] Likely R August 2, 2020
ABC News[18] Lean R July 31, 2020
NPR[19] Likely R August 3, 2020
NBC News[20] Likely R August 6, 2020
538[21] Likely R September 9, 2020

Polling
Graphical summary

Aggregate polls

Source of poll
aggregation		 Dates
administered		 Dates
updated		 Joe
Biden
Democratic		 Donald
Trump
Republican		 Other/
Undecided
[lower-alpha 1]		 Margin
270 to Win September 24 – October 29, 2020 October 31, 2020 44.0% 51.0% 5.0% Trump +7.0
FiveThirtyEight until October 31, 2020 November 1, 2020 44.1% 50.2% 5.1% Trump +6.7
Average 44.1% 50.9% 5.0% Trump +6.8

Polls

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump
Republican		 Joe
Biden
Democratic		 Jo
Jorgensen
Libertarian		 Howie
Hawkins
Green		 Other Undecided
SurveyMonkey/Axios Oct 20 – Nov 2, 2020 2,926 (LV) ± 2.5% 54%[lower-alpha 3] 44% - - – –
Swayable Oct 23 – Nov 1, 2020 487 (LV) ± 6.6% 55% 43% 2% 0% – –
Morning Consult Oct 22–31, 2020 1,109 (LV) ± 3% 52% 43% - - – –
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Oct 28–29, 2020 1,010 (LV) ± 3% 50% 45% 2% 1% – 2%
SurveyMonkey/Axios Oct 1–28, 2020 4,759 (LV) – 53% 45% - - – –
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Oct 14–15, 2020 1,010 (LV) ± 3% 51% 45% 1% 1% - 2%
YouGov/SLU Sep 24 – Oct 7, 2020 931 (LV) ± 3.9% 52% 43% - - 3% 2%
Garin-Hart-Yang/Galloway for Missouri[upper-alpha 1] Sep 28 – Oct 2, 2020 600 (LV) ± 4.1% 50% 48% - - – –
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Sep 30 – Oct 1, 2020 980 (LV) ± 3% 51% 46% - - – 3%
SurveyMonkey/Axios Sep 1–30, 2020 2,157 (LV) – 53% 45% - - – 2%
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Sep 16–17, 2020 1,046 (LV) ± 3% 53% 45% - - – 2%
We Ask America Sep 1–3, 2020 500 (LV) ± 4.38% 49% 44% - - 5%[lower-alpha 4] 2%
SurveyMonkey/Axios Aug 1–31, 2020 1,863 (LV) – 54% 44% - - – 2%
Trafalgar Group (R) Aug 26–28, 2020 1,015 (LV) ± 2.99% 52% 41% 3% - 1%[lower-alpha 5] 3%
SurveyMonkey/Axios Jul 1–31, 2020 2,261 (LV) – 54% 44% - - – 2%
YouGov/Saint Louis University Jun 23 – Jul 1, 2020 900 (LV) ± 3.95% 50% 43% - - 4% 4%
SurveyMonkey/Axios Jun 8–30, 2020 868 (LV) – 51% 47% - - – 1%
Garin-Hart-Yang/Galloway for Governor/Missouri Scout[upper-alpha 1] Jun 16–22, 2020 800 (LV) ± 3.5% 46% 48% - - – –
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Jun 10–11, 2020 1,152 (LV) ± 2.9% 51% 43% - - – 6%
We Ask America May 26–27, 2020 500 (LV) ± 4.38% 48% 44% - - 3%[lower-alpha 6] 5%
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Feb 26–27, 2020 1,050 (LV) – 53% 42% - - – 5%
American Viewpoint/Uniting Missouri[upper-alpha 2] Jan 20–22, 2020 1,200 (LV) – 50% 43% - - – 7%
Remington Research Group Sep 18–19, 2019 1,046 (LV) ± 3.0% 53% 42% - - – 5%
Remington Research Group Apr 10–11, 2019 955 (LV) ± 3.3% 51% 43% - - – 6%
Former candidates

Donald Trump vs. Michael Bloomberg

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump (R)		 Michael
Bloomberg (D)		 Undecided
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Feb 26–27, 2020 1,050 (LV) – 51% 39% 10%

Donald Trump vs. Pete Buttigieg

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump (R)		 Pete
Buttigieg (D)		 Undecided
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Feb 26–27, 2020 1,050 (LV) – 52% 37% 11%

Donald Trump vs. Kamala Harris

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump (R)		 Kamala
Harris (D)		 Undecided
Remington Research Group Apr 10–11, 2019 955 (LV) ± 3.3% 52% 36% 12%

Donald Trump vs. Beto O'Rourke

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump (R)		 Beto
O'Rourke (D)		 Undecided
Remington Research Group Apr 10–11, 2019 955 (LV) ± 3.3% 51% 38% 11%

Donald Trump vs. Bernie Sanders

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump (R)		 Bernie
Sanders (D)		 Undecided
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Feb 26–27, 2020 1,050 (LV) – 52% 37% 11%
Remington Research Group Sep 18–19, 2019 1,046 (LV) ± 3.0% 54% 37% 9%
Remington Research Group Apr 10–11, 2019 955 (LV) ± 3.3% 51% 39% 10%

Donald Trump vs. Elizabeth Warren

Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump (R)		 Elizabeth
Warren (D)		 Undecided
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout Feb 26–27, 2020 1,050 (LV) – 53% 35% 12%
American Viewpoint/Uniting Missouri[upper-alpha 2] Jan 20–22, 2020 1,200 (LV) – 51% 41% 8%
Remington Research Group Sep 18–19, 2019 1,046 (LV) ± 3.0% 54% 40% 6%
Zogby Analytics Aug 17–23, 2017 604 (LV) ± 4.0% 40% 46% 14%
Hypothetical polling
Poll source Date(s)
administered		 Sample
size[lower-alpha 2]		 Margin
of error		 Donald
Trump (R)		 Generic
Opponent		 Undecided
Remington Research Group/Missouri Scout March 6–7, 2019 984(LV) ± 3.3% 53% 46% 2%

Results
2020 United States presidential election in Missouri[22][23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Donald Trump
Mike Pence 		1,718,736 56.80 +0.02
Democratic Joe Biden
Kamala Harris		 1,253,014 41.41 +3.27
Libertarian Jo Jorgensen
Spike Cohen		 41,205 1.36 -2.11
Green Howie Hawkins
Angela Walker		 8,283 0.27 -0.63
Constitution Don Blankenship
William Mohr		 3,919 0.13 -0.34
Write-in 805 0.03 n/a
Total votes 3,025,962 100.00

By county
Joseph R. Biden

Democratic

 Donald J. Trump

Republican

 Other Margin Total
County % # % # % # % # #
Adair35.17%3,71060.79%6,4132.02%21325.62%2,70310,549
Andrew23.75%2,35173.30%7,2551.48%14649.55%4,9049,898
Atchison19.69%56476.75%2,1991.78%5157.07%1,6352,865
Audrain24.86%2,70471.09%7,7322.02%22046.23%5,02810,876
Barry18.63%2,94878.52%12,4251.42%22559.89%9,47715,823
Barton13.74%84484.14%5,1681.06%6570.40%4,3246,142
Bates19.53%1,67277.04%6,5971.72%14757.51%4,9258,563
Benton20.44%2,18076.05%8,1091.75%18755.60%5,92910,663
Bollinger12.40%75085.42%5,1671.09%6673.02%4,4176,049
Boone53.47%50,06441.28%38,6462.63%2,458-12.20%-11,41893,626
Buchanan36.04%13,44560.19%22,4501.88%70324.14%9,00537,301
Butler17.96%3,30179.45%14,6021.29%23861.49%11,30118,379
Caldwell18.92%89778.55%3,7251.27%6059.64%2,8284,742
Callaway27.17%5,87068.58%14,8152.12%45941.41%8,94521,603
Camden22.50%5,65275.03%18,8501.23%31052.54%13,19825,122
Cape Girardeau26.25%10,76070.52%28,9071.61%66144.27%18,14740,989
Carroll17.19%78681.06%3,7060.87%4063.87%2,9204,572
Carter14.29%41883.79%2,4510.96%2869.50%2,0332,925
Cass32.53%19,05263.51%37,1971.98%1,15930.98%18,14558,567
Cedar16.00%1,14580.89%5,7881.55%11164.89%4,6437,155
Chariton22.20%91675.38%3,1111.21%5053.19%2,1954,127
Christian23.37%11,13173.32%34,9201.65%78849.95%23,78947,627
Clark19.72%67877.72%2,6721.28%4458.00%1,9943,438
Clay46.00%59,40050.03%64,6051.99%2,5644.03%5,205129,133
Clinton26.13%2,89670.38%7,7991.74%19344.25%4,90311,081
Cole31.52%12,69464.76%26,0861.86%74933.25%13,39240,278
Cooper25.37%2,24970.75%6,2721.94%17245.38%4,0238,865
Crawford19.02%2,11378.55%8,7251.22%13559.52%6,61211,108
Dade15.74%65681.91%3,4141.18%4966.17%2,7584,168
Dallas16.81%1,38080.63%6,6191.28%10563.82%5,2398,209
Daviess18.77%74678.06%3,1021.59%6359.29%2,3563,974
De Kalb18.87%93077.68%3,8281.72%8558.81%2,8984,928
Dent14.58%1,05682.68%5,9871.37%9968.10%4,9317,241
Douglas14.34%1,01683.23%5,8981.21%8668.90%4,8827,086
Dunklin20.95%2,20077.45%8,1350.80%8456.51%5,93510,503
Franklin26.61%14,56969.52%38,0581.93%1,05842.91%23,48954,743
Gasconade19.96%1,60177.55%6,2221.25%10057.60%4,6218,023
Gentry18.69%61378.69%2,5811.31%4360.00%1,9683,280
Greene38.00%55,06857.71%83,6302.14%3,10219.71%28,562144,902
Grundy17.80%79979.84%3,5851.18%5362.05%2,7864,490
Harrison15.48%59782.91%3,1980.80%3167.44%2,6013,857
Henry23.96%2,61973.44%8,0271.30%14249.48%5,40810,930
Hickory20.55%1,05677.19%3,9661.13%5856.64%2,9105,138
Holt14.25%33883.31%1,9761.22%2969.06%1,6382,372
Howard27.08%1,41368.09%3,5532.41%12641.01%2,1405,218
Howell17.03%3,21880.32%15,1811.33%25163.29%11,96318,901
Iron20.35%94577.45%3,5961.10%5157.10%2,6514,643
Jackson60.00%199,84237.24%126,5351.97%6,686-22.76%-73,307333,063
Jasper25.36%13,54970.62%37,7282.01%1,07545.26%24,17953,427
Jefferson31.58%37,52364.85%77,0461.78%2,11933.27%39,523118,807
Johnson29.32%6,97465.13%15,4892.78%66035.80%8,51523,783
Knox18.07%34078.96%1,4861.49%2860.89%1,1461,882
Laclede16.31%2,78080.74%13,7621.47%25164.43%10,98217,044
Lafayette25.75%4,47270.68%12,2731.79%31044.92%7,80117,365
Lawrence17.69%3,21479.39%14,4261.46%26561.71%11,21218,170
Lewis21.02%98475.90%3,5531.54%7254.88%2,5694,681
Lincoln22.34%6,60773.86%21,8481.90%56351.52%15,24129,581
Linn21.93%1,27575.04%4,3631.51%8853.11%3,0885,814
Livingston20.62%1,41077.01%5,2671.18%8156.40%3,8576,839
Macon20.95%1,66276.58%6,0761.24%9855.63%4,4147,934
Madison17.72%1,01979.74%4,5841.27%7362.01%3,5655,749
Maries16.83%81480.48%3,8921.34%6563.65%3,0784,836
Marion23.58%3,20273.02%9,9151.70%23149.44%6,71313,579
McDonald15.64%1,43981.12%7,4651.62%14965.49%6,0269,202
Mercer12.37%22285.85%1,5410.89%1673.48%1,3191,795
Miller16.24%2,03881.08%10,1761.34%16864.84%8,13812,550
Mississippi24.56%1,17873.73%3,5370.85%4149.18%2,3594,797
Moniteau18.01%1,30879.10%5,7441.45%10561.09%4,4367,262
Monroe20.56%93676.37%3,4771.54%7055.81%2,5414,553
Montgomery20.58%1,20876.05%4,4651.69%9955.48%3,2575,871
Morgan20.02%1,92477.46%7,4421.26%12157.43%5,5189,608
New Madrid23.93%1,74874.57%5,4470.75%5550.64%3,6997,305
Newton20.15%5,81876.61%22,1201.62%46756.46%16,30228,872
Nodaway28.34%2,85368.19%6,8651.74%17539.85%4,01210,068
Oregon17.12%82380.01%3,8471.44%6962.90%3,0244,808
Osage13.62%1,03784.36%6,4251.01%7770.75%5,3887,616
Ozark15.31%75282.74%4,0640.98%4867.43%3,3124,912
Pemiscot26.94%1,56071.16%4,1200.95%5544.21%2,5605,790
Perry17.38%1,66479.99%7,6571.32%12662.60%5,9939,573
Pettis24.46%4,78370.84%13,8542.35%46046.38%9,07119,557
Phelps28.16%5,63767.34%13,4802.25%45139.18%7,84320,019
Pike21.98%1,71775.07%5,8631.47%11553.09%4,1467,810
Platte46.50%27,17949.48%28,9172.01%1,1742.97%1,73858,444
Polk18.74%2,88576.98%11,8502.14%32958.24%8,96515,393
Pulaski25.34%3,74069.98%10,3292.34%34544.64%6,58914,759
Putnam15.19%36183.47%1,9840.67%1668.28%1,6232,377
Ralls21.06%1,20576.81%4,3961.07%6155.76%3,1915,723
Randolph22.62%2,48572.99%8,0182.19%24150.37%5,53310,985
Ray26.25%3,10970.46%8,3451.65%19544.21%5,23611,844
Reynolds15.87%52981.97%2,7331.08%3666.11%2,2043,334
Ripley14.46%83383.98%4,8390.78%4569.52%4,0065,762
Saline29.99%2,90466.62%6,4511.69%16436.63%3,5479,683
Schuyler18.40%37379.23%1,6061.18%2460.83%1,2332,027
Scotland19.21%38877.23%1,5601.78%3658.02%1,1722,020
Scott20.95%3,75376.85%13,7691.10%19755.91%10,01617,916
Shannon17.91%70680.31%3,1650.89%3562.40%2,4593,941
Shelby17.37%59279.23%2,7001.70%5861.85%2,1083,408
St. Charles39.59%89,53056.78%128,3891.81%4,09817.19%38,859226,115
St. Clair19.65%98878.20%3,9321.07%5458.55%2,9445,028
St. Francois24.76%7,04472.10%20,5111.57%44647.34%13,46728,447
St. Louis60.18%328,15136.59%199,4931.61%8,802-23.60%-128,658545,248
St. Louis City80.85%110,08915.77%21,4741.69%2,304-65.08%-88,615136,171
Ste. Genevieve28.19%2,71368.88%6,6301.46%14140.70%3,9179,625
Stoddard13.43%1,81984.76%11,4840.91%12371.33%9,66513,549
Stone18.79%3,50679.31%14,8000.95%17760.53%11,29418,660
Sullivan19.20%47879.28%1,9740.76%1960.08%1,4962,490
Taney19.97%5,33976.73%20,5081.65%44156.75%15,16926,729
Texas15.01%1,71682.88%9,4781.06%12167.87%7,76211,436
Vernon20.44%1,90376.84%7,1551.36%12756.40%5,2529,312
Warren25.42%4,76970.48%13,2222.05%38445.06%8,45318,759
Washington17.86%1,80479.67%8,0471.24%12561.81%6,24310,101
Wayne14.26%84584.18%4,9870.78%4669.92%4,1425,924
Webster18.70%3,57377.89%14,8801.71%32659.18%11,30719,105
Worth19.16%21578.16%8771.34%1559.00%6621,122
Wright13.19%1,16884.15%7,4531.33%11870.96%6,2858,857

By congressional district

Trump won 6 of 8 congressional districts.[24]

District Trump Biden Representative
1st 18% 80% Lacy Clay (116th Congress)
Cori Bush (117th Congress)
2nd 49% 49% Ann Wagner
3rd 67% 31% Blaine Luetkemeyer
4th 66% 32% Vicky Hartzler
5th 40% 58% Emanuel Cleaver
6th 63% 35% Sam Graves
7th 70% 28% Billy Long
8th 77% 21% Jason Smith

See also

Notes
  1. Calculated by taking the difference of 100% and all other candidates combined.
  2. Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear
  3. Overlapping sample with the previous SurveyMonkey/Axios poll, but more information available regarding sample size
  4. "Someone else" with 5%
  5. "Another Party Candidate" with 1%
  6. "Someone else" with 3%
Partisan clients
  1. Poll sponsored by Galloway's campaign
  2. Uniting Missouri is a PAC supporting Governor Mike Parson (R) in the 2020 Missouri gubernatorial election.

References
  1. Kelly, Ben (August 13, 2018). "US elections key dates: When are the 2018 midterms and the 2020 presidential campaign?". The Independent. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  2. "Distribution of Electoral Votes". National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  3. "Missouri Voter Surveys: How Different Groups Voted". The New York Times. November 3, 2020. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  4. "State of Missouri - Presidential Primary Election, March 10, 2020" (PDF). Missouri Secretary of State. Retrieved August 12, 2020.
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Further reading
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