Natural history of Minnesota

The natural history of Minnesota covers many plant and animal species in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The continental climate and location of Minnesota at the physiographic intersection of the Laurentian and the Interior Plains influences its plant and animal life. Three of North America's biomes converge in Minnesota: prairie grasslands in the southwestern and western parts of the state, the eastern temperate deciduous forests in the east-central and the southeast and the coniferous forest in the north-central and northeast.

The terrestrial biomes of Minnesota, prior to European settlement. Tallgrass aspen parkland/prairie grasslands in yellow, eastern deciduous forest in olive green, and the northern coniferous forest in dark green.

Ecoregions
Main article: List of ecoregions in Minnesota

An ecoregion is an area uniquely defined by environmental conditions and natural features. Ecoregions in Minnesota were largely influenced by the unique glacial history, geology, soil type, land use, and climate of the state. The United States Environmental Protection Agency, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, and World Wildlife Fund maintain separate classifications of the state's ecoregions. Although different, they generally agree on delineating between the coniferous forest in the north-central portion and the Arrowhead, a temperate deciduous forest in the central and southeast, and the tallgrass prairie in the southern and western portions of the state.[1] The northern coniferous forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.

Flora
Dwarf trout lily

Much of Minnesota's northern forest has been logged, leaving only a few patches of old-growth forest today in areas such as in the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (1,600 km2) of unlogged land.[2] Although logging continues, regrowth keeps about one third of the state forested.[3]

Flora listed as threatened on the United States Fish and Wildlife Service list of endangered species include the Prairie bush-clover (Lespedeza leptostachya), the Western Prairie Fringed Orchid (Platanthera praeclara), and Leedy's roseroot (Rhodiola integrifolia ssp. leedyi), and the Dwarf trout lily (Erythronium propullans).[4]

Fauna
A groundhog seen in Minneapolis, along the banks of the Mississippi River
Bison at Blue Mounds State Park in the southwestern corner of Minnesota

While loss of habitat and over harvest has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, bison, and the boreal woodland caribou[5] whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. The state has the nation's largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska,[6] and supports healthy populations of black bear and moose.

Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to the largest population of bald eagles in the contiguous United States following a large increase in conservation efforts and breeding areas since 1989, with an estimated 30 active nests in the Twin Cities alone.[7] The red-tailed hawk thrives in Minnesota woodlands, swamps, and prairies, where rodent populations are high.[8] Although they do not nest in the state, snowy owls migrate to Minnesota from the arctic tundra to hunt voles, mice, and rabbits.[9] The number of snowy owls in the state in any given winter depends greatly on the winter conditions of the snowy owl's natural habitat, in areas such as Canada and Alaska.

The state fish, the walleye, is commonly found in all parts of Minnesota.[10] The walleye fishing season begins on the second Saturday of May, the time of year when walleye begin spawning. Walleye are especially active on cloudy days and after sunset, as well as during the autumn, when walleye feed heavily to prepare for winter. They naturally reproduce in 260 lakes throughout the state, and are stocked in 1,300 other lakes by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The lakes contain other sport fish such as smallmouth and largemouth bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and streams in the southeast are populated by brook, brown, and rainbow trout.[11]

References
  1. "Biomes of Minnesota". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2009-08-16.
  2. Heinselman, Miron (1996). The Boundary Waters Wilderness Ecosystem. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-2805-X.
  3. Bewer, Tim (2004). Moon Handbooks Minnesota (First ed.). Avalon Travel Publishing. ISBN 1-56691-482-5.
  4. "Listing and occurrences for Minnesota". Species Reports. United States Fish and Wildlife Service. November 30, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2010.
  5. Bison disappeared in the mid-1800s; the last bison was reported in southwest Minnesota in 1879. Moyle, J. B. (1965). Big Game in Minnesota, Technical Bulletin, no. 9. Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, Section of Research and Planning. p. 172. As referenced in Anfinson, Scott F. (1997). Southwestern Minnesota Archaeology. St. Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. p. 20. ISBN 0-87351-355-X.
  6. "Comprehensive Report Species - Canis lupus". Retrieved 2007-05-07.
  7. "Bald eagles in summer". Minnesota DNR. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  8. "Red-tailed Hawk". Minnesota DNR. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  9. Snowy owl, Minnesota Department of Natural Resources (2019).
  10. "HOW TO CATCH WALLEYE, MINNESOTA'S STATE FISH". Minnesota DNR. Retrieved 2021-01-07.
  11. "Fishes of Minnesota". Retrieved 2021-01-07.
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