2016 United States presidential election in Texas

The 2016 United States presidential election in Texas took place on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 United States presidential election. Primary elections were held on March 1, 2016.

Main article: 2016 United States presidential election
2016 United States presidential election in Texas
November 8, 2016
Turnout59.4% (of registered voters)
46.5% (of voting age population)[1]
 
Nominee Donald Trump Hillary Clinton
Party Republican Democratic
Home state New York New York
Running mate Mike Pence Tim Kaine
Electoral vote 36[lower-alpha 1] 0
Popular vote 4,685,047 3,877,868
Percentage 52.23% 43.24%
County Results[2]
President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

 Elected President

Donald Trump
Republican

Elections in Texas
Federal government
Presidential elections
U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Special elections
State government
Gubernatorial elections
Legislative elections
Constitutional amendments
General elections
Austin
Mayoral elections
Corpus Christi
Mayoral elections
Dallas–Fort Worth
Arlington mayoral elections
Dallas mayoral elections
Fort Worth mayoral elections
Garland mayoral elections
Plano municipal elections
El Paso
Mayoral elections
Other municipal offices
Houston
Mayoral elections
Municipal elections
Laredo
Mayoral elections
Lubbock
Mayoral elections
San Antonio
Mayoral elections
Government
Results by county showing number of votes by size and candidates by color
Treemap of the popular vote by county

Texas was won by Republican Donald Trump and his running mate Mike Pence by a 9% margin over Democrats Hillary Clinton and Tim Kaine. The Lone Star State assigned its 38 Electoral College votes to the state's popular vote winner, but two faithless electors chose other candidates, making Texas the only state in 2016 to give Trump fewer than the assigned electoral votes.

When the Electoral College met on December 19, 2016, only 36 out of the 38 electors voted for Trump for president. Two electors defected, Christopher Suprun voted for Ohio Governor John Kasich, and the other voted for Congressman Ron Paul. For vice president, 37 electors voted for Pence, while Suprun voted for Carly Fiorina. This was the first time since Gerald Ford lost a Washington state electoral vote to fellow Republican Ronald Reagan in 1976 that a Republican presidential candidate lost a pledged vote via a faithless elector. Additionally, this was the first time since 1972 that the winning presidential candidate lost an electoral vote, when Richard Nixon lost a Virginia electoral vote to Libertarian Party nominee John Hospers.

Texas was one of the eleven states where Hillary Clinton improved on Barack Obama's performance in 2012.[3] Clinton lost Texas by a smaller margin than any Democrat since 1996 (though Barack Obama got a slightly larger percentage of the vote in 2008), which analysts attributed to ongoing demographic changes, although other analysts cite evidence suggesting the real reason was Trump losing ground with college-educated white voters. Trump is the tenth consecutive Republican presidential nominee to win Texas, beginning with Ronald Reagan in 1980. Nevertheless, he became the first Republican to win the White House without carrying Fort Bend County since Herbert Hoover in 1928, and to do so without carrying Harris or Dallas County since Calvin Coolidge in 1924.

Democratic primary
2016 Texas Democratic primary
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
 
Candidate Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders
Home state New York Vermont
Delegate count 147 75
Popular vote 936,004 476,547
Percentage 65.19% 33.19%
Texas results by county
  Hillary Clinton
  Bernie Sanders
  Tie
Main article: 2016 Texas Democratic primary

The Texas Democratic Party held their state's primary in concurrence with the other Super Tuesday contests on March 1. Eight candidates appeared on the ballot, Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, dropped-out candidate Martin O'Malley and five minor candidates (Rocky De La Fuente, Willie Wilson, Star Locke, Keith Russell Judd and Calvis Hawes.) The Texas Democratic primary had 251 delegates to the Democratic National Convention: 222 pledged delegates and 29 super delegates. 145 delegates were allocated proportionally based on the results in the state's 31 senatorial districts. The other 77 pledged delegates were allocated proportionally based on the statewide popular vote.[4]

Results
2016 Texas Democratic Party presidential primary[5]
Candidate Popular vote Delegates
Count Percentage Pledged delegates Super delegates Total delegates
Hillary Clinton 936,004 65.19% 147 21 168
Bernie Sanders 476,547 33.19% 75 0 75
Rocky De Le Fuente 8,429 0.59% 0 0 0
Martin O'Malley 5,364 0.37% 0 0 0
Willie Wilson 3,254 0.23% 0 0 0
Keith Russell Judd 2,569 0.18% 0 0 0
Calvis L. Hawes 2,017 0.14% 0 0 0
Star Locke 1,711 0.12% 0 0 0
Uncommitted n/a 8 8
Total: 1,435,895 100% 222 29 251
Key: Withdrew prior to contest

Republican primary
2016 Texas Republican primary
March 1, 2016 (2016-03-01)
 
Candidate Ted Cruz Donald Trump Marco Rubio
Home state Texas New York Florida
Delegate count 104 48 3
Popular vote 1,241,118 758,762 503,055
Percentage 43.76% 26.75% 17.74%
Texas results by county
  Ted Cruz
  Donald Trump

Debates and forums

February 24, 2016 – Houston, Texas

Megyn Kelly hosted a two-hour town hall event on The Kelly File with Kasich, Cruz, Rubio, and Carson in attendance. Trump did not participate in the forum.[6]

February 25, 2016 – Houston, Texas

CandidateAirtime[7]Polls[8]
Trump30:2333.6%
Cruz19:5120.4%
Rubio16:4816.4%
Kasich17:369.8%
Carson10:157.4%

After the caucus in Nevada, the tenth debate was held at the University of Houston in Houston and broadcast by CNN as its third of four debates, in conjunction with Telemundo. The debate aired five days before 14 states voted on Super Tuesday, March 1. While the debate was to be held in partnership with Telemundo's English-language counterpart NBC, RNC Chairman Reince Priebus announced on October 30, 2015, that it had suspended the partnership in response to CNBC's "bad faith" in handling the October 28, 2015, debate.[9][10] On January 18, 2016, the RNC announced that CNN would replace NBC News as the main host of the debate, in partnership with Telemundo and Salem Communications (CNN's conservative media partner). The debate was shifted a day earlier at the same time.[11] National Review was disinvited by the Republican National Committee from co-hosting the debate over its criticism of GOP front-runner Donald Trump.[12] On February 19, the criteria for invitation to the debate was announced: in addition to having official statements of candidacy with the Federal Election Commission and accepting the rules of the debate, candidates must have received at least 5% support in one of the first four election contests held in Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Nevada.[13] By these criteria, all five remaining candidates, Carson, Cruz, Kasich, Rubio, and Trump, qualified for invitation to the debate. The 155 delegates to the Republican National Convention were allocated in this way. 108 delegates are allocated by congressional district; 3 per district. If a candidate gets over 50% of the vote in a congressional district; they would win all of the district's 3 delegates. If no one had a majority and one candidate had at least 20% of the vote, the candidate winning the plurality would get 2 delegates and the candidate in second place would get 1 delegate. If nobody receives at least 20% of the vote, the top 3 vote-getters each get 1 delegate. There were another 47 at-large delegates. If someone received more than 50% of the vote, they would get all of the at-large delegates. If no one got more than 50% of the vote and there were at least 2 candidates that got over 20% of the vote, the delegates would be allocated proportionally among the candidates receiving more than 20% of the vote. If only one candidate got over 20% of the vote and not a majority, the delegates would be allocated between the candidate that got over 20% of the vote and the candidate who received the 2nd most votes. If no candidate got 20%, they would allocate all of the 47 at-large delegates proportionally.[14]

Results
2016 Texas Republican Party presidential primary[15]
Candidate Popular vote Delegates
Count Percentage
Ted Cruz 1,241,118 43.76% 104
Donald Trump 758,762 26.75% 48
Marco Rubio 503,055 17.74% 3
John Kasich 120,473 4.25% 0
Ben Carson 117,969 4.16% 0
Jeb Bush 35,420 1.25% 0
Uncommitted 29,609 1.04% 0
Rand Paul 8,000 0.28% 0
Mike Huckabee 6,226 0.22% 0
Elizabeth Gray 5,449 0.19% 0
Chris Christie 3,448 0.12% 0
Carly Fiorina 3,247 0.11% 0
Rick Santorum 2,006 0.07% 0
Lindsey Graham 1,706 0.06% 0
Total: 2,836,488 100% 155
Key: Withdrew prior to contest

Green Party convention

The Texas Green Party held its party caucuses at conventions at the precinct level on March 8,[16] the county level on March 12,[17] and the district level on March 19,[18] leading up to the state nominating convention in Grey Forest, Texas, on April 9 and 10.[19]

On April 10 it was announced that Jill Stein had won the state convention.[20]

Texas Green Party presidential caucus, Saturday, April 9, 2016
Candidate Votes Percentage National delegates
Jill Stein - - 15
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry - - 3
Darryl Cherney - - 2
Kent Mesplay - - 2
William Kreml - - 1
Total - 100.00% 23

General election

Polling
Main article: Statewide opinion polling for the 2016 United States presidential election § Texas

Trump won every single pre-election poll with margins varying from 2 to 14 points. Trump won the last poll 49% to 35% and the average of the last three polls showed Trump leading 50% to 38%. [21]

Predictions

The following are final 2016 predictions from various organizations for Texas as of Election Day.

Source Ranking As of
Los Angeles Times[22] Lean R November 6, 2016
CNN[23] Safe R November 8, 2016
Sabato's Crystal Ball[24] Safe R November 7, 2016
NBC[25] Lean R November 8, 2016
Electoral-vote.com[26] Lean R November 8, 2016
RealClearPolitics[27] Lean R November 8, 2016
Fox News[28] Lean R November 7, 2016
ABC[29] Safe R November 7, 2016

Results

The voting age population was 19,307,355, of which 15,101,087 were registered to vote. Turnout was 8,969,226, which is 46.45% of the voting age population and 59.39% of registered voters. The early voting period lasted for two weeks ending November 4, with 43.5% of registered voters casting early or absentee ballots. Out of those who cast votes, 73% cast their ballots early or absentee and 26% voted on Election Day.[30]

Thirteen candidates received write-in votes, of which the large majority (42,366) went to Evan McMullin.

2016 United States presidential election in Texas[31]
Party Candidate Running mate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Republican Donald Trump Mike Pence 4,685,047 52.23% 36
Democratic Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine 3,877,868 43.24% 0
Libertarian Gary Johnson William Weld 283,492 3.16% 0
Green Jill Stein Ajamu Baraka 71,558 0.80% 0
Write-in Various candidates Various candidates 51,261 0.57% 0
Republican John Kasich[lower-alpha 2] Carly Fiorina[lower-alpha 2] 0 0.00% 1
Libertarian[32] Ron Paul[lower-alpha 2] Mike Pence[lower-alpha 3] 0 0.00% 1
Totals 8,969,226 100.00% 38
Turnout (VAP) 46.45%[33]

By county
County [34] Trump Trump % Clinton Clinton % Johnson Johnson % Stein Stein % Others Others % Total
Anderson 13,201 77.76% 3,369 19.84% 308 1.81% 57 0.34% 42 0.25% 16,977
Andrews 3,927 79.45% 836 16.91% 147 2.97% 18 0.36% 15 0.30% 4,943
Angelina 21,668 72.44% 7,538 25.20% 560 1.87% 106 0.35% 39 0.13% 29,911
Aransas 7,740 73.63% 2,465 23.45% 238 2.26% 41 0.39% 28 0.27% 10,512
Archer 3,786 88.40% 394 9.20% 80 1.87% 10 0.23% 13 0.30% 4,283
Armstrong 924 90.50% 70 6.86% 18 1.76% 5 0.49% 4 0.39% 1,021
Atascosa 8,618 63.03% 4,651 34.02% 308 2.25% 65 0.48% 31 0.23% 13,673
Austin 9,637 78.52% 2,320 18.90% 248 2.02% 51 0.42% 18 0.15% 12,274
Bailey 1,344 74.96% 397 22.14% 39 2.18% 5 0.28% 8 0.45% 1,793
Bandera 8,163 79.89% 1,726 16.89% 262 2.56% 66 0.65% 1 0.01% 10,218
Bastrop 16,328 57.38% 10,569 37.14% 1,063 3.74% 320 1.12% 174 0.61% 28,454
Baylor 1,267 84.52% 191 12.74% 31 2.07% 3 0.20% 7 0.47% 1,499
Bee 4,744 55.91% 3,444 40.59% 238 2.80% 34 0.40% 25 0.29% 8,485
Bell 51,998 54.74% 37,801 39.79% 3,824 4.03% 812 0.85% 559 0.59% 94,994
Bexar 240,333 40.76% 319,550 54.19% 20,091 3.41% 6,645 1.13% 3,026 0.51% 589,645
Blanco 4,212 74.09% 1,244 21.88% 180 3.17% 33 0.58% 16 0.28% 5,685
Borden 330 90.41% 31 8.49% 3 0.82% 1 0.27% 0 0.00% 365
Bosque 6,339 80.88% 1,278 16.31% 155 1.98% 40 0.51% 26 0.33% 7,838
Bowie 24,924 72.03% 8,838 25.54% 582 1.68% 145 0.42% 113 0.33% 34,602
Brazoria 72,791 60.07% 43,200 35.65% 3,768 3.11% 806 0.67% 616 0.51% 121,181
Brazos 38,738 57.64% 23,121 34.40% 3,813 5.67% 536 0.80% 1,003 1.49% 67,211
Brewster 2,077 48.85% 1,873 44.05% 210 4.94% 77 1.81% 15 0.35% 4,252
Briscoe 625 84.92% 91 12.36% 14 1.90% 4 0.54% 2 0.27% 736
Brooks 613 23.61% 1,937 74.61% 32 1.23% 14 0.54% 0 0.00% 2,596
Brown 12,017 85.68% 1,621 11.56% 253 1.80% 65 0.46% 70 0.50% 14,026
Burleson 5,316 76.38% 1,491 21.42% 118 1.70% 20 0.29% 15 0.22% 6,960
Burnet 14,638 76.22% 3,797 19.77% 564 2.94% 104 0.54% 101 0.53% 19,204
Caldwell 6,691 55.33% 4,795 39.65% 446 3.69% 105 0.87% 55 0.45% 12,092
Calhoun 4,638 66.59% 2,118 30.41% 168 2.41% 33 0.47% 8 0.11% 6,965
Callahan 4,865 87.20% 569 10.20% 107 1.92% 23 0.41% 15 0.27% 5,579
Cameron 29,472 32.01% 59,402 64.51% 2,236 2.43% 822 0.89% 147 0.16% 92,079
Camp 3,201 70.48% 1,260 27.74% 66 1.45% 15 0.33% 0 0.00% 4,542
Carson 2,620 88.39% 249 8.40% 68 2.29% 11 0.37% 16 0.54% 2,964
Cass 9,726 78.79% 2,391 19.37% 145 1.17% 34 0.28% 48 0.39% 12,344
Castro 1,414 70.81% 526 26.34% 47 2.35% 10 0.50% 0 0.00% 1,997
Chambers 13,339 79.47% 2,948 17.56% 385 2.29% 59 0.35% 55 0.33% 16,786
Cherokee 12,919 76.94% 3,469 20.66% 305 1.82% 34 0.20% 63 0.38% 16,790
Childress 1,802 86.47% 253 12.14% 24 1.15% 5 0.24% 0 0.00% 2,084
Clay 4,377 87.23% 536 10.68% 87 1.73% 12 0.24% 6 0.12% 5,018
Cochran 679 75.36% 190 21.09% 29 3.22% 3 0.33% 0 0.00% 901
Coke 1,265 88.90% 140 9.84% 16 1.12% 2 0.14% 0 0.00% 1,423
Coleman 3,177 87.21% 388 10.65% 53 1.45% 18 0.49% 7 0.19% 3,643
Collin 201,014 55.62% 140,624 38.91% 13,855 3.83% 2,539 0.70% 3,387 0.94% 361,419
Collingsworth 983 85.03% 145 12.54% 22 1.90% 4 0.35% 2 0.17% 1,156
Colorado 6,325 74.30% 1,987 23.34% 144 1.69% 37 0.43% 20 0.23% 8,513
Comal 45,136 72.59% 14,238 22.90% 2,068 3.33% 343 0.55% 393 0.63% 62,178
Comanche 4,333 82.74% 789 15.07% 88 1.68% 21 0.40% 6 0.11% 5,237
Concho 885 82.87% 148 13.86% 27 2.53% 7 0.66% 1 0.09% 1,068
Cooke 13,181 82.61% 2,352 14.74% 317 1.99% 60 0.38% 45 0.28% 15,955
Coryell 12,225 66.98% 5,064 27.74% 704 3.86% 161 0.88% 99 0.54% 18,253
Cottle 506 82.68% 92 15.03% 12 1.96% 2 0.33% 0 0.00% 612
Crane 1,049 75.79% 299 21.60% 28 2.02% 7 0.51% 1 0.07% 1,384
Crockett 980 70.25% 372 26.67% 39 2.80% 4 0.29% 0 0.00% 1,395
Crosby 1,181 68.34% 468 27.08% 60 3.47% 5 0.29% 14 0.81% 1,728
Culberson 280 36.51% 454 59.19% 23 3.00% 6 0.78% 4 0.52% 767
Dallam 1,261 81.67% 222 14.38% 46 2.98% 9 0.58% 6 0.39% 1,544
Dallas 262,945 34.64% 461,080 60.75% 24,025 3.17% 6,114 0.81% 4,809 0.63% 758,973
Dawson 2,636 73.98% 835 23.44% 80 2.25% 11 0.31% 1 0.03% 3,563
Deaf Smith 2,911 69.05% 1,185 28.11% 91 2.16% 14 0.33% 15 0.36% 4,216
Delta 1,836 80.49% 400 17.54% 36 1.58% 7 0.31% 2 0.09% 2,281
Denton 170,603 57.13% 110,890 37.13% 11,583 3.88% 2,660 0.89% 2,909 0.97% 298,645
Dewitt 5,519 80.64% 1,163 16.99% 124 1.81% 27 0.39% 11 0.16% 6,844
Dickens 755 83.06% 128 14.08% 23 2.53% 3 0.33% 0 0.00% 909
Dimmit 974 30.20% 2,173 67.38% 57 1.77% 21 0.65% 0 0.00% 3,225
Donley 1,225 83.62% 191 13.04% 40 2.73% 5 0.34% 4 0.27% 1,465
Duval 1,316 31.57% 2,783 66.77% 49 1.18% 19 0.46% 1 0.02% 4,168
Eastland 6,011 86.33% 776 11.14% 120 1.72% 31 0.45% 25 0.36% 6,963
Ector 25,020 68.49% 10,249 28.06% 1,009 2.76% 167 0.46% 85 0.23% 36,530
Edwards 746 69.52% 303 28.24% 17 1.58% 5 0.47% 2 0.19% 1,073
Ellis 44,941 70.58% 16,253 25.53% 1,747 2.74% 325 0.51% 407 0.64% 63,673
El Paso 55,512 25.94% 147,843 69.08% 7,607 3.55% 2,945 1.38% 101 0.05% 214,008
Erath 11,210 80.69% 2,160 15.55% 378 2.72% 68 0.49% 77 0.55% 13,893
Falls 3,441 65.57% 1,684 32.09% 90 1.71% 23 0.44% 10 0.19% 5,248
Fannin 9,548 79.28% 2,132 17.70% 269 2.23% 46 0.38% 49 0.41% 12,044
Fayette 8,743 78.24% 2,144 19.19% 209 1.87% 45 0.40% 33 0.30% 11,174
Fisher 1,265 73.16% 403 23.31% 44 2.54% 10 0.58% 7 0.40% 1,729
Floyd 1,474 75.24% 435 22.21% 47 2.40% 3 0.15% 0 0.00% 1,959
Foard 383 74.66% 113 22.03% 14 2.73% 1 0.19% 2 0.39% 513
Fort Bend 117,291 44.76% 134,686 51.39% 6,907 2.64% 1,783 0.68% 1,399 0.53% 262,066
Franklin 3,585 81.85% 665 15.18% 96 2.19% 12 0.27% 22 0.50% 4,380
Freestone 6,026 78.42% 1,471 19.14% 139 1.81% 13 0.17% 35 0.46% 7,684
Frio 1,856 42.18% 2,444 55.55% 76 1.73% 24 0.55% 0 0.00% 4,400
Gaines 3,907 84.57% 597 12.92% 85 1.84% 20 0.43% 11 0.24% 4,620
Galveston 73,757 60.01% 43,658 35.52% 4,045 3.29% 889 0.72% 554 0.45% 122,903
Garza 1,225 82.55% 230 15.50% 21 1.42% 7 0.47% 1 0.07% 1,484
Gillespie 10,446 79.05% 2,288 17.31% 333 2.52% 61 0.46% 86 0.65% 13,214
Glasscock 553 91.56% 34 5.63% 13 2.15% 2 0.33% 2 0.33% 604
Goliad 2,620 70.66% 973 26.24% 101 2.72% 10 0.27% 4 0.11% 3,708
Gonzales 4,587 72.42% 1,571 24.80% 129 2.04% 28 0.44% 19 0.30% 6,334
Gray 6,500 87.78% 701 9.47% 144 1.94% 22 0.30% 38 0.51% 7,405
Grayson 35,325 74.50% 10,301 21.72% 1,258 2.65% 264 0.56% 268 0.57% 47,416
Gregg 28,764 68.90% 11,677 27.97% 903 2.16% 150 0.36% 255 0.61% 41,749
Grimes 7,065 74.11% 2,194 23.01% 219 2.30% 50 0.52% 5 0.05% 9,533
Guadalupe 36,632 63.35% 18,391 31.81% 2,022 3.50% 412 0.71% 365 0.63% 57,822
Hale 6,366 71.87% 2,101 23.72% 324 3.66% 43 0.49% 24 0.27% 8,858
Hall 893 81.85% 164 15.03% 34 3.12% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 1,091
Hamilton 3,060 84.53% 479 13.23% 64 1.77% 10 0.28% 7 0.19% 3,620
Hansford 1,730 88.85% 171 8.78% 37 1.90% 9 0.46% 0 0.00% 1,947
Hardeman 1,207 79.78% 249 16.46% 48 3.17% 7 0.46% 2 0.13% 1,513
Hardin 19,606 86.07% 2,780 12.20% 353 1.55% 41 0.18% 0 0.00% 22,780
Harris 545,955 41.61% 707,914 53.95% 39,781 3.03% 11,784 0.90% 6,678 0.51% 1,312,112
Harrison 18,749 70.62% 7,151 26.94% 449 1.69% 76 0.29% 123 0.46% 26,548
Hartley 1,730 88.63% 173 8.86% 43 2.20% 3 0.15% 3 0.15% 1,952
Haskell 1,403 79.27% 314 17.74% 42 2.37% 6 0.34% 5 0.28% 1,770
Hays 33,826 46.87% 33,224 46.04% 3,630 5.03% 1,061 1.47% 423 0.59% 72,164
Hemphill 1,462 86.25% 181 10.68% 44 2.60% 2 0.12% 6 0.35% 1,695
Henderson 23,650 78.72% 5,669 18.87% 535 1.78% 102 0.34% 89 0.30% 30,045
Hidalgo 48,642 28.05% 118,809 68.50% 3,788 2.18% 1,856 1.07% 342 0.20% 173,437
Hill 10,108 77.93% 2,547 19.64% 256 1.97% 40 0.31% 19 0.15% 12,970
Hockley 5,809 79.46% 1,260 17.23% 199 2.72% 33 0.45% 10 0.14% 7,311
Hood 21,382 81.42% 4,008 15.26% 641 2.44% 113 0.43% 118 0.45% 26,262
Hopkins 10,707 79.09% 2,510 18.54% 220 1.63% 44 0.33% 57 0.42% 13,538
Houston 6,205 74.28% 1,978 23.68% 90 1.08% 29 0.35% 51 0.61% 8,353
Howard 6,637 76.09% 1,770 20.29% 232 2.66% 56 0.64% 28 0.32% 8,723
Hudspeth 503 57.75% 324 37.20% 38 4.36% 6 0.69% 0 0.00% 871
Hunt 23,910 75.77% 6,396 20.27% 862 2.73% 162 0.51% 224 0.71% 31,554
Hutchinson 7,042 86.35% 854 10.47% 210 2.58% 23 0.28% 26 0.32% 8,155
Irion 660 86.16% 90 11.75% 9 1.17% 1 0.13% 6 0.78% 766
Jack 2,973 88.75% 314 9.37% 42 1.25% 10 0.30% 11 0.33% 3,350
Jackson 4,266 80.46% 904 17.05% 78 1.47% 27 0.51% 27 0.51% 5,302
Jasper 10,609 79.06% 2,590 19.30% 156 1.16% 38 0.28% 26 0.19% 13,419
Jeff Davis 695 58.35% 422 35.43% 42 3.53% 17 1.43% 15 1.26% 1,191
Jefferson 42,862 48.92% 42,443 48.44% 1,714 1.96% 420 0.48% 179 0.20% 87,618
Jim Hogg 430 20.29% 1,635 77.16% 42 1.98% 12 0.57% 0 0.00% 2,119
Jim Wells 5,420 43.78% 6,694 54.08% 210 1.70% 40 0.32% 15 0.12% 12,379
Johnson 44,382 77.04% 10,988 19.07% 1,605 2.79% 324 0.56% 307 0.53% 57,606
Jones 4,819 80.86% 936 15.70% 162 2.72% 21 0.35% 22 0.37% 5,960
Karnes 2,965 70.63% 1,145 27.27% 70 1.67% 12 0.29% 6 0.14% 4,198
Kaufman 29,587 71.70% 10,278 24.91% 983 2.38% 197 0.48% 220 0.53% 41,265
Kendall 15,700 78.03% 3,643 18.11% 555 2.76% 87 0.43% 135 0.67% 20,120
Kenedy 84 45.16% 99 53.23% 3 1.61% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 186
Kent 360 82.95% 59 13.59% 14 3.23% 0 0.00% 1 0.23% 434
Kerr 17,727 76.09% 4,681 20.09% 657 2.82% 116 0.50% 116 0.50% 23,297
Kimble 1,697 86.94% 206 10.55% 37 1.90% 5 0.26% 7 0.36% 1,952
King 149 93.71% 5 3.14% 5 3.14% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 159
Kinney 936 65.45% 458 32.03% 25 1.75% 6 0.42% 5 0.35% 1,430
Kleberg 4,367 45.91% 4,716 49.58% 314 3.30% 92 0.97% 23 0.24% 9,512
Knox 1,078 78.86% 247 18.07% 28 2.05% 5 0.37% 9 0.66% 1,367
Lamar 14,561 78.24% 3,583 19.25% 343 1.84% 70 0.38% 54 0.29% 18,611
Lamb 3,111 77.87% 771 19.30% 85 2.13% 8 0.20% 20 0.50% 3,995
Lampasas 6,385 77.82% 1,483 18.07% 253 3.08% 47 0.57% 37 0.45% 8,205
LaSalle 872 42.35% 1,129 54.83% 44 2.14% 10 0.49% 4 0.19% 2,059
Lavaca 7,347 84.83% 1,170 13.51% 112 1.29% 12 0.14% 20 0.23% 8,661
Lee 4,997 76.47% 1,372 20.99% 126 1.93% 28 0.43% 12 0.18% 6,535
Leon 6,391 85.91% 909 12.22% 94 1.26% 13 0.17% 32 0.43% 7,439
Liberty 18,892 77.85% 4,862 20.04% 364 1.50% 85 0.35% 64 0.26% 24,267
Limestone 5,796 74.89% 1,778 22.97% 128 1.65% 27 0.35% 10 0.13% 7,739
Lipscomb 1,159 87.01% 135 10.14% 25 1.88% 3 0.23% 10 0.75% 1,332
Live Oak 3,464 80.52% 742 17.25% 65 1.51% 13 0.30% 18 0.42% 4,302
Llano 8,299 79.44% 1,825 17.47% 205 1.96% 65 0.62% 53 0.51% 10,447
Loving 58 89.23% 4 6.15% 1 1.54% 2 3.08% 0 0.00% 65
Lubbock 65,651 66.31% 28,023 28.30% 3,917 3.96% 633 0.64% 789 0.80% 99,013
Lynn 1,546 76.95% 403 20.06% 41 2.04% 7 0.35% 12 0.60% 2,009
Madison 3,351 78.13% 881 20.54% 45 1.05% 8 0.19% 4 0.09% 4,289
Marion 2,983 70.39% 1,165 27.49% 71 1.68% 13 0.31% 6 0.14% 4,238
Martin 1,455 82.58% 266 15.10% 31 1.76% 5 0.28% 5 0.28% 1,762
Mason 1,656 80.51% 354 17.21% 37 1.80% 7 0.34% 3 0.15% 2,057
Matagorda 8,366 68.60% 3,500 28.70% 239 1.96% 53 0.43% 38 0.31% 12,196
Maverick 2,816 20.72% 10,397 76.52% 266 1.96% 109 0.80% 0 0.00% 13,588
McCulloch 2,552 82.24% 482 15.53% 51 1.64% 9 0.29% 9 0.29% 3,103
McLennan 48,260 61.03% 27,063 34.22% 2,492 3.15% 473 0.60% 787 1.00% 79,075
McMullen 454 90.98% 40 8.02% 2 0.40% 1 0.20% 2 0.40% 499
Medina 12,085 70.07% 4,634 26.87% 403 2.34% 106 0.61% 18 0.10% 17,246
Menard 682 78.94% 154 17.82% 25 2.89% 1 0.12% 2 0.23% 864
Midland 36,973 75.13% 10,025 20.37% 1,667 3.39% 203 0.41% 344 0.70% 49,212
Milam 6,364 73.45% 2,051 23.67% 178 2.05% 49 0.57% 22 0.25% 8,664
Mills 1,951 86.90% 243 10.82% 41 1.83% 6 0.27% 4 0.18% 2,245
Mitchell 1,780 81.06% 354 16.12% 50 2.28% 7 0.32% 5 0.23% 2,196
Montague 7,526 87.47% 885 10.29% 170 1.98% 23 0.27% 0 0.00% 8,604
Montgomery 150,314 73.46% 45,835 22.40% 6,142 3.00% 1,018 0.50% 1,323 0.65% 204,632
Moore 3,977 75.26% 1,098 20.78% 166 3.14% 26 0.49% 17 0.32% 5,284
Morris 3,446 69.29% 1,425 28.65% 77 1.55% 19 0.38% 6 0.12% 4,973
Motley 566 92.03% 40 6.50% 9 1.46% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 615
Nacogdoches 14,771 65.29% 6,846 30.26% 702 3.10% 159 0.70% 144 0.64% 22,622
Navarro 11,994 72.99% 4,002 24.35% 343 2.09% 58 0.35% 36 0.22% 16,433
Newton 4,288 77.48% 1,156 20.89% 66 1.19% 13 0.23% 11 0.20% 5,534
Nolan 3,552 73.13% 1,029 21.19% 142 2.92% 22 0.45% 112 2.31% 4,857
Nueces 50,766 48.62% 49,198 47.12% 3,324 3.18% 847 0.81% 270 0.26% 104,405
Ochiltree 2,628 87.54% 274 9.13% 75 2.50% 5 0.17% 20 0.67% 3,002
Oldham 850 89.66% 78 8.23% 14 1.48% 3 0.32% 3 0.32% 948
Orange 25,513 79.73% 5,735 17.92% 550 1.72% 115 0.36% 87 0.27% 32,000
Palo Pinto 8,284 80.66% 1,708 16.63% 210 2.04% 48 0.47% 20 0.19% 10,270
Panola 8,445 81.08% 1,835 17.62% 109 1.05% 24 0.23% 3 0.03% 10,416
Parker 46,473 81.79% 8,344 14.69% 1,439 2.53% 215 0.38% 346 0.61% 56,817
Parmer 1,915 77.66% 485 19.67% 55 2.23% 4 0.16% 7 0.28% 2,466
Pecos 2,468 58.97% 1,554 37.13% 127 3.03% 26 0.62% 10 0.24% 4,185
Polk 15,176 76.45% 4,187 21.09% 367 1.85% 86 0.43% 36 0.18% 19,852
Potter 19,630 68.51% 7,657 26.73% 1,028 3.59% 190 0.66% 146 0.51% 28,651
Presidio 652 29.53% 1,458 66.03% 64 2.90% 29 1.31% 5 0.23% 2,208
Rains 3,968 84.41% 628 13.36% 80 1.70% 15 0.32% 10 0.21% 4,701
Randall 43,462 80.03% 8,367 15.41% 1,872 3.45% 228 0.42% 376 0.69% 54,305
Reagan 709 78.43% 167 18.47% 22 2.43% 2 0.22% 4 0.44% 904
Real 1,382 82.21% 262 15.59% 28 1.67% 6 0.36% 3 0.18% 1,681
Red River 3,926 76.07% 1,149 22.26% 67 1.30% 8 0.16% 11 0.21% 5,161
Reeves 1,417 44.50% 1,659 52.10% 98 3.08% 10 0.31% 0 0.00% 3,184
Refugio 1,830 62.08% 1,034 35.07% 71 2.41% 10 0.34% 3 0.10% 2,948
Roberts 524 94.58% 20 3.61% 6 1.08% 0 0.00% 4 0.72% 554
Robertson 4,668 66.35% 2,203 31.31% 125 1.78% 17 0.24% 22 0.31% 7,035
Rockwall 28,451 71.22% 9,655 24.17% 1,305 3.27% 207 0.52% 330 0.83% 39,948
Runnels 3,250 85.93% 453 11.98% 60 1.59% 13 0.34% 6 0.16% 3,782
Rusk 14,675 77.26% 3,935 20.72% 333 1.75% 51 0.27% 0 0.00% 18,994
Sabine 3,998 85.96% 614 13.20% 27 0.58% 9 0.19% 3 0.06% 4,651
San Augustine 2,622 73.47% 910 25.50% 30 0.84% 6 0.17% 1 0.03% 3,569
San Jacinto 8,059 77.92% 2,038 19.70% 170 1.64% 52 0.50% 24 0.23% 10,343
San Patricio 13,030 60.17% 7,871 36.35% 573 2.65% 113 0.52% 69 0.32% 21,656
San Saba 2,025 85.91% 293 12.43% 32 1.36% 4 0.17% 3 0.13% 2,357
Schleicher 821 77.53% 208 19.64% 24 2.27% 3 0.28% 3 0.28% 1,059
Scurry 4,410 83.38% 733 13.86% 103 1.95% 22 0.42% 21 0.40% 5,289
Shackelford 1,378 91.62% 103 6.85% 21 1.40% 0 0.00% 2 0.13% 1,504
Shelby 7,179 79.01% 1,758 19.35% 123 1.35% 21 0.23% 5 0.06% 9,086
Sherman 807 86.31% 96 10.27% 27 2.89% 3 0.32% 2 0.21% 935
Smith 58,930 69.52% 22,300 26.31% 2,076 2.45% 341 0.40% 1,121 1.32% 84,768
Somervell 3,206 82.27% 541 13.88% 107 2.75% 23 0.59% 20 0.51% 3,897
Starr 2,224 18.94% 9,289 79.12% 159 1.35% 68 0.58% 0 0.00% 11,740
Stephens 3,034 87.66% 348 10.05% 65 1.88% 7 0.20% 7 0.20% 3,461
Sterling 549 86.73% 70 11.06% 9 1.42% 5 0.79% 0 0.00% 633
Stonewall 555 79.17% 135 19.26% 10 1.43% 1 0.14% 0 0.00% 701
Sutton 1,075 75.92% 313 22.10% 22 1.55% 5 0.35% 1 0.07% 1,416
Swisher 1,671 75.82% 462 20.96% 51 2.31% 6 0.27% 14 0.64% 2,204
Tarrant 345,921 51.74% 288,392 43.14% 23,775 3.56% 5,413 0.81% 5,013 0.75% 668,514
Taylor 33,250 72.66% 10,085 22.04% 1,763 3.85% 289 0.63% 372 0.81% 45,759
Terrell 288 65.75% 140 31.96% 10 2.28% 0 0.00% 0 0.00% 438
Terry 2,459 73.29% 753 22.44% 112 3.34% 21 0.63% 10 0.30% 3,355
Throckmorton 715 88.49% 84 10.40% 7 0.87% 2 0.25% 0 0.00% 808
Titus 6,511 69.13% 2,597 27.57% 191 2.03% 44 0.47% 76 0.81% 9,419
Tom Green 27,494 71.45% 9,173 23.84% 1,402 3.64% 218 0.57% 192 0.50% 38,479
Travis 127,209 27.14% 308,260 65.77% 21,958 4.68% 7,462 1.59% 3,831 0.82% 468,720
Trinity 4,737 79.15% 1,154 19.28% 80 1.34% 11 0.18% 3 0.05% 5,985
Tyler 6,624 82.63% 1,248 15.57% 103 1.28% 22 0.27% 19 0.24% 8,016
Upshur 13,209 82.49% 2,380 14.86% 283 1.77% 59 0.37% 82 0.51% 16,013
Upton 1,007 74.76% 286 21.23% 49 3.64% 3 0.22% 2 0.15% 1,347
Uvalde 4,835 53.94% 3,867 43.14% 191 2.13% 54 0.60% 17 0.19% 8,964
Val Verde 5,890 43.25% 6,964 51.14% 573 4.21% 131 0.96% 59 0.43% 13,617
Van Zandt 18,473 84.39% 2,799 12.79% 385 1.76% 77 0.35% 156 0.71% 21,890
Victoria 21,275 68.36% 8,866 28.49% 782 2.51% 156 0.50% 44 0.14% 31,123
Walker 12,884 65.08% 6,091 30.77% 560 2.83% 161 0.81% 100 0.51% 19,796
Waller 10,531 62.74% 5,748 34.25% 342 2.04% 104 0.62% 59 0.35% 16,784
Ward 2,547 73.93% 783 22.73% 82 2.38% 10 0.29% 23 0.67% 3,445
Washington 10,945 73.81% 3,382 22.81% 352 2.37% 70 0.47% 79 0.53% 14,828
Webb 12,947 22.75% 42,307 74.35% 1,033 1.82% 591 1.04% 27 0.05% 56,905
Wharton 10,149 68.89% 4,238 28.77% 269 1.83% 51 0.35% 25 0.17% 14,732
Wheeler 2,087 90.50% 194 8.41% 21 0.91% 4 0.17% 0 0.00% 2,306
Wichita 27,631 72.49% 8,770 23.01% 1,308 3.43% 256 0.67% 154 0.40% 38,119
Wilbarger 3,166 77.13% 809 19.71% 115 2.80% 13 0.32% 2 0.05% 4,105
Willacy 1,547 30.36% 3,422 67.16% 95 1.86% 31 0.61% 0 0.00% 5,095
Williamson 104,175 51.30% 84,468 41.59% 10,229 5.04% 2,047 1.01% 2,162 1.06% 203,081
Wilson 13,998 72.04% 4,790 24.65% 392 2.02% 82 0.42% 170 0.87% 19,432
Winkler 1,403 74.79% 420 22.39% 49 2.61% 1 0.05% 3 0.16% 1,876
Wise 20,670 83.43% 3,412 13.77% 505 2.04% 91 0.37% 98 0.40% 24,776
Wood 15,700 83.84% 2,630 14.04% 280 1.50% 64 0.34% 53 0.28% 18,727
Yoakum 1,797 78.03% 426 18.50% 73 3.17% 3 0.13% 4 0.17% 2,303
Young 6,601 85.65% 876 11.37% 180 2.34% 19 0.25% 31 0.40% 7,707
Zapata 1,029 32.75% 2,063 65.66% 34 1.08% 16 0.51% 0 0.00% 3,142
Zavala 694 20.44% 2,636 77.62% 50 1.47% 16 0.47% 0 0.00% 3,396
All Counties 4,685,047 52.23% 3,877,868 43.24% 283,492 3.16% 71,558 0.80% 51,261 0.57% 8,969,226

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

By congressional district

Trump won 22 of 36 congressional districts [35]

District Trump Clinton Representative
1st 72% 25% Louie Gohmert
2nd 52% 43% Ted Poe
3rd 54% 40% Sam Johnson
4th 75% 22% John Ratcliffe
5th 63% 34% Jeb Hensarling
6th 54% 42% Joe Barton
7th 47% 48% John Culberson
8th 72% 24% Kevin Brady
9th 18% 79% Al Green
10th 52% 43% Michael McCaul
11th 78% 19% Mike Conaway
12th 62% 33% Kay Granger
13th 80% 17% Mac Thornberry
14th 58% 38% Randy Weber
15th 40% 56% Rubén Hinojosa
Vicente Gonzalez
16th 27% 67% Beto O'Rourke
17th 56% 38% Bill Flores
18th 20% 76% Sheila Jackson Lee
19th 72% 23% Randy Neugebauer
Jodey Arrington
20th 34% 60% Joaquín Castro
21st 52% 42% Lamar Smith
22nd 52% 44% Pete Olson
23rd 46% 49% Will Hurd
24th 51% 43% Kenny Marchant
25th 55% 40% Roger Williams
26th 60% 34% Michael Burgess
27th 60% 36% Blake Farenthold
28th 38% 58% Henry Cuellar
29th 25% 71% Gene Green
30th 18% 79% Eddie Bernice Johnson
31st 53% 40% John Carter
32nd 47% 48% Pete Sessions
33rd 24% 73% Marc Veasey
34th 38% 59% Filemon Vela Jr.
35th 30% 64% Lloyd Doggett
36th 72% 25% Brian Babin

Analysis

While he continued the Republican 10-cycle winning streak in Texas,[36] Trump's winning margin was down from Mitt Romney's 16% in 2012 to 8.99%, a 7.01% drop, making 2016 the closest Democrats had come to winning Texas since 1996 (though the Democrats also received a smaller percentage of the vote in Texas in this election than in the 2008 presidential election). The surge in Democratic votes can partly be attributed to a growing population of Hispanics/Latinos, Trump's relatively weak performance with college-educated white voters, and the growth of cities and their respective suburbs in the Texas Triangle region, which are heavily populated with both college-educated voters and minorities and thus swung more Democratic compared to 2012.[37] These were Clinton's main sources of votes. She swept the Rio Grande region counties, such as El Paso, Webb, Hidalgo and Cameron as they have sizable Hispanic populations. Clinton also took the highly liberal and fast growing Travis County (Austin), as well as the urban and minority-heavy counties of Bexar (San Antonio), Dallas, and Harris County (Houston), where she turned the historically thin vote margins of previous cycles in the latter into a 12-point lead.[38] Clinton also won suburban Fort Bend County for the first time since Texas native Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964, which was attributed to the county's large immigrant population and negative perception of Trump by female Republican voters.[39] Trump on the other hand narrowly flipped Jefferson County in East Texas, becoming the first Republican since Richard Nixon in 1972 to win the county.[40] Places that had large numbers of young voters in the state were a stronghold for Clinton as well.[41] Texas Lieutenant Governor Dan Patrick suggested that Trump's relatively small margin of victory could have been largely due to many moderate Republican voters who had supported Romney in 2012 staying home. In an interview conducted the morning after the election, Patrick said in reference to these voters, "Had they turned out, he would've been in the low teens".[42]

In total, Clinton beat Trump in 27 counties by a total of 883,819 votes, and had the best percentage performance than any other Democrat running statewide. Conversely, Trump, who won 227 of the state's 254 counties, got the smallest percentage of the vote of all Republicans running in the state.[43]

See also

Notes
  1. Trump earned 38 pledged electoral votes, but lost two to faithless electors. One elector voted for Ron Paul for president and Mike Pence for vice president, while Bill Greene voted for John Kasich for president and Carly Fiorina for vice president.
  2. Did not run and was not a candidate, but received one electoral vote by a faithless elector.
  3. Member of the Republican Party

References
  1. https://www.sos.state.tx.us/elections/historical/70-92.shtml
  2. "HISTORICAL ELECTIONS - OFFICIAL RESULTS". elections.sos.state.tx.us.
  3. "Vote Swing - 2016 Presidential General Election Data - National". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  4. "Texas Democratic Delegation 2016". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  5. "Race Summary Report: 2016 Democratic Party Primary Election". Texas Secretary of State. March 1, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  6. "Inside the Beltway: Donald Trump won't participate in Megyn Kelly's Fox News candidate forum". The Washington Times.
  7. SPRUNT, BARBARA. "On The Clock: Trump Dominated Debate In Speaking Time". npr.org. NPR. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
  8. "Election 2016 - 2016 Republican Presidential Nomination". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  9. "Debate fallout: GOP suspends debate partnership with NBC". Washington Examiner. October 30, 2015. Retrieved October 30, 2015.
  10. "RNC CANCELS ONLY DEBATE TO AIR ON SPANISH-LANGUAGE TV". Newsweek.com. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  11. "NBC replaced by CNN for GOP's Super Tuesday debate". CNN Money. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  12. "National Review Kicked Out of GOP Debate After Anti-Trump Stand". Wall Street Journal. January 22, 2016.
  13. Watkins, Eli (February 19, 2016). "CNN's Wolf Blitzer will moderate Republican debate in Houston". CNN. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
  14. "Texas Republican Delegation 2016". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved February 23, 2017.
  15. "Race Summary Report: 2016 Republican Party Primary Election". Texas Secretary of State. March 1, 2016. Retrieved July 14, 2016.
  16. "Time to Vote Green- March 8". Green Party of Texas. August 21, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  17. "2016 County Nominating Conventions". Green Party of Texas. December 4, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  18. "2016 District Nominating Conventions". Green Party of Texas. December 4, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2016.
  19. "2016 State Nominating Convention". Green Party of Texas. August 21, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  20. "Stein wins majority of Texas convention delegates". Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  21. https://www.realclearpolitics.com/epolls/2016/president/tx/texas_trump_vs_clinton-5694.html#polls
  22. "Our final map has Clinton winning with 352 electoral votes. Compare your picks with ours". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  23. "Road to 270: CNN's general election map - CNNPolitics.com". Cnn.com. November 8, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  24. "Larry J. Sabato's Crystal Ball » 2016 President". Centerforpolitics.org. November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  25. Todd, Chuck. "NBC's Final Battleground Map Shows Clinton With a Significant Lead". NBC News. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  26. "ElectoralVote". ElectoralVote. December 31, 2000. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  27. "2016 Election Maps - Battle for White House". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  28. "Electoral Scorecard: Map shifts again in Trump's favor, as Clinton holds edge". Fox News. November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  29. "Electoral Map 2016: Forecast Who Will Win-Clinton or Trump". Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  31. "Race Summary Report, 2016 General Election". Texas Secretary of State. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  32. Lau, Ryan (February 3, 2018). "Ron Paul Attacks Libertarian Leadership in Response to Controversy". 71Republic. Retrieved February 3, 2018. I paid my lifetime membership, in 1987, with a gold coin, to make a point.
  33. "Turnout and Voter Registration Figures (1970-current)". www.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
  34. "2016 General Election Results". Retrieved December 23, 2016.
  35. "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index". The Cook Political Report.
  36. "Texas - 270toWin".
  37. Rogers, Mary Beth. "Turning Texas blue?: 3 trends could undo the 20 years of Republican rule Texas has endured since the days of Ann Richards". Salon. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  38. Tribune, The Texas (November 11, 2016). "There's no shading it, Harris County went undeniably blue". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
  39. Quinn, Kevin (November 9, 2016). "Political shift in Ft. Bend leans toward Clinton". KTRK-TV.
  40. "Texas County Elects Black Woman Sheriff and Votes for Trump".
  41. "Trump across Texas, visualized". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved March 9, 2017.
  42. Svitek, Patrick (November 9, 2016). "Donald Trump wins Texas, leads Hillary Clinton by 9 points". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
  43. Tribune, The Texas (November 11, 2016). "Analysis: The blue dots in Texas' red political sea". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved March 9, 2017.

Further reading
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